This pamphlet summarizes statistics on the nonprofit sector in Georgia, assembled and analyzed by a Nonprofit Studies Program research team. The focus of this second report in the "Nonprofit Georgia" series is the geographic distribution of Georgia's nonprofit resources. Numerous tables and exhibits report on the distribution of public charities and foundations by geographic area, and compare this to the distribution of population and income in the state. Public support and government grants to charities are analyzed by geographic region, as is the geographic distribution of grants by Georgia foundations. Analysis is based primarily on 990 and 990-PF forms filed by Georgia public charities and foundations in 2000 and 2005. This report is a part of ongoing research on public charities and foundations in the state of Georgia, made possible through a generous grant from the Wilbur and Hilda Glenn Family Foundation. Research Report Number 07-0

Chase Bricker

Christopher Ferguson

Grace Chikoto

Janet Johnson

Shena Ashley

English

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ANDREW  YOUNG SCHOOL O F  P O L I C Y  S T U D I E SnonprofitgeorgiaG E O G R A P H YRURALURBANSUBURBANData in this publication were compiled from: publicly available and custom digitized files of 990 and 990-PF tax returns provided by the National Center for Charitable Statistics; the Foundation Center’s Foundation Directory Online, http://fconline.fdncenter.org/; Urban/Rural Continuum Codes by county from the Department of Agriculture, at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rurality/ruralurbcon/ ; and the Census Bureau’s Georgia Cartographic Boundary Shapefile, at http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.html.The analysis was completed by a team of researchers including: Shena Ashley, Ph.D., Chase Bricker, Grace Chikoto, M.P.A., Christopher Ferguson and Janet Johnson, Ph.D.This analysis is part of ongoing research on public charities and foundations in the state of Georgia, made possible through a generous grant from the Wilbur and Hilda Glenn Family Foundation.A PDF of this report is available on the Nonprofit Studies Program website aysps.gsu.edu/nonprofit.3The Nonprofit Georgia series of reports summarizes some of the research on the nonprofit sector conducted by the Nonprofit Studies Program at the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. This analysis reports on Georgiacharitable organizations, including both: Public Charities: 501c(3) organizations serving the public benefit in areassuch as the arts, education, health care, human services, the environment,and other causes; and Private and Public Foundations: 501c(3) organizations that are primarilyengaged in grantmaking to other nonprofit organizations or individuals.The following tables and exhibits are based primarily on an analysis of 990 and 990-PF tax forms filed by Georgia public charities and foundations. They do not include either public charities with gross revenues under $25,000 annuallyor religious congregations, as neither of these two groups are required to file990 forms. Foundation reporting includes independent, corporate, communityand operating foundations, as well as grantmaking public charities.nonprofitgeorgiaG E O G R A P H YWealth in Georgia is not evenly distributed throughout the state.Is there an urban/rural divide in terms of nonprofit resources andoperations? Where do nonprofit revenues come from, and where dothey go? What do we know about how the nonprofit sector affectsthe flow of resources within and without the state? How well doesnonprofit capacity match need in various locales across Georgia?Analysis of these questions involving Georgia’s public charities and foundations revealed distinct differences by geographic location,especially within the following five groupings: ATL CORE: Fulton and DeKalb counties; ATL SUBURBS: The 26 counties comprising the Atlanta Metro-politan Statistical Area (MSA) except Fulton and DeKalb counties; OTHER CORE: The 13 counties in the state that contain the core city of an MSA other than Atlanta; OTHER SUBURBS: The 29 counties that are a part of an MSAoutside of Atlanta, excluding the counties containing the MSA corecity; and RURAL: The 89 counties that are classified by the U.S. CensusBureau as not part of an MSA.4GEOGRAPHIC CATEGORIESGEORGIA COUNTIES CODED BY GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, 2005 ATL Core ATL Suburbs Other Core Other Suburbs RuralATLANTADALTONROMECOLUMBUSSAVANNAHHINESVILLEBRUNSWICKALBANYVALDOSTAWARNER ROBINSMACONAUGUSTAATHENSGAINESVILLE5GEORGIA PUBLIC CHARITIES AND FOUNDATIONS BY LOCATION, 2005ATL Core ATL Suburbs Other Core Other Suburbs Rural State-wide TOTALPUBLIC CHARITIESNumber of Public Charities 2,429 1,854 1,559 263 1,014 7,119Revenues of Public Charities (in millions) $12,746 $3,368 $6,643 $187 $1,761 $24,705Revenues from Private Giving (in millions) $3,037 $365 $911 $41 $298 $4,652FOUNDATIONSNumber of Foundations 669 252 386 60 206 1,573Total Assets (in millions) $7,878 $1,121 $1,131 $221 $665 $11,016Total Giving (in millions) $555 $35 $90 $7 $34 $721The two most populous counties in the state, Fulton and DeKalb,referred to here as ATL Core, hosted more than one-third ofGeorgia’s public charities in 2005, which comprised more than half of all Georgia’s public charity revenues. Forty-three percent of all foundations in Georgia were located in the ATL Core counties in 2005, and these foundations comprised over 70% of Georgia’sfoundations’ assets.On the other end of the urban/rural continuum, the 89 rural coun-ties in Georgia contained 14% of the state’s public charities and only7% of all public charity revenues. These rural counties contained 13%of Georgia’s foundations and only 6% of state-wide foundation assets.Fifty-five of Georgia’s counties (35% of Georgia’s 159 counties) hadfewer than five reporting nonprofits; 41 of these counties were rural.Fifty-three of Georgia’s counties (33% of all counties) had no founda-tion; 67% of these were rural counties.6It is not surprising that the core Atlanta counties of Fulton andDeKalb, the center of population and economic activity in the state,would have the greatest concentration of nonprofit resources.But the ATL Core also has the highest number of public charities per capita, the greatest amount of public charity revenues per capita,and the highest ratio of public charity revenues as a percent ofcounty income.For instance, ATL Core has a higher number of public charities per 1,000 people (1.43) than the average for Other Core counties(.90). Both core county groupings have higher numbers than theirrespective suburbs. Rural counties average .17 public charities per1,000 people, significantly lower than the core urban counties,but higher than the Other Suburbs. A similar pattern across the five geographic groupings can be seen for the charts showing THE DISTRIBUTION OF  PUBLIC  CHARITIES  RELATIVE  TO POPULATION AND INCOMENUMBER OF PUBLIC CHARITIES PER 1,000 PEOPLE, 2005ATL ATL Other Other Rural Core Suburbs Core Suburbs1.601.401.201.000.800.600.400.200.001.430.510.900.33PUBLIC CHARITY REVENUES PER CAPITA, 2005ATL ATL Other Other Rural Core Suburbs Core Suburbs$9,000$8,000$7,000$6,000$5,000$4,000$3,000$2,000$1,000$0$7,775$529 $765$3,646$2340.47charity revenues per capita and charity revenues as a percent ofcounty income.The rationale for designating Fulton and DeKalb counties as the ATL Core, rather than grouping together the top 5 most populouscounties or the 10-county planning region used by the AtlantaRegional Commission is demonstrated by these same measures.The number of public charities per 1,000 people, revenues per capita,and revenues as a percent of county income all fall dramatically incounties outside of Fulton and DeKalb.7PUBLIC CHARITY REVENUES AS A % OF COUNTY INCOME, 2005ATL ATL Other Other Rural Core Suburbs Core Suburbs35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%31%3%21%1%5%COMPARISONS ACROSS METRO ATLANTA COUNTIESNumber of Public Public CharityPublic Charities Charity Revenues per Revenues as a % of 1,000 People Per Capita County IncomeFulton 1.74 $7,493 24%DeKalb 1.12 $8,057 37%Clayton, Cobb 0.53 $1,460 6%and GwinnettCherokee, Douglas, 0.63 $387 2%Fayette, Henryand RockdaleRemaining 0.47 $414 2%18 Atlanta metro counties8The total dollar amount of private philanthropy and governmentgrants as a source of income for public charities is greater in urbanareas, and this is also true of revenue per capita from these sources.The revenue per capita from public support and from governmentgrants was ten times as large in the ATL Core counties ($1,843 and$785, respectively) than in the average rural county ($171 and $78).The comparison of urban versus rural counties of the state, however,does not directly translate into a comparison of richer versus poorercounties of the state, primarily because the lowest poverty rates inthe state are predominately in suburban counties. When counties areranked according to their poverty rates, 28 of the 40 counties in thelowest quartile are