Sources and data collection appendix for "The American Public and the Next Social Contract.

Cliff Zukin

English

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Appendix 1: Sources and Data Collection Collection of Survey Data  The analysis presented in this report is the result of a review of published and fugitive public opinion literature addressing the provision of public benefits in the United States.  We searched widely for materials in research reports, survey instruments, data archives, and scholarly books and journals. Research focused on contemporary findings that helped describe the existing relationship between the governed and the government and the public’s views on social programs and views of entitlements in the post-“Big Government” era following the systematic retrenchment of New Deal programs in the 1980s and the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. While the report concentrates on this contemporary period, the research was expansive, taking a look back at the development of public opinion and the political culture surrounding the social contract within the last 50 years.   Researchers identified a broad range of public opinion sources from academia, public interest and advocacy groups, foundations and mass media. Our review focused on how pubic opinion shapes national values and informs policies governing employment, health, education, family, security, opportunity, the environment and immigration, among other areas.  For each policy area, sources were identified based on the presence of data that described public opinion on the roles and responsibilities of government, the private sector, individuals and civil society in the provision of various social services in the interest of identifying common and consensual values among the American people. In order to represent the full range of research on myriad issues affecting social policy formation, the work required a comprehensive review of opinion literature from each type of field research.   The collection of academic public opinion material focused on the General Social Survey (GSS) series, which have been conducted biennially by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, and the American National Election Study conducted by the  2 University of Michigan since 1948. Main areas covered in the GSS include socioeconomic status, social mobility, social control, the family, race relations, sex relations, civil liberties, and morality. GSS reports concerning education, employment, family, immigration and security were assimilated for this project.  In addition, supplementary research was culled from academic journals including The Public Opinion Quarterly, Social Forces, Political Research Quarterly, Environment and Behavior, the journal Science, Human Ecology Review, The Journal of Ethnic Migration and International Migration Review.    A review of foundation research on health and healthcare included searches on publications by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, the Kaiser Family Foundation, the New America Foundation and American Health Care Reform. “Immigration in America,” a study conducted by Kaiser with National Public Radio and Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government was included in this project’s review of public opinion literature on attitudes towards immigrants and immigration. “Public Opinion about Gun Policies, Children, Youth and Gun Violence,” based on a national gun policy study conducted by the Brookings Institute and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University was reviewed to assess public attitudes on public and personal safety.   The Rutgers team also reviewed relevant articles and reports generated by public interest groups, research organizations and think tanks. This search included the collection of data from the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. The Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Organization’s polls of the public’s attitudes toward the public schools served as an important resource for opinion data on education from 1969 to the present. A review of research on employment and work by interest groups and think tanks was limited to resources by the American Enterprise Institute and the Employee Benefits Research Institute. AEI’s recent review of public opinion on the environment, “Polls on the Environment and Global Warming” (2007) was examined to gauge views on the preservation of natural resources and the public interest.  3 The committee identified sources on Social Security including studies by the Cato Institute, AEI and AARP.      Public opinion data in each policy area was collected as part of a review of media polling that included searches of survey instruments and individuals questions by the Gallup Organization, the ABC News/Washington Post Poll, CBS/New York Times Poll and CNN/Gallup Poll. Media poll data was collected using the iPoll Databank, the online database of the Roper Center Public Opinion Archives at the University of Connecticut and the Gallup Poll Archives.   