ALLEONI, G. F.

DEMARCHI, J. J. A. A.

FRIGHETTO, R. T. S.

LIMA, M. A. de

LOURENÇO, A. J.

MANELLA, M. Q.

PRIMAVESI, O.

English

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UI:.MAKCH1, J. J. A. A.; MANELLA, M. Q.; LOURENÇO, A. J.; ALLEONI, G. F.; FRlGHETTO, R. S.; PRlMAVESI, O.; LIMA, M.A. Daily melhane emission ai different seasons oflhe year by Nellore catlle in Brazil grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Preliminary results. In: WORLD CONFERE~CE ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 9., 26-31/1012003, Pôrto Alegre - RS, Brazil. Proceedlllgs ... Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoolccnia!World Associalion of Animal Producction, 2003. CD-Rom: Scssion - Ruminanl Nulrition. 3p. COUNTRY:LIB_R_AZ_IL. ______ ._._:=J SESSION:IRoMINAN I NO I RIIION ally methane emlsslon at dlfferent seasons of the year by Nelore caUle In Brazll grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Preliminary results. Demarchi, J. J. A. A.1, Manella, M. Q.1; Lourenço, A. J.1; Alleoni, G. F.1; Frigheto, • R. S.2; Primavesi, 03; Lima, M. A2. 1 Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa-SP, Brazil; 2Embrapa, Jaguariúna-SP, Brazil; 3Embrapa, São Carlos-SP, Brazil; ABSTRACT Methane emissions by Nelore cattle grazing Brachiaria brizantha were monitored during winter (August), spring (December) and summer (February) season. Sixteen Nelore steers with live weight (LW) varying from 206 to 525 kg, 196 to 538 kg and 258 to 598 kg during winter, spring and summer, respectively. Methane emissions Iwere measured with the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique. Mean methane .. emissions were 102,3, 136,5 and 209,9 9 animallday and 0,343, 0,420 and 0,530 g/kg LW/day in winter, spring and summer, respectively, Variations in observed methane production among seasons were related to forage quality that affects digestibility and consumption. These results indicate high associative effects of methane production with live weightdue to digestible dry matter intake KEYWORDS Methane, Brachiaria brizantha, Nellore. INTRODUCTION Methane (CH4) is considered a greenhouse gas, and is the second in global importance. CH4 is naturally produced during rumen digestive fermentation process of structural carbohydrates contained in forage based diets. The total CH4 emission by cattle in the world is estimated to be 58 millions/year, or 73% of alllivestock species (US Environmental Protection Agency, 1994). At least half of world cattle population occurs in tropical regions, mainly based on grazing systems. Brazil has the world largest commercial beef cattle population (130 millions), mostly zebu breeds, with 98% of animais on pastures, mainly cultivated with Brachiaria spp. Methane emission by ruminants represents an energy loss of 4 to 12% of gross energy intake. Diet intake and digestibility are factors that influence CH4 production. However, there is a lack of data of zebu cattle on grazing conditions under tropical climate, and the IPCC's estimates are based on Bos taurus and temperate grass evaluations. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the methane emissions by Nellore cattle grazing B. brizantha in different seasons of the year to corroborate to the IPCC's agriculture greenhouse gases inventory. MATERIAL AND METHODS Methane emissions by Nelore cattle grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu were monitored during winter (August), spring (December) and summer (February) season at the Instituto de 2 .. "cnia in Nova Odessa-SP, Brazil. The evaluation was carried out in an area of 48 . .iivided in paddocks of 1 ha each. There were 16 experimental units, formed li" paddocks where the a'limals rotated .. Sixteen Nellore steers with live weiglli (LW) varying from 206 Lo 525, 196 to 538 and 258 to 598 kg were used during win!. !. spring and summer season, respectively. These animais were distributed to ei,;;il experimental unit with 10 other animais of the '.·1))3 normal herdo Methane emissions were measured using with the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique (Johnson & Johnson, 1995) adapted by Primavesi et aI. (2002). Such technique consisted in the infusion of a capsule with a known SF6 release rate inside the rumen, and methane and SF6 gases were collected in a canister with vacuum, provided with a system of valves and capillaries, connected to a halter. The measurements were made during 5 consecutive days, and the canisters were changed every 24 hours. The concentration of gases in the canister was measured with a gas chromalograph. Forage mass allowances of each paddock were measured the first day of measurements. Forage samples were dried to determine their water content, chemical composition (CP. NDF, ADF, Iignin, EE and ash) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The forage dry matter intake (DMI) was estimated by CNPCS (5.0) for each animal. It was considered that IVDMD were equal to TDN, then 1 kg of digestible DMI were considered to be equal 4,44 Mcal of digestible energy (DE) (NRC 199). The energy loss was estimated by dividing CH4 energy-equivalent by estimated digestible energy intake. The co-relations were determinate with Proc Corro The effects of season were evaluates with Proc GLM, and if differences were detected the least square means were determinate. The statistical program used was Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS, 1998). RESUL T AND DISCUSSION Winter forage had the lowest CP and digestibility, and the highest NDF, ADF and lignin content (table 1) than spring and summer forage. CP was lower and NDF, and lignin were higher than in spring, but other forage quality parameters were very similar. The analyses of variance showed a significant effect of season (P<0,05) for ali variables (table 2). The mean CH4 emissions were significantly different among ali seasons, with summer > spring > winter (209,9,136,5, and 102,3 g/day; P<0,05), as th~ CH4/LW (0,530, 0,420, 0,343; P<0,05). The chemical variation of forages was the first cause of methane emission differences among seasons, which affected digestibility and consequently feed intake. Differences on methane emission related to forage quality are well described by Kurihara et ai (1999) working with Brahman heifers receiving tropical forages. Animais eating low quality forage (Angleton grass) had lower intake (3,58 kg DM/day) and methane emissions (113 g/day), but when the animais had access to a better quality forage (Rhodes grass), the intake was higher (7,07 kgDM/day) and consequently the CH4 emission (235 g/day) too. During summer CH4IDDMI (46.7g/kg) was higher (P<0,05), than in other seasons, and in spring (35.3 g/kg) there was a statistical tendency (P= 0,058) of lower values compared to winter (39.7 g/kg). The lower fiber contents (NDF and ADF) during spring, were the main causes of lower CH4/DDMI, as reported by Kurihára et ai (1999). During summer the highest value was (', <) to the high fiber