Adebiyi, Temidayo

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Washington University School of MedicineDigital Commons@BeckerAll Kidneycentric2014Renal Medullary CarcinomaTemidayo AdebiyiWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/kidneycentric_allThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Kidneycentric at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in All byan authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact engeszer@wustl.edu.Recommended CitationAdebiyi, Temidayo, "Renal Medullary Carcinoma" (2014). All. Paper 4.http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/kidneycentric_all/4Renal Medullary Carcinoma Temidayo Adebiyi Overview In 1974, Berman described six sickle cell nephropathies: gross hematuria, papillary necrosis, nephrotic syndrome, renal infarction, isosthenuria, and pyelonephritis.1 In 1995, Davis et al described what has been suggested to be the seventh sickle cell nephropathy, renal medullary carcinoma (RMC)2. RMC is a malignant tumor originating from the collecting duct.3   Epidemiology RMC is found almost exclusively in patients of African descent with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies, although it has been rarely reported in Caucasians (<10 cases)4-9.  It is a rare disease with an estimated 150 reported cases to date, mostly in patients with sickle cell trait or more rarely sickle cell disease.10 It appears to be more common in males with a 2:1 ratio observed in adults.10  In the pediatric population, the difference is more pronounced with a 5:1 male to female ratio reported.5   Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of RMC is incompletely understood. Swartz et al., using immunohistorchemical analysis, reported that in a subset of the overall 40 cases they analyzed, the tumors expressed TP53 (tumor protein 53), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and HIF (hypoxia-inducible factors).  Therefore they proposed that hypoxia in the kidney leads to increased expression of HIF and VEGF in the absence of normal p53 leading to neovascular network formation and tumor development.11 Other studies have found that SMARCB1, another tumor suppressor protein, is not detectable in renal medullary carcinoma by immunohistochemistry, suggesting that inactivation of the SMARCB1 gene may play a role in the pathogenesis.12 RMC usually presents in the right kidney (>75% of cases) as a solitary poorly circumscribed mass (Table 1).10  On sectioning, there is often evidence of necrosis and hemorrhage. Microscopic examination often shows a microvesicular pattern, reminiscent of testicular yolk sac tumors. Sickled erythrocytes are often found within the tumor and adjacent tissues.5,13  Clinical presentation Patient age at presentation ranges from 5 to 69 years with a mean of 19.5 RMC commonly presents with flank pain and hematuria. Other symptoms include dysuria, abdominal mass and weight loss.3-5 By the time of presentation, 95% of patients have evidence of metastasis.5 The most common sites for metastasis are the regional lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung, liver, inferior vena cava, and peritoneum.4   Differential diagnosis Other causes of flank pain and hematuria in a patient with sickle cell trait include papillary necrosis and renal infarction. Patients with sickle cell trait often develop renal insufficiency by the fourth decade of life, but gross hematuria due to sickle cell nephropathy is unusual and should be a diagnosis of exclusion. Renal infarction and papillary necrosis can lead to scarring and deformity but usually do not present as a mass.4 The differential diagnosis for flank pain and hematuria with a mass include high grade invasive urothelial carcinoma and collecting duct carcinoma. Neither urothelial carcinoma nor collecting duct carcinoma have an association with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Urothelial carcinoma has a mean age of presentation > 50 and adjacent typical urothelial carcinoma or carcinoma in situ is usually seen. Collecting duct carcinoma has a mean age of presentation between 50 and 55. On pathology, it has predominantly tubular and papillary features.14   Diagnostic evaluation RMC should be considered in a patient with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy who presents with flank pain and hematuria.4 Imaging is the first step to determine whether a mass is present. This is usually done with CT scan, intravenous pyelography, or MRI. This typically reveals a tumor within the renal parenchyma involving the renal sinus and pelvis. The lesion’s growth is infiltrative resulting in an increase in overall kidney size without changing its overall shape.5,14 On imaging, evidence of metastasis will often be present. Tissue sample is needed to make the diagnosis. On pathology in addition to the features mentioned above, there is usually neutrophilic infiltrate, intraluminal mucin, and perinephric extension. Immunohistochemical profile is usually positive for vimentin and CK7 and negative for CK20, Ksp-cadherin, and Pax2.14   Treatment and Prognosis RMC has a very poor prognosis with mean survival time being less than one year and median survival time of 15 months after diagnosis. One option would be nephrectomy. However, this is usually not pursued as most patients present with evidence of metastasis. In addition, even in cases, where there is no evidence of metastasis, and the kidney is removed with clear margins and negative lymph nodes, nephrectomy bed and distant metastasis have occurred. Radiation therapy is also not efficacious. Multiple chemotherapy agents such as cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, topotecan, methotrexate, vinblastine, and alpha interferon have not been successful in treating RMC.4,10 Kondagunta et al. studied the use of bortezomib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.  Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor approved for treating multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. One patient in this trial had metastatic RMC. This patient received 1.3 mg/m2 of the drug twice a week for two weeks, followed by one week without the medication, for a total of 7 months. This patient went into remission and had no evidence of disease for 27 months of follow up.10,15 However, more studies are needed to identify the most effective therapy. Table 1.  Case Series of RMC.  Study-  Age at diagnosis Male to Female ratio Ethnicity Survival Location and Tumor size Further Notes Liu et al. 2013 n = 15 8-49 yrs median 26 yrs 2:1 NR NR 73% (11/15) right kidney; 27% (4/15) left kidney;    Size: 1.1- 15 cm (av 5.9 cm) 9 of 10 RMC showed loss of heterozygosity of the SMARCB1 gene located on chromosome 22q. Gupta et al. 2012 n = 13 8-58 yrs mean 24 yrs 10:1 8 = AA or African Brazilian  1= Caucasian Median 17 weeks. 62% right kidney   Size: 4.1-12 cm (av 7cm) *Includes patients from Watanabe et al. Gatalica et al.   2011 n =3 28-34 yrs All male 2 = Caucasian   1= AA 3-36 months 100% right kidney  Size: NR All 3 cases showed increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression Hakimi et al.  2007 n = 9 13-31 yrs 3.5:1 8 = AA  1= Hispanic 4-16 months (2 patients still living at last follow-up visit) 89% right kidney  Size: 4-12 cm  All presented with at least one component in the triad of: Hematuria, flank pain, or palpable mass.  Renal ultrasound is not sufficient and can miss the diagnosis. Watanabe et al.  2007 8-69 yrs  mean 22 yrs  All male 5= African-Brazilian  4 days- 9 months 71% right kidney   The youngest patient (8 yrs of age) n= 7 1= Caucasian Size: 4-12 cm (av 7 cm) treated with radical nephrectomy alive with no recurrence 8 years after diagnosis Simpson et al. 2005 n = 95* 5- 40 yrs (mean 19 yrs)  1.9:1 88%= Black  7%= Caucasian  5%= Hispanic  1-17 months 74% right kidney Expression of ABL protein increased, but no evidence of BCR-ABL translocation. Swartz et al. 2002 n =40 5-32 yrs (mean 14.8 yrs) 1.7:1 28= AA  3= Brazilian  3= Caucasian  2 weeks- 15 months (average 4 months) 75% right kidney  Size 1.9-19 cm (av 7.4 cm)   No genetic gain or loss identified in 9 of 10 tested. One with loss of chromosome 22. Davis et al.  1995 n=34 11-39 yrs 3:1 All Black 1-12 months 74%  Size 4-12 cm (av 7 cm) First study to identify RMC with Sickle cell trait. * All cases reported in the English literature using Medline from 1995- 2003 plus 3 additional subjects from the author’s institution.   Abbreviations: av= average; RMC= renal medullary carcinoma; yrs= years.    References  1. Berman, LB. Sickle cell nephropathy. JAMA. 1974;228:1279-1279  2.  Davis, CJ, Mostofi, FK, Sesterhenn, IA. Renal medullary carcinoma: the seventh sickle cell nephropathy. The American journal of surgical pathology. 1995;19:1-11.  3. Baig MA, Lin Y, Rasheed, J, Mittman, N. Renal medullary carcinoma. Journal of the national medical association. 2006;98:1171-1174  4.  Warren, KE, Gidvani-Diaz, V, Duval-Arnould, B. Renal medullary carcinoma in an adolescent with sickle cell trait. Pediatrics. 1999;103;e22  5. Srigley, JR, Delahunt, B. Uncommon and recently described renal carcinomas. Modern pathology. 2009;22:S2-S23  6. Gatalica Z, Lilleberg SL, Monzon FA, et al. Renal medullary carcinomas: histopathologic phenotype associated with diverse genotypes. Human pathology 2011;42:1979-88.  7. Hakimi AA, Koi PT, Milhoua PM, et al. Renal medullary carcinoma: the Bronx experience. Urology 2007;70:878-82.  8. Watanabe IC, Billis A, Guimaraes MS, et al. Renal medullary carcinoma: report of seven cases from Brazil. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 2007;20:914-20.  9. Simpson L, He X, Pins M, et al. Renal medullary carcinoma and ABL gene amplification. The Journal of urology 2005;173:1883-8. 10. Shetty, A, Matrana, MR. Renal medullary carcinoma: A case report and brief review of the literature. The Ochsner journal. 2014;14:270-275. 11. Swartz, MA, Karth, J, Schneider, DT, et al. Renal medullary carcinoma: clinical, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic analysis with pathogenetic implications. Urology. 2002;60: 1083-1089 12. Liu, Q, Galli, S, Srinivasan, R, et al. Renal medullary carcinoma: molecular immunohistochemistry, and morphologic correlation. American journal of surgical pathology. 2013;37: 368-373  13. Alappan, N, Marak, C, Copra, A, et al. Renal medullary cancer in a patient with sickle cell trait. Case reports in oncological medicine. 2013. Article ID 129813, 4 pages, doi:0.1155/2013/129813. (Accessed July 1, 2014).  14. Gupta, R, Billis, A, Shah, R, et al. Carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini and renal medullary carcinoma. American journal of surgical pathology. 2012;36:1265-1278  15. Kondagunta, GV, Drucker, B, Schwartz, L, et al. Phase II trial of bortezomib for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Journal of clinical oncology. 2004; 22(18):3720-3725  

Renal Medullary Carcinoma

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Renal Medullary Carcinoma

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