In general the studies conducted by media organizations were of limited utility because of their keen focus on “the moment” of any policy debate.  And, we often found the academic articles to be, well too academic to offer great insight.  The most useful work has been produced by foundations and think tanks, but even here there are large gaps between what we would like to know about how Americans view the social contract and what we currently do now.   It is important to note that we surveyed only existing literature.  We gathered no data sets and performed no secondary analysis to probe more deeply into the possibilities of existing studies.   The sources searched and used in the preparation of this document are as follows:  • Bibliographic databases • JSTOR • iPoll Databank • Additional poll archives • General Social Surveys (GSS)  Journals:  • Public Opinion Quarterly • Political Research Quarterly • Social Forces • Environment and Behavior • Science • Human Ecology Review • Journal of Ethnic Migration • International Migration Review • Future of Children  4  Foundation Publications:  • W.K. Kellogg Foundation • Kaiser Family Foundation • New America Foundation • American Health Care Reform  Public Interest Group and Think Tank Publications: • Brookings Institute • Phi Delta Kappa • Pew Research Center for the People and the Press • Employee Benefits Research Institute • AARP  Media: • ABC News/Washington Post Poll • CBS/New York Times Poll • CNN/Gallup Poll • Gallup Organization • NPR/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University Poll  Other Sources: • Survey Research Center at the Institute for Social Research (University of Michigan) • Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (Princeton University)     5 Next Social Contract (Topic Files) Studies consulted   Full Name of Source    Year  COMBINATION  American Enterprise Institute (AEI) Welfare Reform    Attitudes about Welfare Reform  2003 Attitudes towards the Government  Attitudes towards the Government  2003 Economic Insecurity    Economic Insecurity    2007 AARP Budget      Opinions on the Federal Budget  2006 Gallup GVT      Fixing Government    2006 Institutions     Confidence in Institutions   2006 GVT II     Trust in Government    2007 GSS    General Trends    Capturing Attitude Change   1940s-1990s Counting Your Change for a Ten  Counting Your Change for a Ten  1972-82 Social Change     What the GSS Tells us about Social Change 1986 Generation Gap    Generation Gap    1972-1998 Attitudes/Government/Confidence  Confidence in Government   1974-1996 Attitudes/Government/Spending  Trends in National Spending Priorities  1979-2007 ISR Attitudes/Government/Spending  Attitudes towards Government Spending 1984 Kaiser Trust in Government    Why don’t Americans Trust the Gov. 1996 Consumer Protection    Americans Views on Consumer Protection 1998 GOV      Attitudes towards Government  2000 Values      National Survey of American Values  2000 Poverty     National Survey on Poverty in America 2001 Taxes      National Survey on Taxes Kellogg Civic Engagement/Welfare/Healthcare National Poll on Health Care & Welfare 1999 Mutual Life  Values      American Values in the 1980s  1981 Times Mirror/Pew Political Landscape    The New Political Landscape   1994 The People and their Leaders   The People and their Leaders   1995 Deconstructing Distrust   Deconstructing Distrust   1997 Trust and Engagement in Philadelphia Trust and Engagement in Philadelphia 1997 American Electorate    A Study of the American Electorate  1998  Civic Engagement    The Civic & Political health of the Nation 2002 Political Landscape    Political Landscape 2004   2004  6 Political Typology    The 2005 Political Typology   2005 Trends 2005     Trends 2005     2005 Social Issues     Americans Liberal & Conservative  2006 Generation Next    Generation next    2007 Political Values & Core Attitudes  Political Values & Core Attitudes  2007 People for the American Way Values      American Values Survey   2006   EDUCATION ABC ABC Education 1980-2003   ABC Education   1980-2003 CBS CBS Education 1978-2004   CBS News    1978-2004 CNN CNN Education 1991-2006   CNN     1991-2006 Gallup Education     Education      PDK 1969-1973    PDK 1969-1973   1969-1973 PDK 1974-78    PDK 1974-78   1974-78 PDK 1979-1983    PDK 1979-1983   1979-1983 PDK 1984-88    PDK 1984-88   1984-88 PDK 1989-1994    PDK 1989-1994   1989-1994 PDK 200-2006    PDK 2000-2006   2000-2006   EMPLOYMENT ABC ABC Employment 1981-2006  ABC Employment   1981-2006 AEI Worker (2)     State of the American Worker 2006 Worker (2)     Taking Stock of Business  2006 CBS CBS Employment 1978-2007   CBS News    1978-2007 CNN CNN Employment 1991-2005  CNN     1991-2005 Gallup Business and Industry    Business and Industry Sector Rating  2007 Work and Workplace    Work and Workplace    2007   John J. Heldrich Center Work Trends I     Attitudes: Work, Employers and the  GVT 1998 Work Trends II    Work and Family    1999 Work Trends III    Working Hard But Staying Poor  1999    Work Trends IV    Who Will Let the Good Times Roll  1999  Work Trends V    Nothing But Net    2000 Work Trends