components and digestibility. The m ····'8 conversion rate (MC:·) ar the digestible energy loss as methane, was highel 05) in summer (14,0%), and spring (10,6%) showing a tendency (P. = 0.05i).!r values in winter (11 ,9%). Those values are higher than 5.5-6,5 % proposel, . ; USEPA (1994) for use in greenhouse gas inventories of cattle fed on temRerate farage diets .. Kurihara et ai (1,999) did bring values in the same range as of thls work for low quality grass (10,4 'ia) and hlgh quality grass (11,4 %) CH4 daily emissions did have a high associative effect (P<0,05) with LW for ali evaluations (r =0,88, 0,97, 0/8, for summer, spring and winter, respectively; Figure .·1), as a con~equence ?fthe Increased DDMI intake (P<0,05) (r= 0,92, 0,96, 0,73 for summer, spnng and wlnter, respectively; Figure 2). Although, CH4/LW were ", ~ . , . inversely correlated (P<0,05) with LW (r= -0,67, -0,87, -0,75 for summer, spring and winter, respectively; Figure 3). This is probably because of that growing animais have a relative higher intake (%LW) than animais on maintenance. Figure 4 shows the positive correlation (r= 0,64, 0,84, 0,63 for summer, spring and winter, respectively; P<0,05) of CH4 emissions with relative DM intake (%LW). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate differences of methane emissions because of forage quality, and a high associative effect of methane production with live weight due to digestible dry matter intake. Using these preliminary data it could be estimated that the mean methane emission is 51,79 kg/head/year, and that the total beef cattle annual production is 4.915,51 Gg. It also could be estimated that the decrease of mean slaughter age from 4,5 to 2 years would promote a 10 % reduction on total methane emission by Brazilian beef herdo This was the first step to understand and determinate the methane emissions of Zebu cattle grazing B. brizantha, which are very representative of Brazilian cattle and grasslands, and it may be helpful to improve the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) database. REFERENCES JOHNSON, K.A.; JOHNSON, D.E .. Methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. Champaign, v.73, p.2483-2492. 1995. Journal of Agriculture Research, 50, 1293-8. KURIHARA, M.; MAGNER, T.; HUNTER, R. A.; McGRABB, G. J. Methane production and energy partition of caUle in the tropics. British Society of Nutrition. n. 81, p. 227-234. 1999. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (N.R.C.). Nutrient Requeriments of Beef Cattle (7th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1996. PRIMAVESI, O., FRIGHETIO, R. T. S., LIMA, M. A., PEDREIRA, M. S.; JOHNSON, K. A; WESTBERG, H. H. Medição a campo de metano ruminal emitido por bovinos leiteiros em ambiente tropical 1 - Adaptação de Método. Anais da 34° Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia. Recife-PE, Brazil, 2002. Cd-room. USEPA (Env!ro~menta~ Protection Agency). (1994). "Internatiolldl Anthropogenk: Methane Emlsslon: Estlmates for 1990". EPA 230-R-93-01 O. (Office of Policy, P (.1 ~ /'V'\;""'" a :L -'\.o- n( (! v. (..."'4 f ,'v .... '" ~ vV.\.. J (, ".'V" J I-~ ........ .PC, ;, . 'Tablcl:Forage mass, lnvitro dry matter,digestibilityand chemieal eomposition of Hbrizallllw grass in dijlerelll seasou o/ lhe yéar.· "'",'." . Wintcr 'Spring Summcr /'Di\1("Zo)' '.,'. 61.86 ,25,9824.18 ·IYDMD (%DMY 41.3760.3862.45 CP(%DM)3,. .3.33 7.72' . 5.35 NDF(o/~DM)4 . 82.171.43 77.18 ÀDF("(oDM)s . 51.38 41.23 44.08 .1.ignin("(oDM) 7.79 ' 4,356.26. : "J<:E(%DM)·J , ..