Recent exploration boreholes in the Lousal Mine, located within the Portuguese sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) 
yielded marked concentrations in gold/electrum in a section of core consisting of banded metasediments with massive 
pyrite. Preliminary research indicates that the gold is associated with native bismuth and bismuthinite and is clearly 
late in the paragenetic sequence occurring in fine chalcopyrite (± covellite)-bismuthinite-gold filled veinlets within the 
dominant and more massive pyrite. The pale yellow gold grains are fine, seldom reaching more than 6 ..m in length 
and half of that in thickness. EPMA results indicate that silver concentrations in gold grains can be as high as 27 
wt.%. The results show similarities with conclusions drawn from the IPB on the Spanish side where gold of Co-Bi 
geochemical association is found as electrum with abundant to common Co and Bi minerals. These associated with 
pyrite and/or chalcopyrite are characterized by an abundance of sedimentary facies and show that the gold 
association formed at high temperature (>300 °C) during the initial phases of massive sulphide formation

Castelo-Branco, José Mário

de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares

Guimarães, Fernanda

Matos, João Xavier

Rosa, Carlos J. P.

Rosa, Diogo R. N.

Repositório do LNEG

11 th SGA Biennial MeetingLet’s Talk Ore Deposits26-29th September 2011 Antofagasta, Chile757Gold in the Lousal mine, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal  Daniel P. S. de Oliveira, Fernanda M. G. Guimarães, João X. Matos, Diogo R. N. Rosa, Carlos J. P. RosaLaboratório Nacional de Geologia e Energia (LNEG), PortugalJ. M. Castelo BrancoAGC- Minas de Portugal, unipessoal (Lundin Mining Corporation)Abstract. Recent exploration boreholes in the Lousal Mine, located within the Portuguese sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) yielded marked concentrations ingold/electrum in a section of core consisting of banded metasediments with massive pyrite. Preliminary researchindicates that the gold is associated with native bismuthand bismuthinite and is clearly late in the paragenetic sequence occurring in fine chalcopyrite (± covellite)-bismuthinite-gold filled veinlets within the dominant andmore massive pyrite. The pale yellow gold grains are fine, seldom reaching more than 6 �m in length and half of that in thickness. EPMA results indicate that silverconcentrations in gold grains can be as high as 27 wt.%. The results show similarities with conclusions drawn fromthe IPB on the Spanish side where gold of Co-Bigeochemical association is found as electrum withabundant to common Co and Bi minerals. These associated with pyrite and/or chalcopyrite arecharacterized by an abundance of sedimentary faciesand show that the gold association formed at hightemperature (>300 °C) during the initial phases ofmassive sulphide formation.Keywords. Lousal, Iberian Pyrite Belt, gold, electrum1 IntroductionOver the past decade the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) has been an area of intense mining activity and scientificresearch that has resulted in a wealth of new data, newgeological and metallogenic concepts and the latestdiscovery of a new massive sulphide copper rich deposit(Semblana, Neves Corvo) has once again revived theinterest in this metallogenic belt.  The Lousal mine, is located in the Lousal-CaveiraIPB NW sector, an area limited by the Sado TertiaryBasin sediments to the N, E and S (Matos and Oliveira2003; Oliveira et al. 2005). To the SW the ore bearingIPB Volcanic Sedimentary Complex (VSC) is coveredby the Baixo Alentejo Flysch sediments. Pyrite oreconcentrates were produced at Lousal between 1900 and1988. Presently the mine is in rehabilitation to acid minedrainage control (Silva et al. 2009). The Lousal massivesulphide deposit is located ~65 km NW of Neves Corvo and is a target of renewed exploration. At Lousal a VSC sequence occur with N40W maindirection. The eastern Lousal sector is characterized bythe Phyllite-Quartzite Group (PQG) IPB basement unit (Strauss 1970; Schermerhorn et al. 1987; Matos andOliveira 2003; Matos and Relvas 2006). The Lousalbasement structure is dominated by a narrow anticlinewith a nucleus formed by the PQG sediments. The VSC volcanic and sedimentary units are present in bothanticline limbs. This Complex is overthrusted in a SWdirection by the PQG sediments (Rosa et al. 2010; Matoset al. in prep). In addition, Late-Hercynian N-S orientednormal faults cut the sequence with downthrown andtilting of the west block. In Lousal four separate volcaniccentres