CELESTINO FILHO, P.

LUCCHINI, E.

English

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Abstractlnvem}" of Homoptigm and Heleroptera in relation to the Amarelecimento?oa,oalwdi?.=3sRe:nAon.:n`v^er,bo'r,¥=sJT::ar.dié_-=_,'Féi,_o`éià`ràvsEFtrFIH¢#e.:g:petne`roaspp   which  app ar  to  be  related  to  the  Fatal  Yellowmg  Disease  of  the  Afri-can  Oil  Palm  (Elaeis  guineensis)  in  Brazil.The  insects  were  gathered  from  on  palm  with  vials  and  yellow  traps  andtrom  the  crown  with  an  entomological  net and  emergence  cages   This wasdone  in  both  healthy aíeas  arid  areas of foci.Up  to  February  1988`   187  species  of  Homoptera  had  been  found  togetherwith  55  species  of  Heteroptera  of  which  12  species  of  Homoptera  are  con-sidered  suspects.F}esumenlnventãrios  de  Homopteros  y Heteroplero§  con  relación  a  la  enfermedadamarillamiento  fatal.  Los  insectos  fueron  colectados  en  palmas  af ricanascon  frascos  y  con  trampas  amarillas  y  en  la  covertura  frascos  redes  ento-mologicas y  con  iaulas  de  emerger`cia.La  colectas  fueron  hechas  tanto  en  areas  sanas  como  en  areas  de  foio.Hasta el  mes de febrero de  1988 fueron encontradas 187 especies de Homop-teros  y  55  de  Heteropteros  dentro  de  las  cerales  12  especies  de  Homop-teros son  consideradas como saspechosas.F}esumoliwentaiios de Homoptero§ e WeíeropteJos com relação a doença Amarele-cimento  Fatal.  Os  insetos  foram  coletados  em  dendê  com  f rascose  arma-dilhas amerelas e na  cobertura com  rede entomológica e  com  gaioloas deemergência.  As coletas foram feitas tanto em áreas sadias como em  ãreasdo  foco. Ate  o  més  de  fevereiro  de  1988.  foram  encontradas  W  espéciesde homópteros e 55 de heterópteros, dentro das quais  12 espóies de homop-teros são consideradas suspeitas.DiscussjonFluinard:Arecollectedinsectscheckedonsuspected.organismspossiblyrespon-sible  foí speaí  rot?Louise:  No.  Neither the  vector  nor the  causal  organism  are  known.46STUDIES OF POSSIBLE INSECTTRANSMISSION  OF AMARELECIMENTOFATAL  IN  OIL  PALMIP.  Celestino  Filho2  and  E.  Lucchini31.   lntroductionThe  hypotnesis  that  insects  may  beinvolved  in  the transmission  ot  Amare-lecirnento  fatal  in  the  oil  palm  in  Brazilwould   seem   to   be   highly   significant,particularly   when    one   suspects   theinvolvement  of  micro-organisms  of themicoplasma. virus and  viroid  types.This     hypothesi§     can     be     turtheístrenghtened  by  the  manner  in  whichthe  disease  spreads.  lt  tends to  followthe   direction   ot   predominam   winds,while  natural  barriers,  such  as  roads,rivers  and  clearings,  are  unable to  hin-der  dissemination.  thus  demonstratingthat  the  disease  spreads  through  theair.Insects.   particularly   Homopíera,   asvectors   of   different   types   of   micr®organisms,  have  been  shown  to  parti-c.ipate  in  the  spreading  ot  other disea-ses  in  oil   palm   and  coconut  in   LatinAmer'ica and  other  parts  of the world.A  good  example   is  the  lethal  yello-w'ing   disease  of  the  coconut  palm  inthe  southern  part  of  the  United  States(Florida)   and   Central   America   (Carib-bean  lslands).  ln  this  case.  the  speciesMyndL/s   crudus    is    the   vector    of   amycoplasm   (Mccoy  et  al.   1983).  Myn-clus  Íaf;nj  is  responsible  for  the  tràrs-tmh'ess:::o:'u,apà::'i:'i:gsae"t:,a±,aaç.::::Vanuatu  (Julia,1982:  Jt£ia et  a[.19+[`\!teLnboyb,shee"d::,:ansse',nn,phfãàaj'n:::pâF|:=ot   Alvaraes   (AM)   and   Benevides   ,F.Aand   in   inventories  of  insects  in  tr\3si±and  other  localities  of  Brazil.  the fo'c?v`-ing   species   have   been   claLssified   assuspicious:   D1,   D3a.   D3b.   D27`   D5Lh(Derbi.dae);    D31     (De/phacjdae):    D2.D46    (Ci.xi.i.dae);    D14   (FJati.dae):   DõS.D 93 and  D 105 (Ci.cade///.dae).lnitially,  the principal  insects sus£e:-ted  ot  being  responsible  lor  transíitislsion  were  the Derbi.dae  D1  (Hspl\  an=the  C/.x/.jdae  D2  (Hsp2)  due to  the tac:!that  they  are  commonly  found  in  th:oil  palm.  