We present C/N and nutrient soil data of 6 integrated swine-cattle farms in São Gabriel do Oeste that have been applying effluent to pasture over different time spans and variable effluent doses. The results are discussed under the light of effluent application, soil depth and time spans of effluent application.(Embrapa Gado de Corte. Documentos, 216). Coordenador Roberto Giolo de Almeida. II SIGEE. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 30 nov. 2016

BERGIER, I.

BULLER, L. S.

MELO, T.

NOGUEIRA, S.

RECH, R.

ULSENHEIMER, R.

Portuguese

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360Dynamics of C/N and nutrients in Oxisol soils treated with swine digestateDynamics of C/N and nutrients in Oxisol soils treated with swine digestateIvan Bergier1*, Luz Selene Buller2, Rubia Rech2, Rui Ulsenheimer3, Thia-go Melo3, Sandra Nogueira41 Embrapa Pantanal, 2 Embrapa Pantanal (CNPq), 3 COOASGO, 4 Embrapa Monitoramento por Satéli-te E-mail address of presenting author*: ivan.bergier@embrapa.brIntroductionIt is well known that intensive swine production can be harmful to the environment in many ways. Firstly, it is necessary to allocate large are-as to produce exclusively grain (soya/corn) as feed resources, without considering the provision of ecosystem services like more diversified agroecosystems (Power, 2010). Secondly, groundwater is usually employed at a high rate of 10L per swine (Bergier et al., 2012). Lastly, livestock industrialized wastes (basically manure, urine, hair and feed), if improperly disposed, can hazard the air (ammonia and methane emis-sions), water (ponds, streams and groundwater) and the pristine and cultivated soils (Buller, 2016). To tackle some of these issues, entre-preneurs in São Gabriel do Oeste (MS, Brazil) have developed a set of technologies grounded on waste biodigestion (Bergier et al., 2013). Diesel adapted machines are now able to convert calorific power of biogas into useful energy at 40% efficiency. Those biogas-driven ma-chines have been successfully employed to distribute swine digestate (effluent) in soils, particularly under pasture for cattle. We present C/N and nutrient soil data of 6 integrated swine-cattle farms in São Gabriel do Oeste that have been applying effluent to pasture over different time spans and variable effluent doses. The results are discussed under the light of effluent application, soil depth and time spans of effluent application.361Dynamics of C/N and nutrients in Oxisol soils treated with swine digestateMaterial and MethodsSamples of soil were gathered at different depths with a soil sampler between 22/12/2009 and 10/05/2012 in Oxisol soils under pasture of swine-cattle farms in São Gabriel do Oeste. The spanning time of effluent application was the basic criterion to select sampled farms. Soils assumed free of effluent in farms were also sampled as testi-mony. At the laboratory of Embrapa Pantanal, soil samples followed standard procedures for measuring carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in a CHNS Elementar, and phosphorous (P), cooper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in an Atomic Absorption Perkin Elmer 3300.Results and ConclusionsFigure 1 shows the results in four plots. The plots 1A, 1B and 1C compare C/N with Cu, Zn and P concentrations. The y-axis of these graphs in log-scale is divided at concentration ~ 3.3 mg/kg while the x-axis is divided at C/N ~ 15.3 (means testimony bulk soil values). Data shows that soils treated with effluent between 5-30 cm depth and spanning 6 years present C/N <<15.3 and nutrient concentra-tion >>3.3 mg/kg. The plot 1D evidences that the farm spanning 6 years of effluent application largely reduce its soil C/N in compa-rison to soil testimony likely due to priming effect (Fernandes et al., 2011). However, the results indicate that swine digestate can be applied to Oxisol soils to improve its fertility without compromising C/N, particularly at deeper soil layers. The results reinforce that instead of application time span, the application dose is the main variable to be considered as the soil362Dynamics of C/N and nutrients in Oxisol soils treated with swine digestatenutrients stock is a balance between effluent input and plant absorp-tion/extraction. As a result, dosage must be carefully amended to avoid C/N reduction and soil saturation with Cu, Zn and P (and other ele-ments e.g. Na, Mg, etc.), as identified to the farm spanning 6 years of effluent application likely with high dosage rates.Figure 1. Relationship between C/N with Cu, Zn and P concentrations in soils extracts accordingly to effluent application or not (testimony) (A), soil depth (B), time span of effluent application (C). The origin of the plots A, B and C is defined as the mean C/N and concentration values of testimony soils. The mean C/N (±1SD) against effluent time span is also shown for bulk soils (all depths) with and without (testimony) effluent application (D). nutrients stock is a balance between effluent input and plant absorption/extraction. As a result, dosage must be carefully amended to avoid C/N reduction and soil saturation with Cu, Zn and P (and other elements e.g. Na, Mg, etc.), as identified to the farm spanning 6 years of effluent application likely with high dosage rates.    