Lyytimäki, Jari

Peltomaa, Juha

Terämä, Emma

Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto

Sustainable mobility solutions Recommendations for decision makers in growing regions • Benefits from continuous urban fabric: a sufficiently dense structure enables a functioning public transport system and decreases  the need for parking spaces• Prioritise muscle-powered mobility: walkways, cycle lanes and  car-free roads as enticers• Enable alternatives to private car use: facilitate parking for car sharing • Promote sustainable (energy) mobility: more infrastructure for electric vehicles, rail based mobility, shared vehicles and mobility as a service (MaaS)• Take part in experiments, utilise experimentation platforms, learn from othersare created locallyLOCAL EXPERIMENTATION CAN HELP IN DISCOVERING NOVEL SOLUTIONSMOBIL IT Y REL ATED EMISS IONS MUST BE CURBED WITHOUT DEL AYA WELL−FUNCTIONING TR ANSPORT SYSTEM INCREASE THE ATTR ACTIVENESS OF CITIESSUSTAINABLE MOB IL IT Y SOLUTIONS ARE CRE ATED LOCALLY  |   SYKE POLICY BRIEF  |   9. 5 . 2017FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE    |    SYKE . F I    |    YMPAR ISTO. F I    “THE AMBITION IS CLEAR:BY MIDCENTURY, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT WILL NEED TO BE AT LEAST 60 % LOWER THAN IN 1990 AND BE FIRMLY ON THE PATH TOWARDS ZERO.”COMMUNICATION FROM THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION Municipalities experiment with flexible mobility solutionsSustainable consumption and behaviour require enabling factors in both urban and rural setting. Walking, cycling and public transport are not attractive options in municipalities with fragmented (urban) fabric. By experimenting with mobility solutions, municipalities have already discovered innovative ways to promote sustainable choices.Mobility is becoming multi-faceted. Objective experiments enable solutions tailored at local and regional level needs. These include mobility as a service (MaaS), on-demand public transport, shared rides and shared use vehicles, and the old-new innovations in the mobile service sector such as library buses and mobile shops. Many Finnish municipalities have started experimenting and found new and innovative ways to provide mobility solutions that suit the local needs.Functioning solutions  from local experimentationBy experimenting, complicated or even ’wicked’ problems can be split into constituent parts. At best, experimenting encourages learning from each other’s successes and failures, thus gathering practical knowledge of alternative solutions and their effects. Grass-root level experiments can be scaled up via for example digital experimentation platforms. Experimentation platforms provide:• challenges, ideas• new solutions• funding opportunities• information sharing and follow-up• testing and learning Note that vertical axis of diagrams is adjusted.   Urban region encompasses urban and suburban localities and urban fringe settlement extending predominantly 5 km from urban locality. Existing urban area refers to areas where density implies the existence of a detailed plan.  55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%1995 2000 2005 2010 2015Development of car ownership, commuting and population density in Finnish urban regions 1995-2015Households with maximum 1carMaximum 15 km commutingtripsCommuting trips that can betravelled on foot, by bike orpublic transportPopulation density (20 peopleper hectare) sustaining  publictransport40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%2001-20032004-20062007-20092010-20122013-2015Year of constructionLocation of new apartments in urban regions           2001-2015Existing urban areaPedestrian or transitzoneMaximum 2 km fromurban centre or sub-centreMaximum 500 m  froma grocery st reFrom one city  to another  In the past, people migrated from rural areas to urban areas. Nowadays the movement is from a small city to a bigger one. Commuting patterns have Prime Minister’s Office, Kokeilun paikka: kokeilunpaikka.fiUrban region encompasses urban and suburban localities and urban fringe settlement extending predominantly 5 km from  an urban locality. also changed: more and more people travel between cities  for work. A private car is still  a necessity for many, especially in the rural areas. However, urbanisation provides an opportunity to develop other forms of personal mobility. Flexible public transport  enables commuting in different directions thus promoting labour force mobility and job accessibility. Public transport in centres of regional growth, including cross-regional connections, can increase local attractiveness. SUSTAINABLE MOB IL IT Y SOLUTIONS ARE CRE ATED LOCALLY  |   SYKE POLICY BRIEF   |   9. 5 . 2017 SUSTAINABLE MOB IL IT Y SOLUTIONS ARE CRE ATED LOCALLY  |   SYKE POLICY BRIEF   |   9. 5 . 