suburban, and 18 of these counties are AtlantaPUBLIC  SUPPORT AND GOVERNMENT GRANTS TO PUBLIC  CHARITIESCONTRIBUTIONS PER CAPITA, BY LOCATION, 2005ATL Core ATL Suburbs Other Core Other Suburbs Rural$2,500$2,000$1,500$1,000$500$0$785$27$110$322$541$18$56 $78$171$1,843 Public Support Government Grantssuburbs. Nine (less than 25%) of counties in the lowest quartile arerural. Of the 40 counties in the highest quartile of poverty rates,33 (over 80%) are rural. Notably, neither Fulton nor DeKalb countiesare in the bottom or the top quartiles of poverty rates.When per capita revenue from public support and from governmentgrants are compared for counties in the highest and lowest povertyquartiles, per capita public support is almost four times higher in highpoverty counties and per capita government grants are almost ninetimes higher.9POVERTY RATES BY GEOGRAPHY, 2005RuralCONTRIBUTIONS PER CAPITA,BY POVERTY CATEGORY OF COUNTY, 2005High Poverty Counties Low Poverty Counties$600$500$400$300$200$100$0$41$127$357$460ATL SuburbsRuralOther SuburbsCounties in theHighest Quartile Public Support Government GrantsCounties in theLowest Quartile7.5%45%22.5%25%Other Suburbs5%82.5%12.5%Other CoreOther Core10On a number of measures of public charity capacity, including publiccharity revenues per capita and revenues as a percent of countyincome, high poverty counties compare favorably relative to lowpoverty counties. These measures are displayed on the table below.Confounding the interpretation of such results, however, is the factthat the existence of a charity in a particular location does notguarantee that it benefits primarily the local community, versus a statewide, national or even international scope. Human serviceorganizations, however, are more likely to benefit people locally,as these organizations typically deal with services that are delivered in person. When charity revenues per capita or government grants per capita in only human service organizations are considered, it isstill the case that the figures for high poverty counties exceed thoseof low poverty counties; in this case they are roughly double those of the low poverty counties. Also displayed on the table are figuresfor the Atlanta core counties of Fulton and DeKalb. An urban/ruraldivide does exist in the distribution of nonprofit resources, but the nature of this divide is distinct from comparisons of nonprofitcapacity versus need based on poverty measures.PUBLIC CHARITY RESOURCES BY POVERTY CATEGORY OF COUNTY, 2005All Public Human Services All Public Charity Human Services Public GovernmentCharity Revenues Revenues Revenues as a %  of Revenues as a %  of Support Grantsper Capita per Capita County Income County Income per Capita per CapitaHigh Poverty Counties $884 $227 5.9% 1.5% $460 $357(highest quartile poverty rates)Fulton/DeKalb Counties $7,775 $851 30.9% 3.2% $1,843 $785Low Poverty Counties $654 $119 3.2% 0.6% $127 $41(lowest quartile poverty rates)Our study of foundation grants is based on a purposive sample of 79 Georgia foundations with 39% located in the ATL Core,8% located in the ATL Suburbs, 39% located in Other Core counties,3% located in Other Suburbs and 11% located in Rural counties.The foundations were selected using a stratified sampling method to include foundations of various types and sizes from the different11GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF  GRANTS BY GEORGIA FOUNDATIONSregions of the state. Giving by the foundations in this sampleaccounts for 58% of all giving by Georgia foundations. The majority of grants made by these foundations were less than $10,000.Of the $416 million in grants distributed by these foundations in2005, 25% of those dollars went to organizations located outside of<$1,000 $1,000– $10,001– $50,001– >$100,000$10,000 $50,000 $100,00045%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%26%40%21%5%8%DISTRIBUTION OF GRANT DOLLARS BY FOUNDATION LOCATION, 2005SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF GRANTS, 2005 –SHOWN AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL GRANTS SAMPLEDATL ATL Other Other Rural Core Suburbs Core Suburbs100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%28%44%10% 57%8%68%46%87%43%82% Out of State  In Georgia12the state of Georgia while 71% of those dollars went to supportorganizations located within the state of Georgia. (Four percent of grant dollars did not have sufficient information to be tracked.)Foundations located in the Other Suburbs gave the greatest propor-tion of their grant dollars outside of