An Ethnoveterinary survey was carried out on the indigenous knowledge of tribes and folk medicine

practitioners of Mallenahalli village, Chikmagalur Taluk, Karnataka. The study was conducted during

2011 and 2012 using open ended questionnaires, frequent field visits and interviews with tribal

practitioners Ethnomedicinal information. A total of 52 medicinal plant species belonging to 32 families

that have been recorded from the tribal practitioners to treat against anthrax, foot and mouth diseases,

bloat conjunctivitis, dysentery, fractures, snake bite, rot tail, Kasanoor forest disease etc. The present

study may provide the traditional knowledge of tribes and local healers to cure cattle diseases. Further

studies are needed for the Phytochemical and Pharmaceutical analysis of drugs and to conserve medicinal

plants for future use

Raveesha, H.R.

Sudhama, V.N.

ePrints@Bangalore University

 ~ 37 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2015; 3(1): 37-41             ISSN 2320-3862  JMPS 2015; 3(1): 37-41  © 2015 JMPS  Received: 07-11-2014   Accepted: 21-11-2014  HR Raveesha  Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Bangalore - 560056.  VN Sudhama Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, IDSG Govt. College, Chikmagalur – 577 102.                                        Correspondence: HR Raveesha  Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Bangalore - 560056.             Ethnoveterinary Practices in Mallenahalli of Chikmagalur Taluk, Karnataka   HR Raveesha, VN Sudhama  Abstract An Ethnoveterinary survey was carried out on the indigenous knowledge of tribes and folk medicine practitioners of Mallenahalli village, Chikmagalur Taluk, Karnataka. The study was conducted during 2011 and 2012 using open ended questionnaires, frequent field visits and interviews with tribal practitioners Ethnomedicinal information. A total of 52 medicinal plant species belonging to 32 families that have been recorded from the tribal practitioners to treat against anthrax, foot and mouth diseases, bloat conjunctivitis, dysentery, fractures, snake bite, rot tail, Kasanoor forest disease etc. The present study may provide the traditional knowledge of tribes and local healers to cure cattle diseases. Further studies are needed for the Phytochemical and Pharmaceutical analysis of drugs and to conserve medicinal plants for future use.   Keywords: Ethnoveterinary, Tribes, medicinal plants, indigenous knowledge, Mallenahalli.  1. Introduction Ethnoveterinary practices are the community based indigenous knowledge and the use of medicinal plants and procedures applied for their preparation was transmitted from generation to generation. It has been reported that as many as 70% (90% in some communities) of the world population continue to rely mainly on their own localized ethnomedicine for personal as well as veterinary healthcare [1].  Traditional medicinal plants have several advantages, they are affordable and easily accessible [2]. The South-Western part of Mallenahalli is in the state of Karnataka is endowed with rich and diverse plant wealth. Most of the population largely depends on plant resources growing in their surroundings to meet their requirements including Ethnoveterinary herbal medicines.  The present study was designed to document on the traditional knowledge of plants used by tribes and local healers of Mallenahalli to treat veterinary diseases.  1.1 Study Area Mallenahalli is situated around 20 km away from Chikmagalur Taluk, Karnataka. It is surrounded by the mountain ranges of Western Ghats having a moderate and congenial environment for the growth of medicinal plants. The study area lies between 120 54´ 42´´ and 130 53´ 53´´ north latitude and 750 04´ 46´´ and 760 21´ 50´´ east longitude. The temperate ranges from 15 – 25 0C, average humidity of 60-80%, and the rainfall ranges from 180-250 cms. The soil is of black mixed red having average water percolation. The forest is of wet deciduous where the three strata of flora viz. Grass herbs, thorny shrubs and woody trees are seen. The village is covered by mountain ranges viz. Mullaingiri, Dattapeet, Seethalyanagiri etc.   2. Materials and Methods Field data collection was undertaken from 2011-12 in all the seasons. The main objective of the study were to explore traditional knowledge of animal illness and Ethnoveterinary practices of livestock illness treatment from tribes and folk medicine practitioners of Mallenahalli village, Chikmagalur Taluk, Karnataka through general conversations and questionnaires. Details of medicinal plants used, mode of treatment, methods of preparation and types of administration were documented by interacting with them as well as through direct observations. The information got from the tribals was recorded in field notebooks and compared with the previously reported literatures [3, 4, 5, 6]. The plants which are used to cure cattle disease were collected during the survey by wandering with the medicinal practitioners who knows the plants very well.    ~ 38 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies  The collected plant specimens were pressed and dried at room temperature. The dried material was then disinfected using HgCl2 and absolute alcohol. After that, the plants were mounted on the herbarium sheets. For authentic identification, different Flora and Monographs have been consulted [7]. Identified voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium Department of Botany, Bangalore University. The obtained medicinal plants were provided correct Nomenclature followed by vernacular name, family, local name, parts used and mode of utilization. The table in the appendix gives an overview of the Ethnoveterinary practices of the study area.  3. Results and Discussion The present investigation could document a total of 52 medicinal plant species belonging to 32 families that have been used by Mallenahalli tribes and folk medicine practitioners used in the treatment of dysentery, fever, snake bite, leg and horn fractures, worms, peptic ulcers, bloat, foot and mouth diseases, anthrax, mastitis etc (Table. 1). Fig. 1 shows different plant parts used for mode of administration, among these leaves (45.26%) followed by fruits (18.86), seeds (16.98%) and least percentage of bulb, stem and Latex (1.88%). Medicines are prepared in the form of juice, powder, decoction and paste, while majority of them are in combination with other plant parts. Animal product like butter milk, curd, cow dung, cow’s milk etc. and few minerals like salt, amorphous white stone powder, camphor, jaggery, tender coconut, paddy husk etc. are also used along with medicinal plants. Similar observations are reported by Gaur et al. [8] for treating livestock by the Gujjar community of Sub-Himalayan tract. For each species the following ethnobotanical information were provided: the botanical name, family, vernacular name, plant parts used, mode of use, dose and duration are given in the Table. 1. Ganesan et al. [4] and Tiwari and Pande [9] reported the similar observations for the treatment of plants for Ethnoveterinary healthcare practices in southern districts of Tamil Nadu and South-eastern part of Chamoli district.   Table 1: General characteristics and Ethno veterinary medicinal uses of Plants by the Mallenahalli village medicine practitioners for different types of cattle diseases. Sl. No. Botanical name Family Common name Parts used Drug preparation and mode of utilization Plants used against Anthrax  1 Azima tetracantha Salvadoraceae Uppina mullu Leaves 8gms of leaves of Azima tetracantha, the bark of East Indian Walnut, 8gms of pepper leaves, 124gms of black pepper and 12gms of garlic, all these are grinded and these mixture is mixed with boil water and feeded. 2 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae East Indian Walnut Bark 3 Piper nigrum Piperaceae Pepper Leaves 4 Allium sativum Liliaceae Garlic Bulbet Plants used against Foot and Mouth diseases 1 Carica papaya Caricaceae Papaya Fruit The fruit is grinded and the paste has to be feeded about 42 days Plants used against Bade Siros’s 1 Limonia acidissima Rutaceae Wood apple Fruit and Leaves The whole wood apple and it leaves are grinded and mixture was mixed in tender coconut and feeds to the diseased cattle. Plants used against Bloat 1 Alangium salvifolium Alangiaceae Sage leaved Alangium Root bark leaves 50gms root bark was grinded and mixed with ragi malt has to be given 2 times per day and is continued for 2-3 days Plants used against Cataract   1 Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae Indian madder Leaves Amorphous white stone powder was first applied on the eye which is suffered from pain. Later the leaf juice is applied once in a day on the same eye. It has to continue for 3 days. Plants used against Conjunctivitis 1 Leucas aspera Lamiaceae White head nuttle Leaves 5 spoon of Leucas aspera juice, 12gms of gaanja powder and camphor these materials are grinded and that mixture is spread over the eye. 2 Cannabis sativa Cannabinaceae Gaanja Leaves Plants used against Dislocation 1 Coccinia indica Cucurbitaceae Little gourd Leaves The leaf juice was poured on the nose of the cattle. Plants used against Dysentery 1 Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Country mato Leaves About 5-6 stone apple are warmed and separate the inner pulp, this pulp is mixed with the curd and given to feed. 2 Eluecina corocona Poaceae Raagi Seed powder 3 Oryza sativa Poaceae Paddy Paddy husk 4 Aegle mermelos Rutaceae Stone apple Fruit Plants used against Enterotoxaemia 1  Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Little gourd Leaves The leaf juice was extracted and used Plants used against Endometritus 1 Tagetes erecta Fabaceae Swamp pea Leaves The leaves was grinded with milk, feed twice a day about 40 days Plants used against Fractures  1 Oryza sativa Poaceae Paddy Bran Apply Polygonum leaves on brokened legs and tie the fractured part with gunny bag coated with boiled paddy husk and raagi flour then cover the area with bamboo sticks. 