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DIAS, N. da S.

GOIANA, E. S. dos S.

MACIEL, G. P. de S.

MELO, J. W. S.

PASTORI, P. L.

VIDAL NETO, F. das C.

English

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Some biological parameters and colonization of Aleurodicus cocois on dwarf-cashew.

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OtrosOtrosServicios PersonalizadosRevistaSciELO AnalyticsGoogle Scholar H5M5 (2016)ArticuloArticulo en XMLReferencias del artículoComo citar este artículoSciELO AnalyticsCurriculum ScienTITraducción automáticaIndicadoresLinks relacionadosCompartirPermalinkIdesia (Arica)versión On-line ISSN 0718-3429Idesia vol.35 no.2 Arica jun. 2017  Epub 13-Mayo-2017http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292017005000030 Some biological parameters and colonization ofAleurodicus cocois on dwarf-cashewAlgunos parámetros biológicos y colonización deAleurodicus cocois en marañónEliane silva dos santos Goiana1, Nivia da Silva Dias*, Francisco dasChagas Vidal-Neto, Gabrila Priscila de Sousa Maciel, Patrik LuizPastori, Jose Wagner Silva Melo21 Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, CNPAT, Fortaleza, Brazil.* Corresponding author: nivia.dias@embrapa.br2 Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the biology and colonization of A.cocois on dwarf-cashew seedlings. Levels of colonization were scored on a scale ranging from 0 to 4, and biologywas established by evaluation of oviposition and reproductive parameters. Egg incubation time was 7.1 ± 0.88days, first, second, third and fourth instar nymph phases lasted 5.9 ± 1.54, 6.8 ± 2.02, 5.2 ± 1.93 and 8.1 ± 2.69days, respectively, egg-to-adult development took 33.1 ± 4.06 days, adult longevity was 14.3 ± 5.52 days andfemale fecundity was 43 ± 8.5 eggs female-1. Peak colonization occurs within 190 days.Key words: Anacardium occidentale, biological parameters, cashew whitefly.RESUMENEste estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las características biológicas y la colonización de A. cocois en marañón.La biología fue evaluada examinando los parámetros de oviposición y reprodución y la colonización fue evaluadacon el uso de una escala de puntuaciónde 0 a 4. La duración del desarrollo embrionario fue de 7,1 ± 0,88 días,siendo la duración del primer, segundo, tercero y cuarto ínstares ninfales de 5,9 ± 1,54, 6,8 ± 2,02, 5,2 ± 1,93 y8,1 ± 2,69 días, respectivamente. El ciclo desde huevo a adulto requiere, en promedio, 33,1 ± 4,06 días. Lalongevidad promedio del adulto fue de 14,3 ± 5,52 días y la fertilidad promedio de las hembras fue de 43±8,5huevos/hembras-1. La colonización máxima ocurre dentro de los 190 días.Palabras clave: Anacardium occidentale, parámetros biológicos, mosca blanca.IntroductionAleurodicus cocois (Curtis, 1846), commonly known as the giant whitefly because of its large size in comparisonwith other genera of the subfamily, is a major pest of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Brazil. This whitefly iswidespread in all cashew growing areas of northeastern Brazil, producing sporadic but severe infestations thatcause significant losses in productivity (Mesquita and Braga-Sobrinho, 2013). However, A. cocois is not restrictedto Brazil, but can be found infesting avocado (Persea americana Mill.), mango (Mangifera indica Linn.), apricot(Prunus armeniaca Linn.), guava (Psidium guajava Linn.), pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.), passion fruit(Passiflora incarnata Linn.) and some ornamental species in Chile and Peru (Núñez, 2008; Núñez et al., 2008).Whiteflies have the potential to inflict direct damage by inoculating toxins while feeding on phloem sap, giving riseto anomalies or phytotoxic disorders characterized by wilting and yellowing of leaves and branches (Liu et al.,2012).In spite of the wide range of plant hosts that may be subject to attack by the cashew whitefly, and the potentialdamage that it can cause, this insect has received little attention from researchers. The sparsity of information is ofparticular importance because the biology of Aleurodicus spp. can vary according to the host plant as well as theambient temperature and humidity. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the biology andcolonization of A. cocois on dwarf-cashew clone. The results of this study will contribute to the more efficientmanagement of the pest and the minimization of losses in productivity currently incurred by cashew farmers.Materials and MethodsThe experiments were carried out in the Entomology Laboratory at "Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical" (Fortaleza,CE, Brazil). The population of A. cocois was collected in an experimental field of "Embrapa" (4°10'35"S;38°28'19"W; altitude 79 m) and reared on dwarf-cashew seedlings (clone BRS189) in netted cages maintainedunder controlled conditions (28±1° C; 70±10% relative humidity; 14 h photophase) in an insect breeding room.The colonization experiment was conducted with laboratory-reared insects, by about six generations, and dwarf-cashew seedlings of clone CCP76 under the conditions described above. Ten cashew seedlings (six months old)were placed in a cage constructed from wire mesh and voile cloth (1 m x 1 m x 1 m) and each was infested with 20non-sexed adult whiteflies. Subsequently, the process of colonization was observed over a six month period bycareful examination of 10 leaves (replicates) per plant. The formation of whitefly colonies on each cashew leaf wasrecorded according to a scale from 0 to 4 (Goiana et al., 2017) as follows: 0 - leaf free of infestation; 1 - initiationof colonies on the abaxial surface of the leaf; 2 - developing colonies on the abaxial surface of the leaf; 3 - abaxialsurface of the leaf completely colonized; 4 - fully colonized leaf with adaxial surface darkened by sooty mold.For biology experiments, five cashew seedlings were placed separately in cages constructed from wire mesh andvoile cloth (40 cm high x 17 cm diameter) and each was infested with 20 adult female white flies. Adults weresexed using morphological characteristics. Males can be easily identified by their elongate genital parts (shaped likea forceps) on the end of abdomen (Arruda, 1971). Oviposition was evaluated after 24 h by counting the number ofeggs laid on each plant, following which egg incubation time and viability were determined along with the durationtimes of the nymphal phases and egg-to-adult development. In order to estimate female fecundity, 20 non-sexedadult whiteflies were transferred three days after emergence to three healthy cashew seedlings and the number ofeggs laid was recorded daily. Sex differentiation was performed on dead insects at the end of the experiment inorder to establish the number of eggs laid per female per day. Longevity (days) was determined by observing 15non-sexed adult whiteflies from the time of their emergence until their death. Data were expressed in the form ofmean ± standard error.Results and DiscussionOviposition and initiation of colony formation (defined as the first level of infestation with score 1 could beobserved one day after whiteflies had been transferred to dwarf-cashew seedlings. The second level of infestation(score 2) was recorded between 45 and 60 days after transfer when 100% of the examined leaves exhibiteddeveloping colonies, while complete colonization of leaves (score 3) was attained between 135 and 150 days afterinfestation. Full colonization with growth of sooty mold (score 4) took between 175 and 190 days.These results are of direct importance in the management of this pest, since an understanding of the differentinfestation levels, along with the length of time required by the insect to attain each level, is crucial in establishingappropriate control measures. Pest management should begin when infestation levels are low and the colonies arestill developing (scores 1 and 2), since control is far more difficult, or even unattainable, when the insectpopulation has increased and severe symptoms of infestation have become apparent on the host. In tropical andsubtropical regions, where A. cocois can reproduce continuously (overlaping generations), monitoring