DAMASCENO, M. R. A.

FERREIRA, D. N. M.

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International Journal of AcarologyVol. 35, No. 5, October 2009, 371–376ISSN 0164-7954 print/ISSN 1945-3892 online© 2009 Taylor & Francis; printed 29 December 2009DOI: 10.1080/01647950903229980http://www.informaworld.comTACA A NEW CASSAVA ERIOPHYID MITE FROM BRAZILInternat. J. Acarol. Maria Rosilene A. Damasceno1 and Denise Navia21. Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; 2. Laboratório de Quarentena Vegetal, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (e-mail: navia@cenargen.embrapa.br).ABSTRACT – A new species of eriophyid mite in the genus Procalacarus Mohanasundaram, 1983(Phyllocoptinae, Calacarini) is described from cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae),collected in the semi-arid region of the North of Minas Gerais State. Procalacarus giustolinii n. sp. isthe second eriophyoid mite species reported from cassava in the world and also the second speciesknown in the genus Procalacarus. Mites are vagrant on upper leaf surfaces; large populations causechlorosis, curling of leaves, light rusting and reduction of leaf limbs in basal regions of stems.Key words – Acari, Manihot esculenta, Eriophyidae, Procalacarus giustolinii, Neotropical, Brazil, South America.INTRODUCTIONCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a euphor-biaceous plant native to South America, where it iscommonly cultivated. Brazil is one of the largest pro-ducers in the world, along with Nigeria and Congo,representing almost 10% of the total production(CGIAR, 2004). Cassava can be considered one of themost socially important crops in Brazil, being culti-vated by farmers with small and medium farms, andrepresents an important carbohydrate source for thepopulation (Torres Filho, 2002).Phytophagous mites have assumed importance incassava crops around the world and in some regions areconsidered key pests, as for example the cassava greenmite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Tetranychidae),in some regions of South America and Africa. In Africa,M. tanajoa was accidentally introduced; it was firstreported in Uganda in 1972 (Lyon, 1973) and causedlosses that reached 80% (Herren and Neuenschwander,1991; Janssen and Yaninek, 1993). Extensive plant mitesurveys were conducted on cassava in Brazil aimed atdiscovering natural enemies, especially predatory mites,which could be introduced to Africa for the control ofthe cassava green mite as part of a classic biological con-trol program. However, no eriophyoid mite was foundassociated with cassava in Brazil by these surveys.Only one mite from the Eriophyoidea has beenreported associated with cassava around the world,Calacarus guerreroi Boczek and Davis, described in1984 from Cali, Colombia, and reported only for thiscountry. This eriophyid mite was collected from theupper surface of leaves, especially in the basal part ofthe plants (Boczek and Davis, 1984).In this paper a new eriophyid mite of the genusProcalacarus Mohanasundaram (Eriophyidae, Phyl-locoptinae, Calacarini) (Mohanasundaram, 1983) col-lected on cassava, from a semi-arid region in the northof the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, is described, aswell as the symptoms associated with infestations.MATERIALS AND METHODSSurveys were conducted in fruit and vegetablecrops of a semi-arid region of the State of MinasGerais, Brazil (municipalities of Janaúba, Nova Por-teirinha and Brasília de Minas) from September 2006to August 2007. Samples were checked through directobservation under a dissecting microscope. Eriophy-oid mites associated with cassava were preserved invials containing 70% alcohol. They were thenmounted using modified Berlese medium (Amrine andManson, 1996) and identified using a phase-contrastmicroscope at the Sector of Agricultural Zoology,Published online 16 Dec 2009372 Damasceno and Navia 2009ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP. Generic concepts fol-lowed Amrine et al. (2003).All the measurements were made in micrometers(μm) and unless stated otherwise, they refer to the lengthof the structure. Measurements of the female holotypeprecede the corresponding range for the paratypes.Drawings were taken through a camera lucida at × 1000magnification. Some measurements could not be takenbecause of their body position when mounted. In thedescription, the opisthosomal annulus count begins fromthe rear margin of the genitalia and the dorsal opisthoso-mal annulus count begins from the mid-rear margin ofthe prodorsal shield. Leg length was measured from thebasal part of the trochanter through the distal part of thetarsus, excluding the empodia.RESULTSFamily ERIOPHYIDAE Subfamily PHYLLOCOPTINAE Tribe CalacariniProcalacarus giustolinii Navia and Damasceno n. sp.