2 Eleusine coracana Poaceae Raagi Flour 3 Polygonum hydropiper Polygonaceae Polygonum Leaves  ~ 39 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies  Plants used against Fly Infestation Tagetes plant leaves juice was extracted and Azadiractha plant oil was applied on the wound for 4-5 days. 1 Tagetes erecta Asteraceae Mari gold Leaves 2 Azadiractha indica Meliaceae Neem Oil Plants used against Horn Fractures  1 Eleucina corocona Poaceae Raagi Seed Cow dung cake powder and flour red soil are placed into the horn, the raagi flour is warmed and it has to be spread over the cotton cloth and these cotton cloth is tied over the horn. Plants used against Fever and Cough 1 Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Creeping grass Grass  2 Jasminum sp. Oleaceae Jasmine Flower 5-9 Cynodon dactylon grass, flowers of jasmine, white rose, grape jasmine and the leaves of 3 Rosa alba Rosaceae Rose Flower 4 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Drumstick Leaf Moringa oleifera about 10 gms, mixed up and feeded. 5 Ervatamia coronaria Apocynaceae Grape jasmine Flower  6 Ruta graveolens Rutaceae  Leaves The leaf juice of Ruta has to be feeded at one time. 7 Centratherum anthelminticum Asteraceae Wild cumin Seed The powder of wild cumin seed is mixed with boiling water along with the powder of jaggery and prepare like a coffee and feeded. Plants used against Kasanoor Forest disease 1 Azardiractha indica Meliaceae Neem Stem The nose length is measured through the neem stick and pricked in to the nose. 50gm of Leucas aspera leaf juice is poured in to the nose and massage the surface of the nose. Garlic, coriander, onion and chilly are grinded and that juice is feeded through drencher. 2 Leucas aspera Lamiaceae White head nuttle Leaves 3 Allium sativum Liliaceae Garlic 4 Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae Coriander Bulb lets, seeds 5 Allium cepa Liliaceae Onion Bulb 6 Capsicum annum Solanaceae Chilly Fruit Plants used against Lice Infestations 1  Annona squamosa Annonaceae Custard apple Leaves The leaves are grinded and this paste spread over the body  Plants used against Maggot Infestation 1 Annona squamosa Annonaceae Custard apple Seeds The seeds are grinding and that paste spread over the wound Plants used against Mastitis 1 Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Lemon Fruit The leaf juice of lemon grass is mixed with lemon juice and the solution is spread over the udder. Plants used against Peptic Ulcers 1 Santalum album Santalaceae Sandalwood Bark oil The grinded camphor’s mixed with oil of sandalwood. This was spread over the peptic ulcer. Plants used against Rabbis 1 Erythrina suberosa Fabaceae - Seed The seed power of the plant mixed with milk and feeded as fast as before feeding the mixture must be strained and gives up to 1-2 times. Plants used against retention of Foetal Membrane 1 Argyreia cuneata Convolvulaceae Purple morning clori Leaves The leaf juice of Argyreia cuneata is grinded with seed of coffee and feeded with rice. 2 Coffea arabica Rubiaceae Coffee Seeds 3 Oryza sativa Poaceae Paddy Millets Plants used against Render pest 1 Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Indian laburnum Leaves 100gms of leaf juice has to be  given for 3 days Plants used against Stomach Pain 1 Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Priclych of flower Leaves 50gms of leaf juice is given for 3 days as one time per time. Plants used against Snake Bite 1 Leucas aspera Lamiaceae White head nuttle Leaves The leaf juice of the aspera is poured into the nose or the root of Calotropis procera is grinded in water in which the rice is washed before and the whole mixture is feeded. 2 Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae Root 3 Tylophora indica Asclepiadaceae Asthanatica swallow wort Leaves 50gms of leaf juice of asthanatica swallow wort is given to feed. Plants used against Throat Cancer 1  Sapindus laurifolia Sapindaceae Soap nut tree Soap nut Fruits Two fruit of Sapindus and a fruit of acacia are taken and both fruit juice are given to feeding  ~ 40 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies  powder up to 3 days. By the help of Azema plant beat to the throat of cattles about 3 times. Fumes of bark scaly leaves and seeds of those plants given to those diseased cattle. 