2017Changing mobility patterns The biggest challenges in Finland for mobility are long distances and scattered population. The energy consumption of road traffic today is 1.6 times that of 19801. The increase in kilometres driven has eroded the benefits from improved vehicle energy efficien-cy. In addition, the building and maintenance of existing road and transport infrastructure requires significant amounts energy and resources2. Ageing population is also a challenge to which the transport infrastructure must respond. Being mobile must be safe and doable for persons of any age.Sprawled living on the one hand and population growth on the other creates a challenge for flexible mobility. However, all regions are equally faced with the need to change mobility behaviour to involve more sustainable practices.cities. In 2000 –2012 only nine per cent of the new housing, industrial and service areas were located in earlier built environments. Especially the housing construction in mid-sized and small urban areas has been located outside of the existing urban form. The evolving urban form in Finland is thus sprawl, although inner urban areas have already started to densify. Densification brings advantages  Urban sprawl increases car dependency. Long-term urban planning and innovative infill enable construction more dense cities in which walking, cycling and public transport exist as solutions3.  Thanks to this: • Local liveability increases as services  support one another • Dwindling centres can be revived• Decreased air pollution and muscle  powered mobility increase health benefits. • On-demand public transport: Vippari in Pietarsaari• Mobility as a Service:  Kätevä ’Practical’ Seinäjoki• Shared vehicle service:  Shareit Blox Car and RIDEnRENT• Shared rides via app:  Vedia taxi• PayIQ mobile ticketing:  Jyväskylä• Shared vehicles in public sector organisations:  municipality of Ii• Perille.fi long-haul ticket price comparison site  Perille.fi• Climate streets in:  Helsinki ja Vantaa ”GREAT THAT YOU’VE  SET UP THIS SERVICE. OWNING AND DEPOSITING CARS IN PARKING LOTS IS PLAIN MADNESS.”  (Car sharing customer, Tampere)1  VTT: LIISA calculation system for traffic exhaust emissions and energy use   http://lipasto.vtt.fi/liisa/energia.htm2 Seppälä, J., Mäenpää, I., Koskela, S., Mattila, T., Nissinen, A., Katajajuuri, J.-M.,   Härmä, T., Korhonen, M.-R., Saarinen, M., & Virtanen, Y. 2011. An assessment   of greenhouse gas emission and material flows caused by the Finnish economy   using the ENVIMAT model. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 19,   16: 1833-1841.3 Ristimäki ym. 2017. Yhdyskuntarakenteen tulevaisuus kaupunkiseuduilla –   Kaupunkikudokset ja vyöhykkeet. Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja   4/2017 [available only in Finnish]. http://hdl.handle.net/10138/176782Mobility related experiments  are taking place all over Finland:Built environment expands and communities sprawlPopulation growth is modest in many Finnish urban regions. Still, urban built up area has increased in the 2000s, mostly into forested land surrounding SUSTAINABLE MOB IL IT Y SOLUTIONS ARE CRE ATED LOCALLY  |   SYKE POLICY BRIEF   |   9. 5 . 2017 SUSTAINABLE MOB IL IT Y SOLUTIONS ARE CRE ATED LOCALLY  |   SYKE POLICY BRIEF   |   9. 5 . 2017Mobility options are broader in dense urban areas - elsewhere car dependency  is still common.How mobile are we, and how do we move about in Finland?Helsinki most rail trips/ pers/dayTurku most trips  by walking /pers/dayOulu most trips by bicycle/pers/dayPori most trips  by car/pers/dayMikkeli most commuting trips/pers/daySeinäjoki most school/ study trips/pers/dayLappeenranta most cottage trips/pers/daySalo longest trips  min/kmPersonal mobility  emissions are accounted  for by day to day commutes.60 %89 % Emissions arise from  the use of private vehicles.SUSTAINABLE MOB IL IT Y SOLUTIONS ARE CRE ATED LOCALLY  |   SYKE POLICY BRIEF   |   9. 5 . 2017Authors: Emma Terämä, Juha Peltomaa, Jari Lyytimäki  Layout: Niina Silvasti, Visual Monkey ISBN 978-952-11-4681-7 (nid) ISBN 978-952-11-4682-4 (pdf)More information:• ymparisto.fi/ykr • Elinympäristön tietopalvelu Liiteri  [only in Finnish]: liiteri.ymparisto.fi/  National decision makingNational energy and climate strategies have long recognised the challenges that transport and mobility pose on climate goals: 60 % (4,1 Mt) of personal mobility emissions are accounted for by day to day commutes and trips within local regions. 89 % of those emissions arise from the use of private cars. Local mobility therefore holds great potential for lowering emissions.• Liimatainen H et al. (2015) Tarve, tottumukset, tekniikka ja talous –  Ilmastonmuutoksen hillinnän toimenpiteet liikenteessä. Ilmastopaneeli 2/2015.• National travel survey (2010-2011), The Finnish Transport AgencyMinistry of Economic Affairs and Employment. Finland’s New Energy and Climate Strategy: http://tem.fi/en/energy-and-climate-strategy-2016

Sustainable mobility solutions are created locally

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Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto