Six insecticides were tested on southern pine beetle, Dendroclonus frontalis Zimmerman, to determine effects on established brood and ability to prevent attacks of Ips engraver beetles. The insecticides were: lindane as a reference; 2 carbamate insecticides, propoxur and carbaryl; and 3 organophosphates, acephate, phosmet, and diazinon. Only lindane significantly reduced established southern pine beetle broods. Phosmet caused high mortality of adult beetles within 24 hours after emergence from treated pines. Lindane, propoxur, and carbaryl were effective in preventing Ips grandicollis Eichoff and I. calligraphus Germar attacks on loblolly pine logs

Coster, Jack E.

Ragenovich, I. R.

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Stephen F. Austin State UniversitySFA ScholarWorksFaculty Publications Forestry1974Evaluation of Some Carbamate and PhosphateInsecticides Against Southern Pine Beetle and IpsBark BeetlesJack E. CosterI. R. RagenovichFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/forestryTell us how this article helped you.This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Forestry at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publicationsby an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact cdsscholarworks@sfasu.edu.Recommended CitationCoster, Jack E. and Ragenovich, I. R., "Evaluation of Some Carbamate and Phosphate Insecticides Against Southern Pine Beetle andIps Bark Beetles" (1974). Faculty Publications. Paper 315.http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/forestry/315Evaluation of Some Carbamate and Phosphate Insecticides AgainstSouthern Pine Beetlel and Ips Bark Beetlesl •2IRAL R. RAGENOVICH and JACK E. COSTER'School of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75961ABSTRACTSix insecticides were tested on southern pine beetle,Dendroclonus frontalis Zimmerman, to determine effects onestablished brood and ability to prevent attacks of Ipsengraver beetles. The insecticides were: lindane as a refer-ence; 2 carbamate insecticides, propoxur and carbaryl;and 3 organophosphates, acephate, phosmet, and diazinon.The bark beetles are the most destructive forest in-sects, yet insecticidal controls for them have been littlerefined since the 1950's. Benzene hexachloride (BHC)and lindane remain the only currently recommendedchemicals for control of pine bark beetles in the South.Effectiveness of the less persistent carbamate and phos-phate insecticides for bark beetle control has not beenadequately investigated.Lyon (1971) tested some organophosphate and carba-mate compounds against western pine beetle, Dendroc-tonus brevicomis LeConte. Tests of carbaryl againstDouglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins,also were made by Allen and Rudinsky (1959), Rudin-sky and Terriere (1959), and Rudinsky et al. (1960).We report here tests of the effectiVeness of certain car-bamate and phosphate insecticides in controlling estab-lished broods of southern pine beetle, Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimmerman, and in preventing attack of Ipsgrandicollis Eichoff and I. calligraphus Germar.METHODSAXD MATERIALs.-Insecticides.-Thechem-icals were phosmet 5O%WP, diazinon 24%EC, ace-phate 75%SP, propoxur 70%WP, and carbaryl 31 %FP.Lindane 17%EC was included as a reference, and a con-trol treatment received water only. Insecticides wereapplied in water solutions at the following concentra-tions: phosmet, 0.8%; diazinon, 1.0%; acephate,0.12%; propoxur, 1.1 %; carbaryl, 2.2%; lindane,0.25%. Insecticide concentrations were based on manu-facturer suggestions, since only lindane has been usedfor bark beetle control.Effects on Southern Pine Beetle Brood.-Six loblollypines, Pinus taeda L., averaging 7 in. (17.8 cm) DBH,containing larvae and pupae of the southern pine beetle,were used for the brood effect experiments. Seven boltswere cut from each tree, beginning on the lower bole ca.4 ft (1.2 m) above ground level. The lowest bolt wascut to a length of 30 in. (0.8 m) whereas the other 6bolts were 24 in. (0.6 m) long. To provide data onbrood density and stage of attack, circular bark samples4Yz in. (11.4 cm) diam were taken from each bolt.1 Coleoptera: Scolytidae.2 Based. in part. on a thesis submitted by the 1st author to the Grad.School. Stephen F. Austin State Univ., in partial fulfillment of the re-quirements for the M.F. degree. Received for publication May 30.1974.3 Grad. student and AS80C. Prof., respectively. Present address of1st author: U. S. For. Serv., 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA71360.Only lindane significantly reduced established southernpine beetle broods. Phosmet caused high mortality of adultbeetles within 24 h after emergence from treated pines.Lindane, propoxur, and carbaryl were effective in prevent-ing Ips grandicollis Eichoff and I. calligraphus Germar at-tacks on loblolly pine logs.Four samples, 2 from each end, were taken from thelowest bolt, and 2 samples were taken from the topend only of the other 6 bolts. Each bolt was then cutto 18 in. (45.7 cm) by removing the sampled ends.Circular bark samples were examined using a Faxitron®model 805 X-ray unit. Radiographs were examined onan illuminator where the adults, larvae, and pupaewere identified and counted. The average beetle popula-tion per ft2 in sample bolts, including larvae, pupae,and adults, before chemical treatment was acephate,301.0; carbaryl, 360.0; diazinon, 326.8; phosmet,300.7; propoxur, 332.2; lindane, 371.5; and 316.8 forthe control.The treatments were assigned randomly to the 7bolts from each tree. The insecticides were mixed andapplied with a Hudson Clipper® 6215 sprayer until thebark was wet and the insecticide ran in rivulets. Thebolts were placed upright in cylindrical rearing cageswith funnel-shaped bases (Germain and Wygant 1967).Emerging insects were collected each day, identified, andcounted.Some of the emerging southern pine beetles from eachtreatment were randomly selected and placed in 60 X 15-mm plastic petri dishes lined with filter paper to meas-ure their time of survival after emergence through thetreated bark. These petri dishes were checked every 24 hfor 5 days, and surviving beetles were counted.Prevention of Attack by Ips Engraver Beetles.-Theattack prevention phase of the study was set up in anarea where recent logging debris had attracted manybark beetles. Loblolly pine trees ca. 7 in, (17.8 cm)diam were felled and cut into 8-ft (2.4 m) logs. The logswere propped at a 45° angle against a wooden stand.Two treatment blocks, consisting of 7 logs each, alloriented in the same direction, were used. Logs in eachblock were separated from one another by at least 10 ft(3.0 m). The 2 blocks were separated by ca. 100 ft(30.5 m). Random selection decided the treatmentsapplied to each log in each block.Each week, logs were checked for Ips attack and newattacks marked and counted. At the end of 6 wk, barksamples were removed from the logs to determine thepredominant attacking Ips species.REsuLTs.-Effects on Southern Pine Beetle Brood.-Analysis of variance of the emergence data from the763764 JOUR~AL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 67, no. 6Table I.-Emergence of adult southern pine beetlesfrom insecticide-treated pine bolts, Nacogdoches, TX 1973.- Emergence is mean of 6 pine bolts (7 in. diam X 18 in.) for eachinsecticide. Means having: no letter in common are significantly differ-ent at the 5% level of probability as determined by Duncan's multiplerange test.treated bolts indicated a significant F-value at the 5%level. Comparison of the mean emergence data for eachinsecticide showed that only in the case of lindane didemergence vary significantly from the control (Table 1).Lindane is thought to possess fumigant properties thatenable it to kill beetle brood beneath the bark. Theseresults suggest that the other 5 test insecticides hadlittle or no fumigant effect and did not penetrate thctree bark in sufficient quantity to kill beetles.Observations of beetle survival after emergence meas-ured possible toxic effects of insecticide contacted oringested during or after emergence (Fig. 1). Survivaldata for the control and each treatment were arrayedinto a 2X5 contingency table and tested using X2•TreatmentphosmetcarbarylacephatepropoxurdiazinonlindanecontrolEmergence-southern pine beetle690.9a521.0 abc508.0 abcd480.3 bcde379.8 bcdef223.5 f554.0 abSurvival time for all treatments except acephate dif-fered significantly (at 5% level) from that of the control.Phosmet produced the most rapid mortality.Prevention of Attack by Ips Bark Beetles.