and earlydetection of plant colonization is essential for effective control.Development from egg-to-adult took 33.1 ± 4.06 days on average, while the longevity of adult insects was 14.3 ±5.52 days. The complete life cycle of the cashew whitefly from eggs to death of adults was established at 47.4 ±9.58 days (Table 1).Table 1. Development of Aleurodicus cocois on leaves of dwarf-cashew clone CCP76 under controlled laboratoryconditions (28 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 14 h photoperiod).The female whitefly lays eggs (ca. 0.2 mm in length) in a spiral pattern among a white powdered wax on theabaxial surface of leaves. Immediately after oviposition the eggs are pale in color but acquire a dark yellowish hueas they mature. The nymph emerges through a longitudinal opening in the corium of the egg at its widest portion.First instar nymphs are hyaline in appearance, mobile and tend to settle and feed in areas close to the site ofoviposition. Newly formed second instar nymphs are translucent, inactive and more waxy in appearance than thefirst instar. Regardless of developmental phase, the nymphs possess seven pairs of dorsal glands, from whichemerge seven pairs of vitreous brittle wax filaments that rise appreciably over the back of the nymph. Thesefilaments are most visible in third instar nymphs onwards. The ceriferous hairs around the nymphs increase innumber and become darker yellow in color during the last nymphal stages, while fourth instar nymphs arecharacterized by the initial presence of ceriferous fringes. The adult whitefly emerges through an inverted T-shapedlongitudinal slit and initially remains immobile. After around three days, the newly emerged adults are covered withpowdered wax and soon start visiting other leaves to feed and lay eggs.Gondim and Sales (1981) reported reproductive parameters of A. cocois reared on anon-commercial giant cashewunder laboratory conditions at 26 ± 2 °C as follows: pre-oviposition period of 3.4 days, egg incubation time of 8.83± 0.59 days, durations of first, second, third and fourth instar nymphal phases of 6.17 ± 0.60, 7.50 ± 2.83, 5.50 ±0.73 and 8.50 ± 2.83 days, respectively, and a complete life cycle of 52.6 days. While these values were similar tothose observed in the present study, the mean egg viability (90.98 ± 5.96%) recorded by these authors washigher than that observed in the present study (80.9 ± 6.28%), and the average longevity of adult whiteflies(16.14 ± 1.96 days) was somewhat longer than the value reported herein (14.3 ± 5.52 days). Such variations inreproductive parameters probably result from differences in the characteristics of the host plants that influence thedevelopment of the pest, and in the higher temperature employed in the present study, which would lead to ahigher posture rate (number of eggs deposited per female) and more rapid development (Toscano et al., 2016).Regarding fecundity, female cashew whiteflies laid 43 ± 8.5 eggs female-1 (at 28 ± 1 °C) on the dwarf-cashewclone CCP76, suggesting that A. cocois is considerably less fertile than other members of the Aleyrodidae such asB. tabaci biotype B, which laid 160 and 98 eggs female-1 (at 26 ± 1 °C) on leaves of soybean and common bean,respectively (Musa and Ren 2005). This finding explains why A. cocois takes around twice as long to colonize plantsas its family counterpart B. tabaci.Most of the biological parameters of A. cocois on dwarf-cashew clone CCP76 described herein resemble thoseobtained for other species of Aleurodicus that infest unrelated host plants in different geographical settings,indicating that members of the genus share common biological characteristics. For example, Taravati and Mannion(2016) reported reproductive parameters of A. rugioperculatus Martin reared on ornamental wild banana (Strelitzianicolai Regel & Korn) under the conditions prevailing in Florida, USA, as follows: pre-oviposition period of 2.7 ±0.27 days, fecundity of 34.5 ± 8.4 eggs female-1, male longevity of 4.3 ± 0.9 days, female longevity of 5.9 ± 0.8days, and egg-to-adult viability of 29 ± 