could be outlined, where coarse-grainedporphyritic feldspar rocks with minor associated brecciasmay pile up, and due to the Variscan folding and faultingcan reach thicknesses of 850 m or more (Strauss and Madel 1974).The Lousal VMS deposit is situated in the vicinity ofthe southernmost and northernmost, respectively, of thefour acid eruption centres and the orebodies are lined upalong one horizon of 1.5 km length in strike (Straussand Madel 1974). The ore-bearing facies arepredominantly fine-grained volcaniclastic units andblack shales. Two massive sulfide horizons can beconsidered at Lousal antiform structure (Matos andOliveira 2003; Matos et al. in prep.), the western groupformed by the Extreme South, South and West lensesand the eastern group formed by the Central, Miguel,José, Fernando, North, Northeast and António lenses.VMS-type deposits of the IPB have always beenknown to contain other trace metals apart from thetraditional base metals such as gold (Strauss and Beck1990) and even some of the high-tech metals such as Ge(Reiser et al., in press) and In (de Oliveira et al. inpress).  This study is a preliminary insight into theoccurrence of gold in the Lousal mine from samplesobtained from two recently drilled boreholes in 2008 byLundin Mining.  2 Gold in LousalSignificant gold values were detected in a recentexploration borehole (LS08/01) at approximately 730 m depth. This hole intersected a chloritic stockwork over awidth of 263.9 m followed by 12.3 m (7.6 m truethickness) of semi-massive sulphide mineralization withchalcopyrite and sphalerite as accessory minerals. Goldhas been found to occur mostly associated with massivepyrite (close to a quartz-rich shear zone) that isreplacing metasedimentary banded black shales. In handspecimen the pyrite appears as deformed rounded tosubrounded grains and coalesces in places into moremassive sections (Fig. 1).  11 th SGA Biennial MeetingLet’s Talk Ore Deposits26-29th September 2011 Antofagasta, Chile758Figure 1. Hand specimen sample of gold-rich banded black shales with pyrite. Massive pyrite dominates the mineralogy atthe hand specimen scale. (Borehole sample LOU08/01-7).  2.1 Petrography and paragenesisPetrographically, samples from the Lousal Mine are richin pyrite. This pyrite is present as homogeneous-lookingmasses with smaller irregular shaped grains ofchalcopyrite that invades fine fractures within the pyrite(Fig. 2). Chalcopyrite occurs locally associated withnative bismuth and bismuthinite.Pale yellow gold, which may be early in the contextof the whole paragenetic sequence, is observed in finefractures within the pyrite often as grains not exceeding6 �m in length, half of that in thickness and in closeproximity to chalcopyrite and bismuthinite (Fig. 2).The chalcopyrite is often replaced by (supergene)covellite in places.Figure 2. Photomicrograph of a sample from the LousalMine. Py  pyrite, Ccp  chalcopyrite (with supergene covellite, vivid blue colour), Bi  native bismuth, Bt  bismuthinite, Red arrows  gold. Large subhedral cobaltite grains were observed asindependant clusters in the metasedimentary gangue oradjacent massive pyrite grains.  2.2 Ore geochemistryAnalytical results of selected samples in boreholeLS08/01 indicate elevated concentrations of not onlygold but also other elements (see Table 1; 700 m  733.5m borehole samples), namely bismuth, arsenic andcobalt. Maximum values of 66 g/t Au (which far exceedsthose reported previously in the IPB, e.g., Strauss andBeck 1990) and 11 g/t Bi were obtained in one sample.  Table 1. Analytical results for selected samples from boreholeLS08/01. Sample depth in brackets; all values in ppm; numberin brackets refers to the sample collection depth.Statistically, gold shows very high correlationcoefficients with As, Co and Bi.2.3 EPMA characterisation Electron-probe microanalyses (EPMA) were carried outusing a fully automated JEOL JXA-8500F microprobe, equipped with one energy dispersive (EDS) and fivewavelength dispersive (WDS) spectrometers. 20 kV and 20 nA were used to produce an electron beam with adiameter of 1 �m (at the sample surface) to analyze thegold grains. The preliminary analyses shown in Table 2 indicatethat apart from the one sample with approximately 5wt.% Ag, most of the gold grains have a high percentageof Ag varying from 24 to 27 wt.% which would classifyit as auriferous electrum. Gold also contains significantamounts of Hg, Fe, and in two cases, Co as well.Table 2. EPMA results of preliminary analysis of gold grainsin sample LS08/01-7 (732.4 m). 3 DiscussionGold grains found in Lousal contain approximately 26wt.