More  specitically,  part  of thÊlife  cycle  of  these  insects  depenós  or!the   oil    palm   for   nourishmenl   The}`were  identified  as  Persjs  sp.  and  Af)ftdL/s  crudus  respectively.With  the  progress  of  in`/entory  v`-3rk_other  insects  came  to  be  includec:   rthe transmission tests.Among  these were the D3a.  D3b /!ceíLtified  as Omo/;cna sp.)  D27 and  D50.The   objective   of   the   investigat,orit:described  in  this  paper is to attempt to1 )  Study  côíried  oul  wiih  `he  linancial  participation  ot  EMBFIAPA-APFIODEN  and  DEt[PASA.2)  EMBF`;PA/CNPSD-UEPAE  ol  Belem.  Caixa  Postal  130.  Cep,  66.240 00.  Belem-Para,  8razjl3/  CIJPDÁ.  Caixa  Postal  1261.  Cep.1.3820, JaguaTiuria-Sao  Paiilo.  Bíaz}l.4?reproduce     the     symptoms     of     thedisease    in    healthy    oil    palm    plantsthrough  the  utilization  ol  insects  thathave   supposedly   been   contaminatedby the disease.2.  Release of insects in oil:::c:a:gd:l:r':záEgi:tirffoedr::tioYnpesAs  described  below.   diflerent  typesof cages are being  utilized:-   Pre-nursery:   small   cages  made   ofstrips  of  wood   and   nylon   screen,measuring  O.45m  x  O.30m  x  O.30m,containing    six    pre-nursery   seed-lings;-   Nursery:  medium  size  cages  madeol  strips  and  nylon  screen,  measu-ring   1.2m   x   1.Om   x   1.Om,   contai-ning  four nursery seedlings;-    Leave§:   cylindrical   cages  made   ofgalvanized    wire    rings    and    tulle,measuring    1.B0m    in    length    andO.55m  in diameter;-   Large   cages:   made   ot  wood   andnylon   screen,    measuring   5.Om    xO.5m  x 5.Om,  containing  one youngplant and  twelve  nursery  seedling§.lnsofar  as  tne  release  of  the  insectsinto  these  cages  is  concerned.  threeprocedures were  utilized:a)  insects   with    acquisition    phase   indiseased  plants;b)  insects  introduced  directly  from  thefield,    gathered    in    a    supposedlyhealthy area;c)  insects  introduced  directly from thefield,  gathered  in  an  area  in  whichthe disease is present.ln   the   first   case,   the   insects   wereconfined   in   leaf   cages   above  youngdiseased  plants for a period that variedbetween   5  and   7  days.  After  the  ex-posure    period,    the   leaves   with   thecages   were   taken   to   the   laboratorywhere   the   supposedly   contaminatedinsects  were  gathered.  These  insectswere transferred to other leaf cages onhealthy  plants.  More  specifically,  therewere 10 plants per species, with a totalof  1,000  insects  per cage,  while  a vari-able  number of  insects were  placed  inthe pre-nursery and nursery cages.ln  cases  b  and  c.  the  insects  weregathered   from   areas   and   introduceddirectly    into    the    different    types    ofTable 1.     Number of insects reLeased on oil palm, in different types of cages (March/B8).CagesPre-nurseryNurseryLeavesDerbidae |D ` |Prior                              Directcontami-                     fTomnation                            lield1,600                            ' ,8201,258                                  1.81612,039                               11.819Cixiidae |D2|Prior                              Di rectcontami.                     fro mnation                              fiel d.2 ,809                             2.445668                                    5512.856                              14,735Table 2.     Number ol lnsects gathered in  area `^meTe the disease ls  píesent (tocal  area) andreleased on oll  palm in different types of cages (March/8Ô).Cages Derbidae                                                                   CixiidaoD I                D3a            D3b             D27              D50              D3a+D3b+D27              D2Niirsery                l s.676            ----                                                  15,262Leaves                        -              12.929        13.053           1.582           9.090                                                   28.734Young plant8     30,379            -                 -                                                                45.485                 20.60248cages,  withou`  being  submitted  to  the      dered  conclusive,  since  reliaok}  in(or-stageot supposed  contamination.                iT`a`ion   is  rio`  ye`  availabh  as  ü  "The   tests   were   begun   in   October     period   ot   incubation   ol  "  disease,1986  at  the  Denpasa  plantation.  in  the      despite   `he   lac`   that   an    EMBRAPAmunicipality of Benevides` Parà. Brazil.      repon   (1986)   states  that   "   periodTables  1  and 2 above  show the num-      would  seem  ü  be  between  6  and  10ber  ol  insects  released  iip  to  the  pre-      months`  and  most  probably between  sà:àt  ::teo à::cgà,tuerreesnttÀà:eia:te c::::     ancdo:s::::hn:iy,   observat,ons   o,   theo, ,owed                                                         ,c::tdse,dn :?: c:.,ne,l,enausees,:,avaet i:::t ctowná3.  Results and Conclusions             years,  whih  tests  ot  new  suspectedspecies will be carried  out.Up  to   the   present  time,   a  total   of256.712  homopterous  insects  beiong-     4.   Fle{erences',regs th°a::eó:::ór'g,aeeasaendd C`X''d" 'am`-     EMBRAPA.Empresa  Brasiieira  de  Pes-The  Per§J:s  sp.  (D1)  represents 29.8%      quisa Agropecúaria.1986.  Relatório  daasn:d,n,es"reãssM#E=,ru,ct.JáuE,i:i\.-D#i:,=opÉ£-ed_õa_:jpp±É*t_,_stÊg_p':,f,.=*r,agoo.oedse`nudgg.total.                                                                                Belém,  PA Documento.1.  22 pp.inT,hhee ':,oena,Shes :,, toh:tsoeb:'Pà:i:So::gàn-     Ju,ia, J.F. 1982. Myndus ,afiri ,Homóp-ber   1986   respectively,   and   the   leaf      tera-Ci.x..i.dae)    vectuer    du    dépérissecage  tests  qable  1)  lasted  between  2      ment toliaire de cocotiers au Vanuatú.and 4 months.                                                        0leagineux. 37 (8-9): 409414.The  tests  with   D3a,  D3b.   D27  andD50  began  in  Aprw  1987,  and  releases      Julia,   J.F.:   Dollet,   W   Randles,   J.   &ot the species D3a and D3b have been      C.  Cawez  1985.  Le  dépérissimen`  loHThe  pre.nurse„  nurse„  and  young     íbrÊMSU.   ::::t::LxP::su¥tyant8USo,teaaft:íconcluded.plant  tests  have  also  been  completed      neux. 40 (1):  19-27.:::c:r:nâoowbsienrvtah,?o::age  of  mam}     Mccoy,  R.E-, Howard,  F.Wj Tsai H-Up  tiH  now  in  the  palm  trees  utilized      Donselman.  D.L.;  Thomas,  H.G.:   Bas-::;:e,;3::à'th.:  àpmpae,ael::í:e::osy,Ttài     Tâg3,,. R.féihEaika;ié":.:m% MOE.  3::'tns:has  not  been   observed   in  any  ot  the      University  of  Florida.  Fori  Lauderdale.tests carried  out.                                                       Florida,  U.S.A.100 pp.Howeveí,  this  result  cannot  be consi-49AbstractStudies ot possible insect trar`smission of Amarelecimemo fatal in oil palm.The  possibility  that   insects  might  be  involved   in  the  transmission  of  thefatal  yellowing  disease  in  oi[  palm  `  in  Brazil  is  extremely  significant  whenone  suspects  the  involvement  of   "virus  or  viroid"  mycoplasma-like  orga-nisms   (MLD).   The   probable   aerial   spread   of   the  disease   reinforces   thishypothesis.Different   species   of   the   Oerbic)ae   and   Cixi.icJae   families`   among   themPers/.s  sp.  and MyndL/s  cmdus.  are being  tested  as part of an  efíort to trans-mit  the  disease  to  healthy  palms through  suspected  insects.  Various typesof  cages  are  being  used  to  isolate  the  plants.  Until  now  a  total  of  256.712msects  from  these  two  families  have  been  released.  No  symptoms  typicalof  fatal  yellowing  have  been  observed  as  yet  in  any  of  the  tests  that  weredeveloped.<Resumen     .`.Estudios  de  ,a  possib,e  transmissión  de  ,a..?Làn'ermedad  amari|'amientofatal  en  la  palmera,  mediante  inseotos  sospecliosos.  La  possibilidad  deque  haya  insectos  involucrados en  la transmision  de  la enfermedad  amaril-lamiento   fatal,   en   la   palma   aceitera.   en   Brasil,   tiene   alta   significacioncuando   se   sospecha   de   la   participacion   de   micro-organismos   del   tipomicoplasma  ''virus  o  viróideo".La probable forma aerea de diseminacion de la enfermedad a plantas sanasde  palma aceitera, atraves de insectos sospechosos, se estan  probando dife-rentes especies de la familia Derbidae y Cixiidae, entre las cualez el Persi.s sp.y  el  Myr}dus  crudus  para  eso  se  estan  utilizando  diferentes  tipos  de  jaulaspara  asistaí a  las  plantas.  Hasta  ahora se  liberaron  256 712  insectos.  