The root anatomical features of Urginea indica (Hyacinthaceae) in different accessions of Kashmir, Ranganathittu, Yarkad, Seethampundi and Kerala were investigated. These specimens were collected during

April may 2013 & 2014. For anatomical investigation, sections of the roots were cut mannually with a razor blade. The root anatomy of the species display the common properties of monocotyledons. Variations have been noticed in by the development of good number of vascular arrangements in vascular bundles , pith size, cortical layers and epidermal thickenings . These features are of

evolutionary significance. Among the five populations selected Seethampundi showed high evolution in vascular tissue and shows large pith. Population from Kashmir showed primitiveness in having small stele with less developed Xylem. In this work we are trying to

correlate the vascular development as well as rhizodermal development in roots based on

their geographical location

Hemalata, S.K.

Shiva Kameshwari, M.N.

ePrints@Bangalore University

www.ejbps.com   132 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences     ROOT ANATOMICAL STUDIES IN URGINEA INDICA. KUNTH, HYACINTHACEAE  Hemalata. S. K and Shiva Kameshwari. M. N*  Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi, Bangalore, 560056, India. Article Received on 16/01/2015                Article Revised on 06/02/2015            Article Accepted on 27/02/2015  ABSTRACT The root anatomical features of Urginea indica (Hyacinthaceae) in different accessions of Kashmir, Ranganathittu, Yarkad, Seethampundi and Kerala were investigated. These specimens were collected  during April may 2013 & 2014.  For anatomical investigation, sections of the roots were cut mannually with a razor blade.  The root anatomy of the species display the common properties of monocotyledons. Variations  have been noticed in by the development of good number of vascular arrangements in vascular bundles , pith size, cortical layers and epidermal thickenings . These features are of evolutionary significance.  Among the five populations selected Seethampundi showed high evolution in vascular tissue and shows large pith.  Population from Kashmir showed primitiveness in having small stele with less developed Xylem. In this work we are trying to correlate the vascular development as well as rhizodermal development  in roots based on  their geographical location.  KEYWORDS:  Anatomy, Hyacinthaceae, Morphology, Urginea Indica.   INTRODUCTION  Urginea indica is a small perennial bulbiferous herb grows upto 75 cm in height. The aerial part, it perishes every year, with persisting bulb. Leaves simple, long, acute and pubescent. Flower stalk vertical, long with drooping ends. Flowers brownish white and small, fruits oval, contain 3 seeds. Plant pacifies vitiated vata, kapha, cough, asthma, bronchitis, cardio myopathy, urinary retention, urinary calculi, worm infestation, skin disease, arthritis, and traumatic edema. Bulbs contain cardiac glycosides, scillarens A and B. Bulb, leaves and root contain stigmasterol, sitosterol 2004; Satıl & Akan 2006; Coşkunçelebi et. al. 2008). In the *Correspondence for Author Shiva Kameshwari. M. N Department of Botany,  Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi,  Bangalore, 560 056. (Karnataka), India.   European Jour l of Biome ic l AND  Pharmaceutical sciences http://www.ejbps.com  ISSN 2349-8870 Volume: 2 Issue: 2  132-142 Year: 2015 Research Article ejbps, 2015, Volume 2, Issue 2,132-142.     SJIF Impact Factor: 2.062 www.ejbps.com   133 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences present study there is an effort to compare and find out the similarities in root anatomy which was as observed by Kauff et.al.(2000). Urginea indica posess multilayered exodermis, sclerenchyma in cortex, periderm below endodermis and cell endodermal thickenings. In root vascular bundles whether metaxylem is thin or thick with lateral wall thickenings. Presence or absence of perforation plates in vessels and presence of vascular bundles in central pith. In monocotyledons systematic studies of root anatomy has been made by Soboik and Speta (1997) in Hyacinthaceae. Other investigators include those of Olivier ( 1988 ) . Anatomical study of Hyacinthaceae glabrescens has been made by Kadriye Yestisen ( 2012).   MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants of Urginea indica were collected from different locations namely, Kashmir, Ranganathittu, Yarkadu, Seethampundi and Kerala and were grown in Urginea germplasm, Bangalore University, Botany department. Roots were cut from fresh bulbs and free hand cross sections were made. Sections were stained with safranin/fast green and viewed with white light (Seago and Marsh, 1989) Observed under low and high power lense.   Observations: Following observations were made in roots of five accessions of  U.indica collected from various localities  ( Table – 1).   Urginea indica can extend up to 50cms . The roots are creamish white and branched,  fibrous root system. The table explains about the number of layers in epidermis, exodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and size of stele.  Kashmir – 1: Transverse section of the root appears as complete circle Fig. (1- a,b & c) Epidermal cells appear slightly angular. Suberized cells are found outside epidermis  forming the bark. Next to it there are  two to three  layer of hypodermis or exodermis. Inner to this around 8 rows of large circular parenchyma cells of the cortex.   