•.. , ••. 0.64 1.64 L08. '. .. .. .:'Ash(%DM)/· 6.21 8.13 ,. '4.83 'dry matter; 'in vi tro dryzPatter ,digestibilty;3eii.idepró tein;~ne1Jtral deteflientfi ber; 5 aeid detergellt fiber; 6 ether ex trae!. 'fable 2: Me~nliy~we~g!t!~!1:~; .. 'A~tl1.~u~ eIl!i~s~ons~y~ el()re.<:~ttle in winter,spring \ ...•.. and simimêr;'>\;i·~;:i ... ~;i::,~·:'\·/. . ..... '. .' .. . '.' .... ' .. ' .' . . '-:".: ",_:" "';_.\/_:" >:,Wint.er:· 'Spring P. LW(kgk.....·.,. :317,6 .}32,7' DDl\iI(I<g/day)'),: 2,69 ,.3,85 CH4 Üi/day)/'(.i02,3' .136,5' 209,9· 0,0001 CH4ILW' (g/kg)éO.343' 0.420' 0.530\., 0,0001 CH4/DDMI~ (glkg) , .' ,·39.r ,'. 35Y46.7' ;0,0001 CH4 Encrgr'Loss \",.)5 --"11,90'.10,6' 14.0" 0;0001 1.r.1ve weight; 2methane emission per kg pfL\V; , lll~thane, e,missi0!l per~kg of digestible dry mattcr intake; I . . " ' > .~. ~' 'c " ~ metlau_c ___ 'o _'.;>.'-,_';' ,-' -'-'c'-_,'.'; __ ", ;<\i.' ...... ",_--,.;-·,- -"._--':"'. ,,'.emeans in lhe. saDle line ,with 'differentIetter.ar<: slalisti~'áUysignifieant ,(P:'O,05) · . 100,00 ' , y= 0.3425x + 75.1549 '<r=O.88* , , Y __ O.3003x+ 38.104 , I~0.97* , y=O.l465x+ 55.814 r=0.78* 50,00 +' --"---'--~-'---..,.--'-----,,---'---,-----, 150 250 ; 'i. , '>'350. ,,' ,450 , LW(~g},· 550 ',650 Figure 1:' Correl~ltionarvlIinearr~g~essionfit of da.ilyCH 4 (g/day)emissions and live w~ightêIuringwinter(?)spring(7) summer(?}. *(P<0,05) f._ 35(j.00 .. 300.00 .. : -s:: .250.00 <Il ::!2 ~. 200.00 -... ::J: U 150.00 100.00 l.00·· ,2.00 'r'-3.00· y= 46.395x + 6.2885 1=0.92* y =J6.3llx - 3.8974 r= 0.96* . y = 18.112x + 53.635 . r= 0.73* 4:00 ·.5.00 6.00 . DD~(kglday) Figure 2:'Correí@oIlaJ1dlinear~~gressioll fitofdailYCH4(g/day) and digestible . dry matterintakeduringwinter (?)spring (?) suminer (?). *(P<O,05) , ;~ , f~ , \;,~ ~,' ." c r \-\ -, -0.700 0.600 . 0.500 . 0.300 0.200 Y = -0.0004x + 0.7035 r=- 0.67* y'; -0.0003x + 0.5284 r =-0.87* Y':' -O,0005x + 0.5014 r,:, -0.75* 0.100 +--:-..,....,..-:-,..,---~.,--.,.,-.,'"... --' ..rc -',.-c-r--:--"----'-"",-",-",--,---'-',-, 150 .200' 250 300 :350"'.400' 450 .' ' .. ;:--:,;-::'{.' . ~,>,:", ··'L'Y(~d . 500. 550 '.' 600 650 . . Figure 3: Correlati~l1a,ridJinear'reiressi~nfit o{daily CH' . 4/LW(g/kg) emissions (g/day)and li"nveightdurin'gwil1ter(?)spring(?) summer (?). *(I?<O,05). . .... ". ' , 0,700 <' . '.' 0.600 0.2.00 ; -J~.:.:;<;:~ _,i'; ','".; . ,)~ ~O.257ISx + .0.071 ....... ~ ., - .-i y =, .o.1924x +0.0464 --y "'_ a.!7]? • .0.2267 r"" .0.63· )'.~~'<',:~~-,:; ~ ,:.:,;',:, ','; '.', ,_ ,,',',,:>;~,);,:';X:, ><' C,,' Oi . 0.1001+.50:':'.:':'. :.:.:.:.:.:..;.c:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.,...:=:.:.·."".ê....,i.so-·· .."". :.:._:.:..:.:.i:.,..9.:.::d:.:. ••. •· • .:...·-••. :.:..2~.OO-.-:.:..-.2:~io-· -.. -.. .;.. •. ·.~2.2-·~-.-.·--2~.3-0~---.,..,.2.~0 /.,-» -".,> "I;~I;k~:(o/~l'V}:" ' '. r, ',.-Figure 4 :CoTI"elatiOl1:ând,liIlêaI-r~gressiºn fitofdaily'CH ,j/L W(g/leg) emissions .' (g/(IayfândTel~Ú\Te'drY;l11attêrintake (%L W) during wiIlter (?) spring (?}sulJlln~r(?)j(I>;<(),Q5f·;.! ..... . .... .... ......... .. . 

Daily methane emission at different seasons of the year ny Nelore cattle in Brasil grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Preliminary results.

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Daily methane emission at different seasons of the year ny Nelore cattle in Brasil grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Preliminary results.

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