4%. Thus, in comparison with A. rugioperculatus, A. cocois presentedlonger adult longevity and higher fecundity and egg-to-adult viability. According to Aishwariya et al. (2007), thereproductive parameters of A. dispersus Russel reared on guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) varied between the dry(summer) season and the rainy (winter) season with respective values as follows: egg incubation time of 5.54 ±0.22 and 9.2 ± 0.62 days, adult longevity of 10.94 ± 0.41 and 13.78 ± 1.10 days, and female fecundity of 50.2 ±5.16 and 47.92 ± 5.90 eggs female-1. Thus, only the fecundity of A. cocois was lower than that of A. dispersusindependent of season.ConclusionDwarf-cashew clone CCP 76 is a suitable host for the development of A. cocois, rendering the plant susceptible toattack by this pest in the field, similar to non-commercial giant cashew. Levels of infestation of dwarf-cashew cloneCCP76 by A. cocois in northeastern Brazil should be manageable up as soon as its occurrence is detected. Over thetime, the increase in pest density would make control difficult and, most likely, unattainable.Literature CitedArruda, E.C. 1971. Contribuicáo ao estudo de Aleurodicus cocois Curtis, 1846 (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) e seucontrole biológico em Pernambuco. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz/ESALQ. Brazil, 70 pp.        [ Links ]Aishwariya, K.K.; Manjunatha, M.; Naik, M.I. 2007. Biology and host range of spiralling whitefly. Karnataka Journalof Agricultural Sciences, 20 (1): 149-152.         [ Links ]Goiana, E.S.; Dias-Pini, N.S.; Gomes Filho, A.A.H.; Chagas Neto, F.V.; Barros, L.M.; Pastori, P.L.; Duque, F.J.S.2017. Preferencia de clones de cajueiro-anáo á mosca-branca e distribuicáo temporal da praga e seu predador.Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fortaleza: Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, 123, 15 p.         [ Links ]Gondim, M.T.P.; Sales, F.J.M. 1981. Ciclo biologico da mosca branca do cajueiro [Anacardium occidentale,Aleurodicus cocois]. Fitossanidade, 5 (1): 38-40.Liu, S.S.; Colvin, J.; Barro, P.J. 2012. Species concepts as applied to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci systematics: howmany species are there? Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 11 (2): 176-186.         [ Links ]Mesquita, A.L.M.; Braga-Sobrinho, R. 2013. Pragas e doencas do cajueiro. In: Araújo, J.P.P. (Ed.). Agronegóciocaju: práticas e inovacoes. Brasilia: Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, pp. 195-215.         [ Links ]Musa, P.D.; Ren, S.X. 2005. Development and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on threebean species. Insect Science, 12 (1): 25-30.         [ Links ]Núñez, E. 2008. Plagas de paltos y citricos en Perú. In: Ripa, R.S.; Larral, P. Manejo de plagas en paltos cítricos.Chile: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, pp. 324-364.         [ Links ]Núñez, E.; Iannacone, J.; Gómez, H. 2008. Effect of two entomopathogenic fungi in controlling Aleurodicus cocois(Curtis, 1846) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 68 (1): 21-30.         [ Links ]Taravati, S.; Mannion, C. 2016. Effect of aggregation and cage setting on some life-history parameters ofAleurodicus rugioperculatus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 109 (1): 249-254.        [ Links ]Toscano, L.C.; Aguirre, W.M.; Tomquelski, G.V.; Maruyama, W.I.; Gouveia, G.C.C.; Dias, P.M. 2016. Dinámicapopulacional de mosca-branca, incidencia do mosaico dourado do feijoeiro e alternativas de controle da praga no"cultivo das secas" no cerrado. EntomoBrasilis, 9: 18-25.         [ Links ]Fecha de Recepción; 31 de Marzo, 2017. Fecha de Aceptación: 02 de Mayo, 2017.Todo el contenido de esta revista, excepto dónde está identificado, está bajo una Licencia Creative CommonsCasilla 6-DArica - ChileTeléfono: (56-58) 205 522idesia@uta.cl

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Some biological parameters and colonization of Aleurodicus cocois on dwarf-cashew.

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