the state of Georgia; in contrast,Other Core and Rural counties gave the least proportion out of state.The majority of funds that remained in the state were granted toorganizations located in urban counties. Although urban countiesaccount for 87% of Georgia’s population, these counties received90% of the grants and 94% of the grant dollars. Rural countiesaccount for 13% of Georgia’s population; however, they received only 10% of the grants amounting to 6% of grant dollars. The propensityGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF GRANT DOLLARS, BY FOUNDATION LOCATION, 2005LOCATION OF FOUNDATIONATL Core ATL Suburbs Other Core Other Suburbs Rural All FoundationsLOCATION OF RECIPIENTATL Core 74% 47% 16% 12% 4% 62%ATL Suburbs 9% 51% 0% 0% 0% 7%Other Core 10% 2% 80% 73% 4% 21%Other Suburbs 5% 0% 1% 4% 0% 4%Rural 2% 0% 3% 10% 91% 6%to give to rural or urban counties in the state differs based on thelocation of the foundation. Foundations located in the urban coregive the majority of their grant dollars to organizations located in the urban core. Foundations located in rural counties give 91% oftheir grant dollars to organizations located in rural counties.Georgia foundations tend to give to the communities closest to theirheadquarters. Fifty percent of Georgia foundation grants remain inthe same county, 23% of grants go to an adjacent county and 27% of grants go beyond adjacent county boundaries.13PROXIMITY OF GRANTEES TO FOUNDATIONS, 2005 Adjacent CountySame CountyBeyond AdjacentCounty50%27%23%PROXIMITY OF GRANTEES TO FOUNDATIONS,BY FOUNDATION LOCATION, 2005ATL ATL Other Other Rural Core Suburbs Core Suburbs100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0% Outside of Adjacent Counties In Adjacent County Within Same County14The chart here shows how grant dollars are distributed within thevarious geographic locations by nonprofit subsectors. Grant dollarsgoing into the Atlanta core counties are primarily distributed toorganizations that are categorized as mutual aid, public benefit andhuman services. Grant dollars going into the Atlanta suburbs aremost likely to be distributed to education organizations. When grantdollars are directed towards suburbs of other core counties they are mainly distributed to human services organizations. Rural grantdollars are almost equally distributed to places of worship, humanservices, mutual aid and education organizations.Georgia foundations, across all geographic locations, tend to give to nonprofit organizations that have been operating more than 15 years. Foundations located in rural counties are most likely to give to newer nonprofit organizations; 19% of grants originating in rural counties are given to nonprofits that have operated for five years or less. Overall, 76% of foundation grants are given to nonprofits with revenues of $2 million or greater. The proportion of giving to nonprofits by revenue size differs by location of the foundation.DISTRIBUTION OF  GRANTS BY NONPROFIT  CHARACTERISTICSSECTOR DISTRIBUTION OF GRANT DOLLARS,BY GRANT RECIPIENT LOCATION, 2005ATL ATL Other Other Rural Core Suburbs Core Suburbs100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0% Places of Worship  Health Public Benefit, Mutual Aid,  EducationEnvironment and Other  Arts, Culture, Humanities Human Services15DISTRIBUTION OF GRANT DOLLARS BY FOUNDATION LOCATION AND RECIPIENT CHARACTERISTICS, 2005LOCATION OF FOUNDATIONATL Core ATL Suburbs Other Core Other Suburbs Rural All FoundationsAGE<5 years 7% 5% 4% 5% 19% 7%5 to 15 years 23% 29% 29% 5% 18% 24%>15 years 70% 66% 68% 90% 63% 69%ORGANIZATION SIZE (REVENUE)$100 to 500,000 6% 36% 8% 18% 20% 7%$500,000 to <2 million 13% 3% 29% 36% 32% 16%$2 million to <10 million 24% 17% 23% 13% 17% 24%$10 million to 40 million 22% 14% 29% 4% 30% 23%Over $40 million 35% 30% 11% 28% 1% 29%ANDREW  YOUNG SCHOOL O F  P O L I C Y  S T U D I E SThe Nonprofit Studies Program of the Andrew Young School ofGeorgia State University strives to educate the next generation of nonprofit leaders, foster research on the nonprofit sector,and bridge theory and practice in the creation and dissemination of knowledge. For more information about the program,please contact:Nonprofit Studies ProgramAndrew Young School of Policy Studies14 Marietta Street, NW, 3rd FloorAtlanta, Georgia 30303404-413-0133nonprofitstudiesprogram@gsu.eduaysps.gsu.edu/nonprofit

Nonprofit Georgia: Geography

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Nonprofit Georgia: Geography

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