Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of two dairy-cattle production systems on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the pasture, obtained from a temporal series of Landsat images

ALVES, T. C.

CONCEIÇÃO, M. P. C.

GREGO, C. R.

NOGUEIRA, S. F.

OLIVEIRA, P. P. A.

SILVA, G. B. S. da

English

Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from Embrapa

112Evaluation of Vegetation Indices at Pasture-Based Systems for Dairy Cattle using Remote Sensing DataEvaluation of Vegetation Indices at Pasture-Based Systems for Dairy Cattle using Remote Sensing DataSandra F. NOGUEIRA1, Maurício P. C. CONCEIÇÃO2, Célia R. GREGO1, Gustavo BAYMA- SILVA1, Teresa C. ALVES3, Patrícia P. A. OLIVEIRA31Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite, 2Undergraduate Intern sponsored by PIBIC/CNPq at   EmbrapaMonitoramento por Satélite, 3Embrapa Pecuária SudesteE-mail address of presenting author*: sandra.nogueira@embrapa.brIntroductionMilk is among the six most important products of Brazilian agricultu-re, ahead of processed coffee and rice. Brazilian production of milk tripled between 1970 and 2006 (IBGE, 2016), and the country is currently the sixth largest producer in the world and growing at an annual rate of 4%, which is higher than that of the other top produ-cing countries. The availability of forage, both in quantity and quality, is essential for the animals’ production to reach maximum potential, and directly influences animal productivity, area productivity, overall productivity, breeding potential and herd health (Carvalho et. al, 2016). Focusing on this line of reasoning and on gathering economical and environmental sustainability, researchers have been evaluating the in-troduction of new forage types and management techniques that dri-ve the industry to higher productivity without the need for expanding the areas used. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of two dairy-cattle production systems on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the pasture, obtained from a temporal series of Landsat images. The greenness displayed in the NDVI values may be correlated with plant production to indicate a stronger or we-aker production, as well as to act as an indicator for different types of management of livestock systems (Alvarenga et al., 2015). On its turn, the pastures’ biomass production may be correlated with poten-tial for carbon storage in the soil (Oliveira, 2015).113Evaluation of Vegetation Indices at Pasture-Based Systems for Dairy Cattle using Remote Sensing DataMaterial and MethodsThe study area is located within the Mata Atlântica biome (Brazilian Atlantic Forest), with average annual precipitation of 1,362 mm, average annual temperature of 21.5 ºC and humid subtropical climate. The experimental design featured the following dairy-cattle production systems: (A) irrigated with intensive management and high stocking rate (INTIRRI_AL)   and degraded pasture with continuous grazing and low stocking rate (EXTDEGR_BL) (Figure 1). The two systems are described in Table 1.The NDVI values were extracted from OLI/Landsat-8 images using the method described by Conceição et al. (2015). The temporal data consisted of 30 cloud-free images taken from April 2013 to August 2015. The NDVI values of each production system were grouped  based on season under ‘dry season 2013’, ‘rainy season 2013/2014’, ‘dry season 2014’, ‘rainy season 2014/2015’, and ‘dry season 2015’. The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA statistical analysis was applied in order to discriminate each production system for each described period.  Evaluation of Vegetation Indices at Pasture-Based Systems for Dairy Cattle using Remote Sensing Data   Sandra F. NOGUEIRA1, Maurício P. C. CONCEIÇÃO2, Célia R. GREGO1, Gustavo BAYMA-SILVA1, Teresa C. ALVES3, Patrícia P. A. OLIVEIRA3 1Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite, 2Undergraduate Intern sponsored by PIBIC/CNPq at Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite, 3Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste  E-mail address of presenting author*: sandra.nogueira@embrapa.br  Introduction Milk is among the six most important products of Brazilian agriculture, ahead of processed coffee and rice. Brazilian production of milk tripled between 1970 and 2006 (IBGE, 2016), and the country is currently the sixth largest producer in the world and growing at an annual rate of 4%, which is higher than that of the other top producing countries. The availability of forage, both in quantity and quality, is essential for the animals' production to reach maximum potential, and directly influences animal productivity, area productivity, overall productivity, breeding potential and herd health (Carvalho et. al, 2016). Focusing on this line of reasoning and on gathering economical and environmental sustainability, researchers have been evaluating the introduction of new forage types and management techniques that drive the industry to higher productivity without the need for expanding the areas used. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of two dairy-cattle production systems on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the pasture, obtained from a temporal series of Landsat images. The greenness displayed in the NDVI values may be correlated with plant production to indicate a stronger or weaker production, as well as to act as an indicator for different typ s of management of livestock systems (Alvarenga et al., 2015). On its turn, the pastures' biomass production may be correlated with potential for carbon storage in the soil (Oliveira, 2015).  Material and M thods The study area is located within the Mata Atlântica biome (Brazilian Atlantic Forest), with average annual precipitation of 1,362 mm, average annual temperature of 21.5 ºC and humid subtropical climate. The experimental design featured the following dairy-cattle production systems: (A) irrigated with i tensive management and high stocking rate (INTIRRI_AL) and (B) degraded pasture with continuous grazing and low stocking rate (EXTDEGR_BL) (Figure 1). The two systems are described in Table 1.  Table 1. Description of the pasture-based dairy-cattle production systems. Production system Stocking rate Pasture management Grass N dose (kg ha-1) INTIRRI_AL high Rotation Panicum maximum >100 EXTDEGR_BL low extensive/continuous Brachiaria decumbens 0  The NDVI values were extracted from OLI/Landsat-8 images using the method described by Conceição et l. (2015). The temporal ata consisted of 30 cloud-free images taken from April 2013 to August 2015. The NDVI values of each production system were grouped based  on season under 'dry season 2013', 'r iny season 2013/2014', 'dry season 2014', 'rainy season 2014/2015', and 'dry season 2015'. The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA statistical analysis was applied in order to discriminate each production system for each described period.  Figure 1. Experimental design with the beef cattle production systems at the study area.  Results and Conclusions Figure 2 shows average NDVI values in each experimental area for each OLI/Landsat-8 image. As expected, the intensive management, high stocking rate system showed the highest NDVI values, with a global average of 0.74 (Table 2). The extensive degraded pasture with low stocking rate system showed average NDVI values 8% lower (0.68), reaching up to 12% in the dry season of 2014.    Figure 2. Livestock production systems' NDVI values from April 2013 to August 2015.   0.400.450.500.550.600.650.700.750.800.850.9026-Jan-1317-Mar-136-May-1325-Jun-1314-Aug-133-Oct-1322-Nov-1311-Jan-142-Mar-1421-Apr-1410-Jun-1430-Jul-1418-Sep-147-Nov-1427-Dec-1415-Feb-156-Apr-1526-May-1515-Jul-153-Sep-1523-Oct-15INTIRRI_AL EXTDEGR_BL114Evaluation of Vegetation Indices at Pasture-Based Systems for Dairy Cattle using Remote Sensing Data Table 2. Average NDVI values for each production system and season. Production systems DRY SEASON 2013 (6)* RAINY SEASON 2013/2014 (6)* DRY SEASON 2014 (5)* DRY SEASON 2014 (5)* DRY SEASON 2015 (9)* AVERAGE 2013-2015  (30)* INTIRRI_AL 0.76a 0.82a 0.68a 0.68a 0.76a 0.74 EXTDEGR_BL 0.70b 0.75b 0.59b 0.64b 0.70b 0.68 *Number of Landsat images. **Averages with different letters showed difference between production systems (p<0.05).  The best performance of the intensive system is due to the grass species chosen, which is more productive under favorable conditions of minimum air temperature and availability of water in the soil (Table 1) despite the higher animal load and the consequent higher biomass consumption (Muller et al., 2002). Vegetation indices show good potential for use in the monitoring of pasture greenness. Well-managed pastures favor carbon accumulation in the soil and contribute to mitigate the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.  References  ALVARENGA, S. V. R.; NOGUEIRA, S. F.; BAYMA-SILVA, G.; VICENTE, L. E.; GREGO, C. R.; FRANCHINI, J. C. Discriminação de sistemas de preparo do solo para plantio de soja por meio de EVI-2 aplicados a dados do sensor WorldView-2. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO, 17., 2015, João Pessoa. Anais... São José dos Campos: INPE, 2015. p. 2701-2707.  CARVALHO, L. de A.; NOVAES, L. P.; MARTINS, C. E.; ZOCCAL, R.; MOREIRA, P.; RIBEIRO, A. C. C. L.; LIMA, V. M. B. Sistema de Produção de Leite (Cerrado). Disponível em: <https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Leite/LeiteCerrado/introducao.html>. Acesso em: 8 abr. 2016.  CONCEIÇÃO, M. P. C.; BAYMA-SILVA, G.; NOGUEIRA, S. F.; Elaboração de perfis temporais de índices de vegetação a partir de imagens Landsat. Campinas: Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite, 2015. (Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite. Circular Técnica, 32). Disponível em: <ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/139750/1/025-15-V2.pdf>. Acesso em: 08 abr. 2016.  IBGE. Censo agropecuário de 2006. Disponível em: <http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/agropecuaria/censoagro/2006_segunda_apuracao/default_tab_xls.shtm>. Acesso em: 09 maio 2016.  OLIVEIRA, P.P.A. Gases de efeito estufa em sistemas de produção animal brasileiros e a importância do balanço de carbono para a preservação ambiental. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, v. 08, número especial do IV SMUD, p. 623-634, 2015.  MÜLLER, M. DOS S.; FANCELLI, A. L.; DOURADO-NETO, D.; GARCÍA Y GARCÍA, A.; LÓPEZ OVEJERO, R. F. Produtividade do Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça irrigado, sob pastejo rotacionado. Scientia Agricola, v. 59, n. 3, p. 427-433, 2002.  Acknowledgements This research was supported by PECUS Network - Greenhouse gases (GHG) dynamics in Brazilian livestock production systems. We thank our colleagues at Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research. Results and ConclusionsFigure 2 shows average NDVI values in each experimental area for each OLI/Landsat-8 image.As expected, the intensive management, high stocking rate system showed the highest NDVI values, with a global average of 0.74 (Table 2). The extensive degraded pasture with low stocking rate system showed average NDVI values 8% lower (0.68), reaching up to 12% in the dry season of 2014. on season under 'dry season 2013', 'rainy season 2013/2014', 'dry season 2014', 'rainy season 2014/2015', and 'dry season 2015'. The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA statistical analysis was applied in order to discriminate each production system for each described period.  Figu  1. Experimental design with the beef cattle production systems at the study area.  Results and Conclusions Figure 2 shows average NDVI values in each experimental area for each OLI/Landsat-8 image. As expected, the intensive management, high stocking rate system showed the highest NDVI values, with a global average of 0.74 (Table 2). The extensive degraded pasture with low stocking rate system showed average NDVI values 8% lower (0.68), reaching up to 12% in the dry season of 2014.    Figure 2. Livestock production systems' NDVI values from April 2013 to August 2015.   0.400.450.500.550.600.650.700.750.800.850.9026-Jan-1317-Mar-136-May-1325-Jun-1314-Aug-133-Oct-1322-Nov-1311-Jan-142-Mar-1421-Apr-1410-Jun-1430-Jul-1418-Sep-147-Nov-1427-Dec-1415-Feb-156-Apr-1526-May-1515-Jul-153-Sep-1523-Oct-15INTIRRI_AL EXTDEGR_BLT  best performance of the intens ve system is du  to the grass species chosen, which is more productive under favorable conditions of minimum air temperature and availability of water in the soil (Table 1) despite the higher animal load n  the consequent higher biomass c nsumption (Muller t al., 2002). Veg tation indices show good potential for use in the monitoring of pasture greenness. Well-mana-ged pastures favor carbon accumulation in  the soil and contribute to mitigate the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.115Evaluation of Vegetation Indices at Pasture-Based Systems for Dairy Cattle using Remote Sensing DataReferencesALVARENGA, S. V. R.; NOGUEIRA, S. F.; BAYMA-SILVA, G.; VICENTE, L. E.; GREGO, C. R.; FRANCHINI, J. C. Discriminação de sistemas de preparo do solo para plantio de soja por meio de EVI-2 aplicados a dados do sensor WorldView-2. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASI-LEIRO DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO, 17., 2015, João Pessoa. Anais... São José dos Campos: INPE, 2015. p. 2701-2707.CARVALHO, L. de A.; NOVAES, L. P.; MARTINS, C. E.; ZOCCAL, R.; MOREIRA, P.; RI-BEIRO, A.  C.  C.  L.;   LIMA,  V.  M.   B.   Sistema  de  Produção   de  Leite  (Cerrado).  Disponível     em: <https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Leite/LeiteCerrado/introducao.html>. Acesso em: 8 abr. 2016.CONCEIÇÃO, M. P. C.; BAYMA-SILVA, G.; NOGUEIRA, S. F.; Elaboração de perfis temporais de índices de vegetação a partir de imagens Landsat. Campinas: Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite,  2015.  (Embrapa  Monitoramento  por  Satélite.   Circular  Técnica,  32).   Disponível      em: <ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/139750/1/025-15-V2.pdf>. Acesso em: 08 abr. 2016.IBGE. Censo agropecuário de 2006. Disponível em: <http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/agropecuaria/censoagro/2006_se-gunda_apuracao/ default_tab_xls.shtm>. Acesso em: 09 maio 2016.OLIVEIRA, P.P.A. Gases de efeito estufa em sistemas de produção animal brasileiros e a importância do balanço de carbono para a preservação ambiental. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, v. 08, número especial do IV SMUD, p. 623-634, 2015.MÜLLER,  M.  DOS  S.;  FANCELLI,  A.  L.;  DOURADO-NETO,  D.;  GARCÍA  Y  GAR-CÍA, A.; LÓPEZ OVEJERO, R. F. Produtividade do Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça irrigado, sob pastejo rotacionado. Scientia Agricola, v. 59, n. 3, p. 427-433, 2002.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by PECUS Network - Greenhouse gases (GHG) dynamics in Brazilian livestock production systems. We thank our colleagues at Embrapa  Pecuária Sudeste who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.

Evaluation of Vegetation Indices at Pasture-Based Systems for Dairy Cattle using Remote Sensing Data

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Evaluation of Vegetation Indices at Pasture-Based Systems for Dairy Cattle using Remote Sensing Data

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