(Figs. 1 and 2)Diagnosis – A Procalacarus Mohanasundaram,1983 with a four-rayed empodium; tibia I with adorsal spine on the basal third; prodorsal shield orna-mentation characteristic, dorsal tubercles conspicu-ous; on the prodorsal shield, wax deposition followsornamentation lines and on the opisthosoma it fol-lows the longitudinal ridges, as flakes; epigynum withshort irregular longitudinal lines and granules on thebasal area and longitudinal short lines on the distalarea following the posterior margin.Female (measurements of holotype and ranges ofnine paratypes) – Body fusiform, 180 (170–215) long,70 (60–86) wide, blackish when alive.GNATHOSOMA – Projects downward, 30 (25–30), pedipalp coxal dorsal (basal) setae (ep) 3 (3–4),dorsal pedipalp genual (antapical) setae (d) 15 (13–16);chelicerae 28 (25–28); oral stylets 25 (20–25).PRODORSAL SHIELD – 62 (55–65) long, 65(57–80) wide; frontal lobe broad, rounded, 5 (3–5)long, 20 (20–22) wide; scapular setae (sc) absent, (sc)tubercles present, conspicuous. Shield design a net-work: median line absent; admedian lines curved onbasal two-thirds, as though delimiting a bottle body,narrowing on the anterior third where they are joinedby a transverse line; on the frontal lobe area two sub-rectangular cells are delimited; lateral and anterola-teral area with four delimited cells; wax depositionfollowing ornamentation lines.LEGS – Without paraxial tibial I (l′) and antax-ial genual II (l′′) setae. Legs I 41 (37–43); femora 12(11–13); basiventral femoral setae (bv) 15 (13–17);genua 5 (5–6); antaxial genual setae (l′′) 33 (29–37); tib-iae 13 (11–13), presenting a dorsal spine on the basalthird associated with a transverse line; tarsi 7 (7–8);antaxial fastigial (lateral) setae (ft′′) 25 (20–25); parax-ial fastigial (dorsal) setae (ft′) 22 (19–25); paraxialunguinal setae (u′) 6 (5–6); solenidion (w) 6 (6–7),slightly enlarged distally; empodium 5, four-rayed.Legs II 39 (38–40); femora 11 (10–14), basiventralfemoral setae (bv) 13 (12–15); genua 6 (5–7); tibiae 11(10–11); tarsi 7 (7–9); antaxial fastigial (lateral) setae(ft′′) 21 (17–21); paraxial fastigial (dorsal) setae (ft′) 7(5–7); paraxial unguinal setae (u′) 5; solenidion (w) 6(5–6), as in leg I; empodium 5 (5–6), four-rayed.COXAE – With granules and slight curved lines:anterolateral seta on coxisternum I (1b) 15 (13–16)apart, 13 (10–14); proximal seta on coxisternum I (1a)10 (9–13) apart, 20 (19–20); proximal seta on coxister-num II (2a) 32 (26–34) apart, 46 (40–47). Sternal line 7(5–8). Coxigenital area with 5 (4–5) postcoxal annuli.GENITALIA – Presenting short irregular longi-tudinal lines and granules on the basal area and longitu-dinal short lines on the distal area following theposterior margin; 20 (19–21), 30 (25–30) wide, proximalseta on coxisternum III (genital setae) (3a) 15 (12–15).OPISTHOSOMA – With five dorsal longitudi-nal wax-bearing ridges; wax deposition like flakes irreg-ularly distributed on and around the ridges; medianridge distinct to dorsad of bases of opisthosomal setae(f), submedian ridges distinct to dorsad intermediatebetween bases of opisthosomal setae (e) and (f); and lat-eral ridges distinct to dorsad intermediate betweenbases of opisthosomal setae (d) and (e). Opisthosomalsetae (c2) 40 (35–40), on annulus 3 (2–3); opisthosomalsetae (d) 61 (60–63), on annulus 17–18 (13–20), 31 (27–31) apart and 33 (25–33) microtubercles apart; opistho-somal setae (e) 42 (38–45), on annulus 41–42 (35–44),14 (12–15) apart and 16 (12–17) microtubercles apart;opisthosomal setae (f) 27 (23–27), on annulus 61–62(55–67), 21 (21–25) apart and 29 (21–29) microtuberclesapart. Total dorsal annuli 56 (54–62). Total ventralannuli 68 (60–73). Microtubercles small, rounded, onthe posterior margin of ventral annuli and lateralopisthosoma. opisthosomal setae (h2) 69 (65–70);opisthosomal setae (h1) absent.Male (measurements of four paratypes) –Smaller than female, 170–187, 68–75 wide.GNATHOSOMA – 28–29. Dorsal pedipalp gen-ual (antapical) setae (d)14–15; pedipalp coxal dorsal(basal) 3; chelicerae 25–28; oral stylets 21–23.PRODORSAL SHIELD – as in female, 53–65,65–75 wide; frontal lobe 5, 18–20 wide.LEGS – As in female. Leg I 35–40; femora 10–12; basiventral femoral setae (bv) 12–13; genua 5;antaxial genual setae (l′′) 30; tibiae 10–13; tarsi 6–7;antaxial fastigial (lateral) setae (ft′′) 20; paraxialVol. 