Figure 1. Relationship between C/N with Cu, Zn and P concentrations in soils extracts accordingly to effluent application or not (testimony) (A), soil depth (B), time span of effluent application (C). The origin of the plots A, B and C is defined as the mean C/N and concentration values of testimony soils. The mean C/N (±1SD) against effluent time span is also shown for bulk soils (all depths) with and without (testimony) effluent application (D).   Bergier et al. (2012) have defined an ‘acceptable’ dosage rate of ~1 hectare of pasture for each 100 swine. Pasture soils treated with digestate can then be well managed to improve C/N ratio over time in the same way as cultivated pasture with mineral NPK (Bergier et al., 2012). By respecting the critical dosage rate, the risk of soil nutrient saturation and C/N depletion 0.0010.010.111010010008 10 12 14 16 18C/N00-05 Cu 00-05 Zn 00-05 P05-10 Cu 05-10 Zn 05-10 P10-20 Cu 10-20 Zn 10-20 P20-30 Cu 20-30 Zn 20-30 P20-40 Cu 20-40 Zn 20-40 PB0.0010.010.111010010008 10 12 14 16 18mg/Ltestimony Cu testimony Zn testimony Pwith effluent Cu with effluent Zn with effluent PA81012141618200 5 10 15 20C/NTime span (years)with effluent testimonyD0.0010.010.111010010008 10 12 14 16 18mg/LC/N16 years Cu 16 years Zn 16 years P08 years Cu 08 years Zn 08 years P06 years Cu 06 years Zn 06 years P03 years Cu 03 years Zn 03 years P02 years Cu 02 years Zn 02 years P0 years Cu 0 years Zn 0 years PCmg/kgmg/kg363Dynamics of C/N and nutrients in Oxisol soils treated with swine digestateBergier et al. (2012) have defined an ‘acceptable’ dosage rate of ~1 hectare of pasture for each 100 swine. Pasture soils treated with digestate can then be well managed to improve C/N ratio over time in the same way as cultivated pasture with mineral NPK (Bergier et al., 2012). By respecting the critical dosage rate, the risk of soil nutrient saturation and C/N depletion can be minimized. State government policy of swine-cattle integration must  therefore consider adequate dosages for licensing swine intensive production in Oxisol soils. Government supervision should consider e.g. 4-year monitoring of top soil samples at 0-10 cm depth and the thresholds C/N < 12 and Cu, Zn and P > 10 mg/kg as a decision support to revoke environmental licenses to keep a better level of sustainability in swine production.ReferencesBERGIER I, MELO TJG, FRANCO E, RECH R, SILVA DS, OLIVEIRA GS, ALVES LA, MO-RAES A, KOSOSKI A, SANTOS K, BULLER LS, ORTEGA E, FERNANDES C, SILVA R, SIL-VA P, GABAS SG, LASTORIA G, MORAES O, RAMOS FM, RIBEIRO TT 2012. Fertirriga-ção e agricultura de baixa emissão de carbono: Resultados do projeto CNPq/REPENSA em São Gabriel do Oeste. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento 116, Embrapa Pantanal, 30 pp. (http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/111107/1/BP116.pdf)BERGIER I, SORIANO E, WIEDMAN G, KOSOSKI A. Intensive and Integrated Farm Systems using Fermentation of Swine Effluent in BraziL. In: Ruane J, Dargie JD, Mba C, Boettcher P, Makkar HPS, Bartley DM, et al., editors. Biotechnologies at Work for Smal-lholders: Case Studies from Developing Countries in Crops, Livestock and Fish. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013a, pp. 109-116. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3403e/i3403e.pdf)BULLER LS. Diagnóstico emergético das mudanças de uso da terra e proposta de recu-peração de uma área do Cerrado. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos. PhD Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2016, pp. 236. (http://www.bibliotecadi-gital.unicamp.br/document/?code=000964517).FERNANDES AHBM, CARDOSO MA, SOUZA RAC, FERNANDES FA, SOARES MTS, CRISPIM SM, GALVANI F. 2011 Nitrificação e mineralização de carbono em solos tratados com dejetos de suínos biodigeridos. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento 116, Embrapa Pantanal, 16 pp. <https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/364Dynamics of C/N and nutrients in Oxisol soils treated with swine digestatedoc/920832/1/BP111.pdf>POWER AG. Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 2010; 365: 2959-2971. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0143.AcknowledgementsI. Bergier thanks to the farmers that allowed the soil sampling, the City Hall of São Gabriel do Oeste, and Rieger Irrigação Company. Special thanks to Edson Franco, Jair Borgmann, Carlos Shimata, Adilson Kososki, and Luiz Rieger. This research was granted by Embrapa/MP2 and MCTI/CNPq proc. 403161/2013-4 and 562441/2010-7. Data used in this article will be available at http://tuiuiu.cpap.embrapa.br/.

Dynamics of C/N and nutrients in Oxisol soils treated with swine digestate.

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Dynamics of C/N and nutrients in Oxisol soils treated with swine digestate.

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