2 Acacia cominna Leguminosae Needle bush Fruits 3 Azima tetracantha Salvadoraceae  4 Santalum album Santalaceae Sandal wood Whole plant 5 Allium sativum Liliaceae Garlic Scaly leaves 6 Piper nigrum Piperaceae Pepper Bark Plants used against Three Day Sickness     1 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Castor Seeds Feed the cattle with 150ml of castor oil and feed the juice extract of betel leaves, ginger, pepper, clove, garlic, seeds of bonduct nut, mustard wasp nest. 2 Piper beetle Piperaceae Betel vein Leaves 3 Zingiber officinalis Zingiberaceae Ginger Rhizome Piper nigrum Piperaceae Pepper Seeds 4 Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Clove Flower bud 5 Allium sativum Liliaceae Garlic Bulbet Plants used against TRP (Traumatic Reticulum Faecal output Pericarditus) 1 Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Priclych of flower Leaves 150gms of leaf juice is mixed with then white colour stone powder and is given for one time. Plants used against Uterine Vaginal Prolapse 1 Ficus tinctoria Moraceae Demon tree Leaves 50gms of Ficus leaves, 50 gms of Biophytum leaves and 100 gms of Diospyros leaves are grinded and feeded. 2 Diospyros montana Ebenaceae Leaves 3  Biophytum sensitivum   Leaves Plants used against Uterine Bleeding 1 Sesbania grandiflora Fabaceae Swamp pea Leaves The leaves of swamp pea is grinded with the milk, feed twice per day for about 40 days. Plants used against Worms (Intestinal worms) 1 Coleus amboinicus Lamiaceae Indian borage milk/ butter Leaves The leaves of Indian borage are grinded with butter/ milk and that paste is spread over the body. Plants used against Fever 1 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Peepal tree Bark The bark of Ficus is kept in curd and crushed and strained and the whole mixture is feeded about 2 glass/ time. Plants used against Leg Fracture 1 Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae The switch borel Leaves The leaves of the Dodonaea plant about 50gms are tied to the fractured leg about 30 to 40 times.    Fig 1: Different plant parts used in Ethnoveterinary medicine by Mallenahalli practitioners  During the field studies, it has also noted that the occurrence and distribution of some documented plants become rare and even they are going to be endangered in the future. Therefore, the people of the study area should provide special protection, conservation as well as germplasm preservation of these plants at their own level, through NGOs or with the help of governmental agencies.   4. Conclusion  The present study recorded 32 Ethnoveterinary ailments and identified major and most common diseases. For acute life threatening infections and epidemics modern medicine such as antibiotics remain the first choice but for common and chronic conditions like skin diseases, worms, wounds, diarrhoea etc. Ethnoveterinary medicine remains the choice in remote areas. Hence it is of utmost important to document the empirical of knowledge of the medicine practitioners and sustainable utilization of the plant resource.  5. References 1. McCorkle CM. Back to the future: Lesson from Ethnoveterinary research, development and extension for studying and applying local knowledge, Agric. Human Values 1995; 12(2):52-80. 2. Al-Adhroey AH, Nor ZM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mohamed R. Ethnobotanical study on some Malaysian anti-malarial  ~ 41 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies  plants: A community based survey, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2010; 132:362-364. 3. Lans C, Turner N, Khan T, Brauer G, Boepple W. Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Etnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2007; 3(11):1-22. 4. Ganesan S, Chandhirasekaran M, Selvaraj A. Ethnoveterinary healthcare practices in southern districts of Tamil Nadu. Indian journal of Traditional Knowledge 2008; 7(2):347-354. 5. Kumari P, Singh BK, Joshi GC, Tewari LM. Veterinary Ethnomedicinal plants in Uttarkhand Himalayan region, India. Ethnobotanical leaflets 2009; 13:1312-1327. 6. Nigam G, Sharma NK. Ethnoveterinary plants of Jhansi District Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2010; 9(4):664-667.  7. Gamble JS, Fischer CEC. The flora of the Presidency of Madras, Bishensingh and Mahendrapal Singh, Dehradun, 1-3, 1915-1935. 8. Gaur RD, Sharma J, Painuli RM. Pants used in traditional healthcare of livestock by Gujjar community of sub-himalayan tracts, Uttarkhand, India. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2010; 1(2):243-248.  9. Tiwari L, Pande PC. Traditional veterinary practices in south-eastern part of Chamoli district, Uttaranchal, Indian. Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2004; 3(4):397-406. 

Ethnoveterinary Practices in Mallenahalli of

Chikmagalur Taluk, Karnataka

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Ethnoveterinary Practices in Mallenahalli of Chikmagalur Taluk, Karnataka

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