35, No. 5 Internat. J. Acarol. 373Fig. 1. Procalacarus giustolinii sp. nov. – A. lateral habitus of female; B. ventral habitus of female; C. dorsalhabitus of female; D. leg I; E. leg II; .F. empodium (enlarged); and G. coxi-genital area of male.50 µm50 µm20 µmABCFD EG50 µm374 Damasceno and Navia 2009Fig. 2. Procalacarus giustolinii sp. nov. – A, B. Vagrants on the upper surface of cassava leaves; C. symptoms ofinfestation on cassava leaves; D–F. micrographs of dorsal, ventral and lateral habitus of female, respectively (phasecontrast, × 40); G. detail of solenidion and empodium of leg I (DIC, × 100); H. epigynium (DIC, × 100); I. tíbia Iwith a dorsal spine in the 1/3 basal (phase contrast, × 100); J. prodorsal shield ornamentation and anterior opistho-soma (phase contrast, × 100); K. coxigenital region of female (phase contrast, × 100).IGEDCBAHFKJVol. 35, No. 5 Internat. J. Acarol. 375fastigial dorsal setae (ft′) 16–18; antaxial unguinalsetae (u′) 6; solenidion (w) 7; empodium 5, four-rayed.Legs II 33–35; femora 10, basiventral femoral setae(bv) 10–15; genua 5; tibiae 9–12; tarsi 6–7; antaxial fas-tigial (lateral) setae (ft′′) 18–20; paraxal fastigial (dor-sal) setae (ft′) 5–7; paraxial unguinal setae (u′) 5;solenidion (w) 6–7; empodium 5, four-rayed.COXAE – With granules: proximal seta on cox-isternum I (1b) 13–14 apart, 10–11; anterolateral setaon coxisternum I (1a) 10 apart, 18–21; anterolateralseta on coxisternum II(2a) 28–32 apart, 37–45. Sternalline 5–7. Coxigenital area with 5 postcoxal annuli.GENITALIA – 19–20, 25–27 wide, with gran-ules, eugenital setae conspicuous, anterolateral seta oncoxisternum III (3a) 11–15.OPISTHOSOMA – As in female, opisthosomalsetae (c2) 33–40, on annulus 2–3; opisthosomal setae (d)60–62, on annulus 11–17, 25–30 apart and 23–27 micro-tubercles apart; opisthosomal setae (e) 36–40, on annu-lus 33–37, 13–15 apart and 12–16 microtubercles apart;opisthosomal setae (f) 20–28, on annulus 53–59, 22–26apart and 22–26 microtubercles apart. Total dorsalannuli 50–59. Total ventral annuli 59–65. Opisthoso-mal setae (h2) 68–70; opisthosomal setae (h1) absent.REMARKS – The new species P. giustoliniiNavia and Damasceno sp. nov. is distinct from Proca-lacarus aliyarensis Mohanasundaram, 1983 in the pro-dorsal shield ornamentation, being more elaborate inP. aliyarensis; the conspicuous scapular tubercle,being inconspicuous in P. aliyarensis; a four-rayedempodium, being five-rayed in P. aliyarensis; epigy-num ornamentation restricted to the central basalarea, but occupying the whole basal area in P. aliya-rensis; tíbia I with a dorsal spine in the basal one-third,absent in P. aliyarensis.Type material – Female holotype, nine femaleand four male paratypes, from Manihot esculentaCrantz (Euphorbiaceae), ‘Jacarezinho’, Janaúba,Minas Gerais, Brazil (22°43′0.6′′ S, 43°19′0.28′′ W),May and July 2007, collected by Maria Rosilene AlvesDamasceno and Alan Ronei Leite; deposited as 13microscopic preparations in the Mite Reference Col-lection, Laboratório de Quarentena Vegetal,Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia,Brasília, DF, Brazil.Relation to host – Mites are vagrants on theupper surfaces of leaves. Plants infested by large pop-ulations show chlorosis, curling of leaves, light rustingand reduction of leaf limbs. It is usual to find the cas-sava green mite in the areas infested by P. giustoliniin. sp. However, the main damage caused by M. tana-joa is in the apical region of the plant, appearing as ashortening of internodes (Moraes and Flechtmann2008), whereas P. giustolinii n. sp. damage is found inthe basal leaves of the plants.Etymology – We take pleasure in