VI    Making the Grade    2000  7 Work Trends VII    Second Wind     2000 Work Trends VIII    Holding On     2001 Work Trends IX    A Workplace Divided    2002 Work Trends X    Standing on Shaky Ground   2002  Work Trends XI    Taking Stock of Retirement   2002 Work Trends XII    Restricted Access    2003 Work Trends XIII    The Disposable Worker   2003 Work Trends XIV    Laid Off     2004 Work Trends XV    At a Crossroads    2004  National Opinion Research Center The Polls     The Polls: A Report – Employment and Social Welfare    ENVIRONMENT       ABC ABC Environment 1981-2006  ABC Environment    1981-2006 AEI Environment     Polls on the Environment & Global Warm 2007 CBS CBS Environment 1976-2007  CBS News     1976-2007 CNN CNN Environment 1989-2007  CNN      1989-2007 Gallup Environment     Environment     2007 Energy      Energy      2007 Washington State University Poll Trends     Poll Trends     1991  FAMILY ABC ABC Family 1981-2006   ABC Family     1981-2006 CBS CBS Family 1977-1996   CBS News     1977-1996 CNN CNN Family 1992-2006   CNN      1992-2006 GSS Family Values 1970-80   Trends in Attitudes on Sexual & Report. 1970-80 ISR  8 Family Values 1960-1991   Trends in Attitudes toward Family Issues 1960-1991 Youth/Family/Work Values 1970-1990 Trends in Attitudes Regarding Work, Family1970-1990 Pew Motherhood Today    Motherhood Today    2006    HEALTH ABC ABC Health 1981-2006   ABC Health     1981-2006 CBS CBS Health 1976-2007   CBS Health     1976-2007 CNN CNN Health 1991-2007   CNN Health     1991-2007 Employee Benefits Research Institute (EBRI) EBRI      Health Confidence Surveys   2000-2006 Future of Children   Health Care     Public Opinion & Health Care Reform 1993 Gallup Health Care     Health Care     2007 Health Care II     Health Care (Book)    2007 Kaiser Family Foundation Health Policy     Survey of Americans on Health Care Policy 1996 Kaiser Uninsured     Public Opinion Update on the Uninsured 2000 Insurance Policy    The Public and Insurance Policy  2004   Health Care Costs    The Public on Health Care Costs  2005 Uninsured     Public Opinion on the Uninsured  2006 Kellogg Foundation  Food Safety     Food Safety Survey    2005    IMMIGRATION ABC ABC Immigration 1979-2006   ABC News     1979-2006 Arizona State University Against the Tide    Against the Tide?     1996 CBS CBS Immigration 1983-2007   CBS News     1983-2007  9 CNN CNN Immigration 1993-2000  CNN News     1993-2007 FAIR FAIR      Public Opinion Polls    2007 Gallup Immigration     Immigration     2007 Immigration II    Immigration (Book)    2007 GSS Immigration Attitudes   Attitudes towards Immigration  2004 Kaiser Immigration Study    Immigration Study    2004 National Immigration Forum (NIF) NIF      Public Opinion Poll I    2006 NIF      Public Opinion Poll II    2007 Princeton Attitudes towards US Immigration  American Attitudes towards Immigration 1993   OTHER American Enterprise Institute Taxes      Public Opinion on Taxes   2006 Future of Children Guns      Public Opinion about Gun Policies  2002 Gallup Economics     Consumer Views on the Economy  2007 Finances     Personal Financial Situation Index  2007 Race      Race Relations    2007 News in the Next Century News in the Next Century   News in the Next Century   1996       SECURITY (TERROR & CRIME) ABC ABC Security 1982-2007   ABC News     1982-2007 ACLU Presidential Powers    Presidential Powers    2006 AEI War on Terror     America and the War on Terror  2007 CBS CBS Security 1987-2006   CBS News     1987-2006 CNN  10 CNN Security 1994-2003   CNN News     1994-2003 Chicago Council on Foreign Relations (CCFR) Promoting Democracy   Promoting Democracy   2006 Council of Foreign Relations (CFR) / Pew Americas Place in the World   Americas Place in the World   2005 Gallup Crime      Crime      2007 War on Terror     War on Terror     2007 Page, Benjamin  Foreign Policy Disconnect   Foreign Policy Disconnect   2007  SECURITY (SOCIAL)  AARP SS      Social Security 70th Anniversary Report 2005 SS II      Retirement Security Report   2007 ABC ABC Social Security 1980-2005  ABC News    1980-2005 AEI SS      Public Opinion on Social Security  1999 SS II      Attitudes about Social Security  2005 Cato SS      Social Security Privatization   1996 SS II      Public Opinion and Private Accounts  2003 CBS CBS Social Security 1976-2007  CBS News    1976-2007 CNN CNN Social Security 1994-2005  CNN News    1994-2005 Kaiser SS      Americans on Social Security  1999 SS II      Surveys on Social Security   2005 Gallup Medicare     Medicare     2007 SS      Social Security    2007 National Opinion Research Center The Polls: SS     The Polls: Social Security   1985  Pew Surge in Support for Social Safety Net Surge in Support for Social Safety Net 2007     

The American Public and the Next Social Contract: Appendix 1

Statistical appendix for "The American Public and the Next Social Contract.

The American Public and the Next Social Contract: Appendix 2

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The American Public and the Next Social Contract: Appendix 1

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