en  total,de  esas  dos  familias.  En  uno  de  los  ensayos  realizaclos  se  observo  la  apari-cion  de  los sintomas  tipicos  del  amarillamiento  fatal.F]esumoEstudos  de  possivel  transmissão  da  doença  amareleoiitiento  fatal  emdendê, através de insesos sLispeitos. A  possibilidade de que insetos estejamenvolvidos  na  transmissão  da  doença  Amarelecimento  Fatal  em  dendê  noBrasil   é   de   alta   significància   quando   se   suspeita   do   envolvimento   demicroganismo  do  tipo  micoplasma  vírus  ou  viróide.  A  provável  forma  dedisseminaçao  aérea  reforça esta  hipótese.Com  o  obietivo  de  transmitir  a  doença  em  plantas  de  dendê  sadia,  atra-vés  de   insetos  suspeitos,   estão   sendo  testadas  diferentes  espécies  dafamilia Derbi'dae  e C/x/.i.dae,  entre as quais o Pers/.s sp.  e o Myndus cruc/us.Para   isso  estão  sendo   utilizados  diferentes  tipos  de  gaiolas  para   isola-mento  de  plantas.  Até  o  presente  foi  liberado  o  total  de  256.712  insetosdessas  duas  tamílias.  Em  um  dos  ensaios  desenvolvidos,  foi  observado  oaparecimento  dos sintomas típicos do  amarelecimento  fatal.50lNVESTIGATION  ABOUT THE  PUDF]lcloN  DELCOGOLLO  DISEASE  (P.C.)  OF OIL  PALM  INTHE AMAZONIAN  PART OF ECUADOF!:SEARCH  OF THE  INSECT VECTOR8.  PerthuislA.ÊEyjTe:t!F:êt:oy'i:ogf:tchaue::orTo  begin,  1  would   like  to  bring  up  apoint  about  the  terminology.  lt  shouldbe   advisable   to   identify   precisely  theseveral   .spear  rots'.   lt  seems  that  weuse the  name  spear  rot  (that  is  to  say•pudricion  de  la  flecha`  in  Spanish)  todescribe  several  fatal  conditions of theoil  palm,  all  of them  attacking  the  gro-wing point of the plant. Then, spear rotis a generic  name.This  is  very  practical  for  intercommu-nication,  as  well  as  confusing  becauseit  conceals  difterences  between  symp-toms  and  epidemiology  from  the  diffe-rent   areas   in   which   these   diseasesOCCu,.Also  1  would   like  to  stress  that  thename  descíibes  one  symptom  that  isnot  specif ically  attached  to  these  fataldiseases.   We   know   that   in   both   ringspot disease  in  Ecuador and  marchitezsorpresiva   in   whole  America.   a   spearrot   is   strongly   noticeable   and   is  theultimate  symptom  of  the  death  of  thepalm-So,   it  is  necessary  to  determine  foreach  affected  area  the  symptoms  spe-cifically   linked   with   the   le(hal   diseaseand   to   use   the   pÍoper   name   of   thedisease  in  relation  to  these symptoms.From    my   own   experience   of   thedisease   of  oil   palm   in   Ecuador,   1   amprone   to   name   the  spear   rot   in   thatcountry  'letlial  bronze of young  leaves'.ln   general   the   foliage   symptom   is   adiscoloration  of the young  leaves  num-ber 2 to 5 which  turn from green to palebronze   mixed   with   yellow.   After  twomonths  leaves  2 to  5  are almost totallycolored   pale   bronze   but   some   partsmay  stay  yellow.  At  the  same  time  thediscoloration  begins  to  be  detectable,the  young  tissues  ot  the  spear  and  ofthe  inner  youngeí  leaves  are  affectedby  a  strong  wet   rot  that  very   rapidlydestroys the meristem  (it can take froma  few  days  to  a  tew  weeks).  No  othersymptom   is  visible:  the  bunches  androots  remain  healthy.  The  progress  ofthe  wilt  of  the  leaves  is  very  slow,  andit  is  obvious  that  the  oldei.  f ronds  dieby  old-age  rather than  by the disease.lt  is  my  opinion that the speed  of therot  advance  to  the  heart  of the  palm  isslower  in  the  western  part  of  Ecuador,near  the  Pacific  coast  than  it  is  in  theeastern   part,  The  climates,   soils,   andtherefore  the  physiology  of  the  palmsare   obviously   very   different   betweenthe two areas and that may be a factorinducing  changes  in  symptomatology.Tlie    investigators    of    lF"O.    since1)  CmAD/lRHO.  Palmeras  del  Ecuador.  Caríillo  4869.  Ouiio.  Ecuadoí,51

Studies of possible insect transmissiion of amarelecimento fatal in oil palm.

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Studies of possible insect transmissiion of amarelecimento fatal in oil palm.

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