naming thisspecies after Teresinha Giustolini, Entomologist atUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaúba,Minas Gerais, Brazil, for her most valuable effort incoordinating a mite survey in the semi-arid region ofMinas Gerais State, an unexplored area in relation toacarological studies.DISCUSSIONThis paper provides the description of a secondspecies of Procalacarus, which was previously a mono-specific genus (Amrine and de Lillo 2003). Amrineet al. (2003) mentioned that the main characters to dis-tinguish Procalacarus Mohanasundaram fromCalacarus Keifer were the paraxial tibial setae of leg I(l′) – absent in Procalacarus and present in Calacarus;and the basiventral femoral setae (bv) on legs I and II –present in Procalacarus and absent in Calacarus.Calacarus guerreroi had been collected in Colom-bia from the upper surface of cassava leaves, especiallyfrom the basal leaves; leaves infested by this speciespresented upward curling and gradual shrinkage(Boczek and Davis 1984). Symptoms associated withP. giustolinii n. sp. seem to be similar to thosedescribed as being caused by C. guerreroi infestation.It will be important to evaluate whether infestationsby P. giustolinii n. sp. have any impact on the produc-tion of cassava plants.Quarantine measures should be applied to avoidthe dissemination of P. giustolinii n. sp. from the areawhere it occurs in Brazil through cassava propagationmaterial, by either domestic or international exchange.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe are grateful to Carlos Holger W. Flechtmannfor his collaboration on species diagnosis and for sug-gestions for the description; to Francisco Ferragut forhelping with photography; and to Ranyse BarbosaQuerino for the initiative to develop the study. Con-selho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tec-nológico (CNPq), Brazil, provided the researchfellowship granted to Denise Navia. This paper is partof a MSc. project, Program of Post-Graduation inCrop Production in the Semi-Arid, UniversidadeEstadual de Montes Claros, Brazil.REFERENCESAmrine, J. W. Jr. and D. C. M Manson. 1996.Preparation, mounting and descriptive study oferiophyoid mites. pp. 383–396. In: Lindquist, E.E., M. W. Sabelis and J. Bruin (Eds.). Eriophyoid376 Damasceno and Navia 2009Mites: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Con-trol. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.Amrine, J. W. Jr. and E. De Lillo. 2003. A databaseon Eriophyoidea of the world. West VirginiaUniversity.Amrine, J. W. Jr., T. A. H. Stasny and C. H. W.Flechtmann. 2003. Revised Keys to World Gen-era of Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata).Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield, MI.244 + IV pp.Boczek, J. and R. Davis. 1984. New species of erio-phyid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea). Fla. Ento-mol. 67: 198–213.CGIAR. 2004. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) [citedSeptember 2005]. Available from: http://www.cgiar.org/impact/research/cassava.htmlHerren, H. R. and P. Neuenschwander. 1991. Biologi-cal control of cassava pests in Africa. Annu. Rev.Entomol. 36: 257–283.Janssen, A. and J. S. Yaninek. 1993. Cassava greenmites: a challenge for experts in biological con-trol. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17: 1–4.Lyon W. F. 1973. A plant feeding mite Mononychellustanajoa (Bondar) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) new tothe African continent threatens cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz) in Uganda, East Africa. PestArtic. News Summ. 19: 36–37.Mohanasundaram, M. 1983. Indian eriophyid studies IV.Record of new Phyllocoptinae mites (Phyllocopti-nae: Eriophyidae: Acarina). Acarologia 24: 13–35.Moraes, G. J. and C. H. W. Flechtmann. 2008. Man-ual de Acarologia. Acarologia básica e ácaros deplantas cultivadas no Brasil. Holos, RibeirãoPreto. 288 pp.Torres Filho, P. 2002. A cultura da mandioca na Bahia.Instituto de Cooperação Belgo-Brasileira para oDesenvolvimento Social. 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A new cassava eriophyid mite from Brazil.

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A new cassava eriophyid mite from Brazil.

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