The word  zutourgeion , still accepted in the Liddell, Scott, and Jones ancient Greek lexicon in the sense of  brewery , is a modern scholarly invention which can be traced back to the publication of the Tebtunis and Flinder

Nelson, Max

Scholarship at UWindsor

University of WindsorScholarship at UWindsorLanguages, Literatures and Cultures Publications Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures2001Zutourgeion: A Scholarly Ghost WordMax NelsonUniversity of WindsorFollow this and additional works at: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/llcpubPart of the Modern Languages Commons, and the Modern Literature CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures at Scholarship at UWindsor. It hasbeen accepted for inclusion in Languages, Literatures and Cultures Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarship at UWindsor. For moreinformation, please contact scholarship@uwindsor.ca.Recommended CitationNelson, Max. (2001). Zutourgeion: A Scholarly Ghost Word. Mnemosyne, 54 (6), 721-723.http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/llcpub/15ζυτουργει̑ον: A Scholarly Ghost WordAuthor(s): M. NelsonSource: Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol. 54, Fasc. 6 (Dec., 2001), pp. 721-723Published by: BRILLStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4433277 .Accessed: 25/04/2014 11:19Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp .JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. .BRILL is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Mnemosyne.http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 137.207.120.173 on Fri, 25 Apr 2014 11:19:36 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsMISCELLANEA ??t????e???: A SCHOLARLY GHOST WORD It is generaUy accepted that the word for a brewery in ancient Greek was ??t????e??? (or ??t???????), foUowing the model of such terms as ????? ??e??? ('wool factory'), ?a?a?????e??? ('bakery'), ???????e??? ('Unen fac- tory'), p????????e??? ('brick factory'), or ?a?????e??? ('glass factory').1) However, ??t????e??? is found in no ancient text and is in fact a mod- ern scholarly invention. In 1902, GrenfeU, Hunt, and Smyly wrote that the Ptolemaic govern- ment in Egypt possibly levied a beer tax "from the ??t?p???? who worked at the ?as?????? ??t????e???".2) This 'royal brewery' is found in no ancient text. By 1905, Smyly, this time with Mahaffy, had found an opportunity to restore ??t??????? /??t????e??? from ? in one of the Flinders P?trie papyri (from the third century B.C.), and twice from ?? in another con- temporary papyrus where a place for beer production was needed.3) The ghost word was then accepted, for instance, by Preisigke, and from there in LiddeU, Scott, and Jones, where it remains unchaUenged (there is no retraction in the supplement).4) The proper word for a brewery, as far as we know, was ??t?p??e??? (almost always found as ??t?p?????), UteraUy 'beer store'.5) Peremans and Van 't Dack have shown that in Ptolemaic Egypt the term ??t?p????? could denote a brewery, citing two letters from ApoUonius to Zenon of 254 B.C. In the first, ApoUonius speaks of twelve artabs of barley to be used to make beer da?y at a ??t?p????? in Ph?adelphia; in the second he mentions Amenneus the 'beer-maker' (??t?p????)6) at the same ??t?p?????.7) In another letter in the same series both the ??t?p????? and the ???ast????? are mentioned, and both have also been restored in yet another papyrus of the series.8) There is further proof for this contention. In another Ptolemaic text (dated to 253 B.C.) in which barley is to be supplied for beer, it is sent to a ??t?p?????;9) surely a simple beer store would have no need for cereal. Later instances could also be advanced; for instance, in A.D. 29, Papontos the former 'beer-maker' (??t?p????) aUegedly broke into a house in Dionysias from the ??t?p????? next door, where he pre- sumably had worked (and neglected to return the key?).10) In two of the restored instances of ??t????e???, both in a papyrus dat- ing to 228 B.C., the texts involve a ?e????? ??. There is Utde doubt that this should be read as ?e????? ??t?p????? and not ?e????? ??t???????.11) In one of the famous papyri of the Zenon archive, dated to 253 B.C., Ha?nchis, who is petitioning Zenon to help her get her daughter back from a so-caUed abductor, says that she distributes beer each day ?? t?? ? Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2001 Mnemosyne, Vol. LIV, Fase. 6 This content downloaded from 137.207.120.173 on Fri, 25 Apr 2014 11:19:36 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions722 MISCELLANEA ?e????? ??t?p?????. Moreover, this is again more than likely a large brew- ery and not a beer wholesaler as sometimes thought.12) I do not wish to argue that every 'beer store' was a brewery, or con- versely that every brewery had an on-site beer store, only that ??t?p??e???/ ??t?p????? could denote either, and that, as far as we know, the word ??t????e???/??t???????, since it never existed, denoted neither.13) Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1, M. Nelson University of British Columbia, Department of Classical, Near Eastern, and Religious Studies 1) Some of the -????e??? terms denote a place where a substance is naturally found or produced, such as a?p???? ??e??? ('vineyard'), ????? ??e??? ('quarry'), ?e??ss????e??? ('beehive'), or ?eta??????e??? ('mine'). 2) ?. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt, J. G. Smyly (ed.), The Tebtunis Papyri (= P.Tebt. I) (London 1902), 49 (on P.Tebt. 1.5, 1. 170). This was uncritically copied by H. Mas- pero, L?s finances de l'Egypte sous Us Lagides (Paris 1905), 85. 3) J. P. Mahafty, J. G. Smyly (ed.), The Flinders P?trie Papyri (= P.Petr. Ill) (Cunningham Memoirs 11; Dublin 1905), 221: 87, fr. a, r, 1. 16, where even the ? is not a certain reading; 312 and 313: 124, fr. a, col. i, 1. 5 and fr. b, col. iii, 1. 2 for ??, restored at 374 (and see the note at 314). ??t??????? is found in the first case at 221 while ??t????e??? is found for all three cases in the index at 374. 4) F. Preisigke, W?rterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden (Berlin 1925), vol. 1, 649, s.v. ??t??????? ('Bierbrauerei') and H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek- Englhh L?xicon9 (Oxford 1996), 758, s.v. ??t????e??? ('brewery'). 5) For ??t?p??e???, see P.Und. III. 1177, col. iii, 1. 51; P.Mich. V.322b, col. i, 1. 3; P.Ross.Georg. V.14, 1. 8 (restored); and P.Stras. V.449, 11. 4-5. For ??t?p????? (aside from the instances discussed further on), see BGU IV. 1126, 1. 10, X. 1908, 1. 10; PCair.Zen. 11.59176, 1. 206, 59189, 1. 6, IV.59791, 1. 6; PMich. II.123v, col. iia, 1. 4, col. vi, 1. 21, V.326, col. ii, 1. 62, XI.620r, col. v, 1. 109, XVIII.777, 1. 6, 778, 1. 9; P.Oxy. LXIV.4441, col. vi, 1. 15; P.Prag. II.132r, 1. 6; SB III.6094, 1. 10; P.Zen.Pestm. 63v, col. iii, 1. 33 (= SB III.6803, col. iii, 1. 2); as well as no. 3, 1. 11 in W. Clarysse, The Financial Problems of the Beer-Seller Ameneus, Enchoria 16 (1988), 11-21, at 14. Also [?]?t?p????? is read in one inscription: SB V.8797, 1. 7 = SEG XXXVI. 1398, 1. 7. The emendation ??t?p???? from ???t?p???? in P.Prag. II. 176r, 1. 11 is likely wrong; read instead ??t?p?????. The word is also abbreviated as ??t?p?? at P.Gen. 11.91 r, col. ii, 1. 26 (= SB VI.9224, 1. 26), and see BGU IX. 1898, col. xi, 1. 227. It should be also noted that the term ??t??? could be used syn- onymously with ??t?p????? (see A. Loftus and G. Schwendner, in: C. E. R?mer, T. Gagos [ed.], P. Michigan Koenen [- P.Mich. XVIII] [Amsterdam 1996], 148). 6) For the ancient Greek terms for the beer-maker/beer-seller (??t?p????, ??t?p????/??t?p????, and ??t??), see ?. Harrauer (ed.), Corpus Papyrorum Raineri XIII, griechhche Texte IX {= CPR XIII) (Vienna 1987), 82-86 and H.