% Ag with Hg contents that vary from 3 to 8 wt.%. One analysis detracts from this trend with only 5wt.% Ag, and therefore it will have to be further determined whether at Lousal there are two distinct goldgenerations.The Ag-rich gold is very similar to the resultspresented by Leistel et al (1998) in the Spanish side ofthe IPB. Here, two typical gold parageneses are found:1- Gold of Co-Bi geochemical association found aselectrum with abundant to common Co minerals such as cobaltite, alloclasite, glaucodot and common Bi minerals11 th SGA Biennial MeetingLet’s Talk Ore Deposits26-29th September 2011 Antofagasta, Chile759such as kobellite, tintinaite, bismuthinite and joseiteassociated with pyrite and/or chalcopyrite and, 2- Goldof the Zn-Ag-As geochemical association occurs inelectrum and/or auriferous arsenopyrite within a morepolymetallic paragenesis (predominantly Pb-Zn).In the first type, gold mineralization occursassociated with abundant sedimentary facies and showsthat the gold association formed at high temperature(>300°C) during the initial phases of massive sulphideformation.In Lousal preliminary analogies exist with the firsttype of paragenesis but further study is necessary todetermine the existence of one or two distincthydrothermal fluids and stages of gold mineralizationand refine the paragenetic sequence. Late deformation ofthe massive ore represented by shear zones with silicaremobilization and sulphides may also explain metalremobilization during tectonic events. Researchcontinues.Acknowledgements Research was carried out within the framework ofProject INCA (Characterization of Crucial MineralResources for the Development of Renewable Energy Technologies: The Iberian Pyrite Belt Ores as a Source of Indium and other High-technology Elements) fundedby the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia(PTDC/CTE-GIN/67027/2006).  Referencesde Oliveira DPS, Matos JX, Rosa CJP, Rosa DRN, Figueiredo MO,Silva TP, Guimarães F, Carvalho J, Pinto A, Relvas J, Reiser F.(in press) The Lagoa Salgada orebody, Iberian Pyrite Belt,Portugal. Econ GeolLeistel JM, Marcoux E, Deschamps Y, Joubert M (1998) Antitheticbehaviour of gold in the volcanogenic massive sulfide depositsof the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Miner Deposita 33:8297Matos JX, Oliveira V (2003) Mina do Lousal (Faixa PiritosaIbérica) - Percurso geológico e mineiro pelas cortas e galeriasda antiga mina. IGME, Pub. Museo Geominero, nº2, Madrid,pp 117-128Matos JX, Relvas JMRS (2006) Mina do Lousal (Faixa PiritosaIbérica). Livro Guia Excursão C.4.1, VII Congresso Nacionalde Geologia, Estremoz, Univ. Évora, Portugal, pp 23-25 Matos JX, Rosa CJP, Pereira Z, de Oliveira D, Rosa DRN, Sofia A,Relvas JMS, Oliveira, JT (in prep) Geology and Genesis of theLousal Volcanic-Sediment-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposit,Iberian Pyrite Belt, PortugalOliveira JT, Pereira Z, Rosa CJ, Rosa D, Matos JX (2005) Recentadvances in the study of the stratigraphy and the magmatism ofthe Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal. In: Carosi R, Dias R, IacopiniD, Rosenbaum G (eds) The southern Variscan belt. Journal ofthe Virtual Explorer, Electronic Edition 19/9, 1441-8142Reiser FKM, Rosa DRN, Pinto AMM, Carvalho JRS, Matos JX,Guimarães FMG, Alves LC, de Oliveira DPS (in press)Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Tin- and Germanium bearingCopper Ore from the Barrigão Remobilised Vein Deposit,Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal. Int Geol Rev DOI: 10.1080/00206811003683168Rosa C, Rosa D, Matos J, Relvas J (2010) The volcanic-sedimentary sequence of the Lousal deposit, Iberian PyriteBelt (Portugal). Geophysical Research Abstracts, EGU GeneralAssembly, 12, EGU2010- 11000Silva EAF, Bobos I, Matos JX, Patinha C, Reis AP and FonsecaEC (2009) Mineralogy and geochemistry of trace metals andREE in volcanic massive sulfide host rocks, stream sediments,stream waters and acid mine drainage from the Lousal minearea (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal). Appl Geochem 24:383401Strauss G (1970) Sobre la geologia de la provincia piritífera delSW de la Península Ibérica y de sus yacimientos, en especialsobre la mina de pirita de Lousal (Portugal). Mem ITGE T. 77,266 pStrauss, GK, Beck, JS (1990) Gold mineralisations in the SWIberian Pyrite Belt. Miner Deposita 25:237-245 Strauss GK, Madel J (1974) Geology of massive sulphide deposits in the SpanishPortuguese Pyrite Belt. Geol Rund63:191211

Gold in the Lousal mine, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal

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