-Based onthe bark samples taken at the end of the attack pre-vention studies, I. grandicollis accounted for 91 % of theattacks and I. calligraphus for the remaining 9%. Ex-cept for acephate, all insecticides effectively preventedIps beetles from successfully attacking the pine for 4 wk(Fig. 2). After that time, only carbaryl, propoxur, andlindane were effective. Duncan's multiple range testshowed no significant difference at the 5% level be-tween carbaryl, propoxur, and lindane in number of at-tacks.DIscussION.-Although none of the test insecticidesexcept lindane had any significant effect on the mortal-ity of brood beneath the bark, several had a noticeableimpact on the survival time of emerging adults. Thismay be an important consideration in bark beetle con-trol since many of the emerging beetles may die beforemating and host selection has taken place. By combin-ing the data on adult emergence and emergent adultmortality, control of adults can be as high as 97%within 48 h after emergence (Table 2). The high mor-tality of emergent adults from phosmet-treated boltsafter 24 and 48 h, and of adults from carbaryl-, diazi-non-, and lindane-treated bolts after 48 h, suggests thatthese chemicals may have a significant impact onsouthern pine beetle populations even though somewere ineffective in killing brood beneath the bark.ACKNOWLEDGMENT.-We thank Chevron ChemicalCo. and Stauffer Chemical Co., who supported the...~:>II: 60:::)III..Z~ 40II:IIIA-202 3DAYS\300 I \ll: t\\IIIIII ,~ ,r . '\,.,,' I250 ,II: IIII f \. IA-lii Ill: I ° \ ,U 20000 CONTR~\ ,~ ,,ill: ! \, ,'" I0 150 ,II: /OIAZ1NONIIIlD:IE I I:::) I,z '00 IIII Ie"'l IC III: f ,III so /~ -l //"2 " ".~." ...... s:..o:~~~~;.L3WEEKSFIG. I.-Survival of southern pine beetles after emergence from insecticide-treated pine bolts. The initial numbersof beetles were: 193 for the control, 164 for lindane, 194 for carbaryl, 248 for propoxur, 242 for acephate, 182 for diazi-non, and 197 for phosmet.FIG. 2.-Effectiveness of treatments in prevention of attacks by Ips beetles. Propoxur and lindane curves are notshown since no attacks were recorded after 6 wk.December 1974 RAGENOVICH AND COSTER: PINE BARK BEETLE INSECTICIDES 765Table 2.-Estimated control of southern pine beetles by insecticides at 24 and 48 h following emergence from treatedpines.Treatment% controlbased on totalemergencea.% survivalpostemergencebAdjusted % control basedon postemergence survival24 h 48h 24 h 48 hPhosmet 0 6 2 92 97Carbaryl 6 60 7 44 91Diazinon 31 72 16 51 86Lindane 60 83 22 66 88Propoxur 13 98 43 15 51Acephate 8 99 65 9 21Control 100 76; Based on mean emergence (Table 1).From Fig. 1.studies in part by Grants-in-Aid, and the Forest PestControl Section, Texas Forest Service, for allowing theuse of their radiographic equipment. R. L. Lyon, N. E.Johnson, J. Walstad, and R. A. Werner kindly com-mented on the manuscript.REFERENCES CITEDAllen, D. G., and J. A. Rudinsky. 1959. Effectiveness ofThiodan, sevin, and lindane on insects attackingfreshly cut Douglas-fir logs. J. Econ. Entomol. 52:482-4.Germain, C. J., and N. D. Wygant. 1967. A cylindricalscreen cage for rearing bark beetles. U.S. For. Serv.,Res. Note RM-87. 4 pp.Lyon, R. L. 1971. Contact toxicity of 17 insecticidesapplied topically to adult bark beetles. Ibid., PSW-249.3 pp.Rudinsky, J. A., and L. C. Terriere. 1959. Laboratorystudies on the relative contact and residual toxicity often test insecticides to Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopk. J. Econ. Entomol. 52: 485-8.Rudinsky, J. A., L. C. Terriere, and D. G. Allen. 1960.Effectiveness of various formulations of five insecti-cides on insects infesting Douglas-fir logs. Ibid., 53:949-52.

Evaluation of Some Carbamate and Phosphate Insecticides Against Southern Pine Beetle and Ips Bark Beetles

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Evaluation of Some Carbamate and Phosphate Insecticides Against Southern Pine Beetle and Ips Bark Beetles

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