-J. Drexhage, Bierproduzenten und Bierh?ndler in der papyrobghchen ?berlieferung, M?nstersche Bietr?ge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 16 (1997), 32-39. To their instances of the terms add SEG XLI. 1612, 1. 5 (??t?p) and Euseb. Comm. in Is. 1.75 (= PG 24.227B) (???- ?p????). Though I opt, for the sake of convenience, to translate ??t?p??e??? as 'brewery', I translate ??t?p???? literally as 'beer-maker' rather than 'brewer' since This content downloaded from 137.207.120.173 on Fri, 25 Apr 2014 11:19:36 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsMISCELLANEA 723 ??t??/ ????? was not brewed, if we are to trust the recipe preserved in the works of Zosimus of Panopolis (from around A.D. 300), in which heated malted bread is fermented in water (M. Berthelot, C.-E. Ruelle [ed.], CoUection des anciens abhimistes grecs [Paris 1888], vol. 2, 372; for this recipe having been added by a scribe to Zosimus's work, see M. Mertens, Les abhimistes grecs, tome IV, Ire partie: Zorime de PanopoUs, M?moires authentiques [Paris 1995], lix with n. 163). However, D. Samuel has recently argued from an analysis of the morphology of starch granules from surviving ancient Egyptian beer residue that there is no certain evidence for the use of this method (see especially Archaeobgy of Ancient Egyptian Beer, Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 54 [1996], 3-12 as well as Brewing and Baking, in: P. Nicholson, I. Shaw [ed.], Ancient Egyptian Materiah and Technobgies [Cambridge 2000], 537-576, esp. 555). The use of the term ??t??/????? itself is also somewhat complicated; it could be taken to mean '(a type of) Egyptian beer' (first in Theophr. Caus. PI. 6.11.2, who distinguishes it from simple barley beer or wheat beer), 'beer genetically' (a usage perhaps coined by Posidonius frr. 22 and 170 Theiler, followed by Strabo 17.2.5, and misunderstood by Diodorus Siculus 5.26.2 [= Posid. fr. 169 Theiler]), or 'barley beer generally' (beginning with Diosc. Mat. med. 2.87). 7) W. Peremans, E. Van't Dack, Prosopographia Ptolemaica (Louvain 1977), vol. V, xxviii and 3 (no. 12462), citing PCair.^en. 11.59199 (= SB III.6738) (April 29, 254 B.C.) and 59202 (= SB III.6739) (May 23, 254 B.C.), with which, see E. G. Turner, The Hanging' of a Brewer. P. Cairo Zenon // 59202, in: Essays in Honor of C. Bradford WeUes (New Haven, Connecticut 1966), 79-86. 8) PMich.Zen. L36, 11. 8 and 10 (May 7, 254 B.C.) and P.Col.Zen. III.34r, 11. 2, 7, 9, and v, 1. 13 (May 21, 254 B.C.). For a discussion of this whole series, see C. Pr?aux, L'?conomie royab des Lagides (Brussels 1939), 153-154. 9) P.Tebt. III.701V, col. iii, 1. 249. 10) PRyl. 11.127. 11) P.Petr. III. 124, fr. a, col. i, 1. 5 and fr. b, col. iii, 1. 2. Note that the ??t?? ?? at PCoLZen- M.34v, 1. 13 has been expanded by the editors as ??t?? ??(t?p?????). Furthermore, instead of the third restored instance of ??t????e??? /??t??????? (at P.Petr. III.87, fr. a, r, 1. 16) F. Heichelheim long ago pointed out that ??t?p????? should be read {Monopob, RE 16.1 [1933], 147-199, at 170). 12) P.Lond.Zen. VII. 1976, 11. 2-4. Large brewery: for instance, W. Clarysse, K. Vandorpe, Zmon> un homme d'affaires grec ? l'ombre des pyramides (Louvain 1995), 98-100 and J. Rowlandson (ed.), Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook (Cambridge 1998), 272. Beer wholesaler: for instance, P. W. Pestman, The New Papyrobgical Primer (Leiden 1990), 77-78. 13) I would like to thank the anonymous reviewer of this journal for his/her comments and criticisms, as well as the patient and obliging librarians at Miskatonic University. This content downloaded from 137.207.120.173 on Fri, 25 Apr 2014 11:19:36 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Zutourgeion: A Scholarly Ghost Word

http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=llcpub

Zutourgeion: A Scholarly Ghost Word

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Scholarship at UWindsor