The endodermis is a single layer with very thin-walled cells with casperian thickenings. The pericycle is two layered. Stele in comparison to others is smaller.  Vascular bundles: (Table – 2). Stele is primitive with protostele characters. Stele is around 22% compaired with other parts in the section. Xylem is pentarch and radial. It has 5 metaxylem and protoxylems are not seen. Pith is almost absent. ( Fig:  1 – c).  Ranganathittu – 2: Epidermis or rhizodermis is single layered with angular cells. Exodermis is also single layered with polygonal cells. Cortex is multilayered and heterogenous. Outer cortex is around 10 layered with circular cells.  Inner cortex is small with hardly 3 layers with www.ejbps.com   134 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences compactly arranged parennchyma. Endodermis and pericycle are single layered. Endodermis shows the presence of " U" shaped casperian thickenings. Vascular bundles (Table – 2). Stele is advanced and is siphonostele with pith occupying the center around 42% of the total root. Vascular bundles are radial and hexarch. Around 6 metaxylem units are found with 21 radiating arms of protoxylem with radiating nature fig 2-c). Pith is small with only around 15 cells. So pith occupies around 20% of stele.  Yarkadu – 3: Epidermis is single layered with oval shaped cells. Epidermis is with wavy outline. Exodermis is around 3-4 layered. Outer cortex is around 8 layered with circular cells. Inner cortex is around 10 layered with small globose cells that are compactly arranged. Endodermis is single layered with distinct casperian thickenings. Pericycle is like endodermis with barrel shaped cells. Pith is too large with around 200 cells and show mixture of both large and smaller circular cells. Vascular bundles ( Table – 2). Advanced siphonostele with larger pith. It occupies around 40% of the root. Vascular bundles are radial and polyarch. Around 9 metaxylem are found with radiating arms of protoxylem. ( Fig 3-c). Pith is large with around 75 cells containing circular parenchyma cells. Size of pith compaired to stele is 80%  Seethampundi – 4: It shows multilayered exodermis, sclerenchyma in inner cortex , periderm below endodermis.  Metaxylem is thin, thickenings on laterall walls of vesseI  are reticular and scalariform. Perforation plates of vessels are scalariform. Central pith is parenchymatous, no vascular bundles exist in central pith. Vascular bundles: ( Table – 2) It shows an advanced Siphonostele with a huge pith and it occupies around 60% of the root. Vascular bundles are polyarch with around 11 radiating arms of xylem and phloem. Around 11 metaxylem units with around 2 protoxylem are found. Pith is made up of around 120 cells and it occupies around 90 % of the stele.   Kerala – 5: Epidermis is single layered with thick covering. Hypodermis is 3 layered. Outer Cortex is around 5 layered with elongated cells and inner cortex around 4 layers with compact circular cells. Endodermis with single layer and a layer of pericycle. Pith has small circular with around 22 cells. Vascular bundles : ( Table – 2) Stele is of  mixed type. It lack proper pith as vascular tissues are found at the center of stele. Stele occupies around 33% in root. Its vascular bundles are radial and polyarch with around 8 strips of xylem and phloem. Protoxylem are around 32 in number. Pith is of 22 parenchyma cells. It occupies around 14% of the stele.  www.ejbps.com   135 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Table – 1  Root anatomical features in cortical region Urginea indica, accessions Accessions Habitat Epi dermal cells Exo-dermis Cortex Endodermis Pericycle Stele Outer layer Inner layer Kashmir High altitude Angular 2-3 layered 8 20 single 2 layered small Ranganathittu Sandy soil Angular 1 layered 10 3 Single with casperian thickenings 1 layered Medium size with 12 cells Yarkadu Rocky hills Oval 3-4 layered 8 10 Single with tangential wall thickenings 1 layered Large with around  100 cells Seethampundi Plantinum (Hard soil) Oval 2 layered 10 7 single 3 layered Large, wth around 200 cells Kerala Wet land Oval 3 layered 5 4 single 1 layered Very small with around 22 cells  Table – 2 Comparitive account of variations in vascular bundles and type of stele Accessions Stele type Stele size compaired to total root In cms Type of vascular bundle Metaxylem number Protoxylem number Number of cells in pith Size of pith comared to stele area Kashmir Protostele 2/9 = 22% Radial pentarch 5 Absent Absent 0.00% Ranganathittu Siphonostele 3/7 = 42% Radial hexarch 6 21 radiate from metaxylem Around 15 20.00% Yarkadu Siphonostele 4/10 = 40% Radial polyarch with 9 strips of xylem and phloem 9 2 protoxylem with each metaxylem =18 Around 75 cells 80.00% Seethampundi Siphonostele 6/10 = 60% Polyarch with 11 xylem & phloem strips 11 2 protoxylem with each metaxylem =22 Around 120 cells 90.00% Kerala Mixed stele 2/6 = 33% Radial with 8 xylem and phloem strips 8 4- protoxylem with each metaxylem =32 Around 22 cells 14.00% www.ejbps.com   136 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Fig 1- a -c   a)  b)  c) Fig 2 -a - c     a)   b)   c)       www.ejbps.com   137 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Fig 3-a -c  a)  b)  c) Fig 4 a-c   a)  b)   c) www.ejbps.com   138 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Fig 5 a-c   a)  b)  c) Figures 1 a- 5 C Photos showing anatomy of roots of Urginea indica Fig 1-a- Root anatomy of Kashmir population, 1- b – enlarged cortex, 1-c- vascular bundle Fig 2 -a- Root anatomy of Ranganathittu population: 2-b- Vascular bundle, 2-c enlarged cortex Fig 3-a- Root anatomy of Yarkad population, 3-b- vascular bundle,, 3-c- enlarged cortex Fig 4-a- Root anatomy of Seethampundi population, 4-b- enlarged cortex, 4-c- vascular bundle Fig 5-a- Root anatomy of Kerala population, 5-b- enlarged cortex, 5-c- vascular bundle  DISCUSSION In all five accessions of Urginea indica there are following findings were observed. Epidermis: It is  an outer layer  with thickenings that resembles bark.There is hypodermis of varying size with circular or elongated cells.   Exodermis  Seethampundi shows large exodermis with thickenings at corners Ranganathittu has single layered exodermis It is obvious that Ranganathittu has roots that are soft and with less mechanical support. www.ejbps.com   139 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Cortex This layer consists of different dimentsions and shapes of parenchymatic cells were placed under the epidermis. After the cortex endodermis lies which is single layered with casparian strips.   Ranganathittu grows in sandy soil . So its xylem is less developed . Endodermis is followed by sclerenchymatous pericycle.  Central vascular bundles consists of metaxylem elements radially arranged. Inspite of growing the populations in uniform environmental conditions it is showing variations in root anatomy.   The above findings were similar to that of Yentur (1995) Vardar (1982)  and Fazil Ozen etal ( 2012)  In all accessions cortex is two types with outer large and inner small cells. Large parenchymatous cortex in Kashmir with circular cells while smaller one in Kerala and cells are elongated in it showing radial conduction.  Stele  Largest stele with around 200 cells of parenchyama in Seethampundi, and almost absent in Kashmir accession.  Primitive and protostele found in Kashmir , all other accessions showed advanced siphonostele and Kerala  showed mixed stele Stele occupies largest area in roots of Seethampundi (60%) where as it occupies smalest area in Kashmir population (22%) Number of Metaxylem units are maximum in Seethampundi ( Around 11) and least number in Kashmir accession. Protoxylem number is also highest in Seethampundi (120 cells), very few in Ranganathittu, and absent in Kashmir population.  Largest pith that occupies around 80% of the stele is seen in Seethampundi population, and second largest stele in Yarkadu and totally absent in Kashmir accession.  The roots of Kerala accession examined here shows more layers of Rhizodermis as  the  outermost tissue. The dimorphic rhizodermis is normally persistant and remains as the boundary tissue ( outermost layer) of the root. Rhizodermal cells are circular with outer radial walls thickenthed . Some older roots show lignified thickenings. A persistant dimorphic rhizodermis consists of living cells Kauff et.al (2000) In Yarkad accession and Seethampundi  www.ejbps.com   140 Shiva et al.                           European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences the cortical parenchyma can be subdivided into two or three clearly distinct concentric regions distinguished by cell size. Jerastedt (1984) has also reported these observations in Hyacinthus orieutalis. Calcium oxalate crystals in the form of  Raphides are present in the root cortex. Presence of raphides in accessions Kerala and Seethampundi and absent in Kashmir andYarkad.  CONCLUSIONS Root anatomy of 5 accessions indicate that they prefer  moist sandy area but few even grow in rocky places and slopes. Their cortex cells show elongation indicating radial circulation. Thickenings on epidermis shows protection against soil hardness. It explains its geographical area as among all accession Ranganathittu grows in watery or aquatic habitat thus it has least mechanical tissues . Seethampundi shows highly advanced vascular bundles due to its large number of Metaxylem ,  protoxylem and clear radiating arms of xylem.   Even the pith is well developed compared to other accessions in Seethampundi Kashmir population shows least development of Stele and vascular tissue indicating the geographical location that needs less mechanical tissues. Rhizodermis is absent altogether.  Multilayered exodermis is found in all populations.It is more prominent in Kerala accession. There is a periderm below endodermis in all accessions of Urginea indica. The layers are thick and many layered in Kashmir and  Kerala accessions.  Metaxylem is thinner in Kashmir population, in contrast it is thick in Ranganathittu accession.  Pith is large and parenchymatous in Yarkad and Seethampundi accessions. In Kashmir, Raganathittu and Kerala accessions vascular bundles i.e xylem and phloem appear mixed with the pith area ( as observed by Kauff) The presence of dimorphic rhizodermis in Kerala populations and its absence in other populations is of systematic significance. Root anatomical characters of U.indica probably indicate xerophytic . ( Vascular bundles in centre of the pith) occurs spasmodically in all the 5 populations observed . Similar studies of xeric habitats have been observed  in Agavaceae by Kauff et.al 2002.  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Root anatomical studies in Urginea indica. Kunth, Hyacinthaceae.

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Root anatomical studies in Urginea indica. Kunth, Hyacinthaceae.

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