The São Francisco Valley, Northeast Brazil, is one of the most important wine regions with tropical conditions in the world. lt is located between parallels 8 and 1OoS, with an average annual temperature of 26.5 OC and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. This work shows preliminary results on physiological and agronomic characteristics of Syrah vines.subjected to the practices of leaf removal and shoot trimming. The physiological and agronomical characteristics evaluated were the following: mass of cluster, mass of canes after pruning, mass of fresh and dry leaves, net photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs), intrinsic water use eficience (WUEi), leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA). The treatments did not show difJerences related to net photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs) and intrinsic water use ejJiciency (WUEi). The initial measurements of leaf area showed no difJerence between treatments. The individual leaf area was initially a.ffected by treatments, but during ripening these e.ffects were not revealed in the experimento Reverse e.ffects were observed for specific leaf area, which proved not to be a.ffected by treatments during the immature cluster phenological phase. The studies should be continued for three more seasons .in order to understand how the canopy management of Syrah, growing in a tropical environment, can injluence the agronomical and physiological plant behavior, and the implications for the quality of grapes and wines

CARMO, J. F. A. do

LEAO, P. C. de S.

SANTOS, A. R. L. dos

SOUZA, I. L.

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EFFECTS OF LEAF REMOV AL AND SHOOT TRIMMING ON PHYSIOLOGICALAND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SYRAH GRAPEVINE IN NORTHEASTBRAZIL: PRELIMINARY RESULTSPatrícia COELHO DE SOUZA LEÃO)', Ana Ríta LEANDRO DOS SANTOS2, Ivi Lithiany SOUZASANTOS\ José Francisco ALVES DO CARM04lAEmbrapa Semiárido, BR 428, Km 152, PO 23, Zip Code 56300-970, Petrolina, PE, Brazil2.3 IF Sertão Pemambucano, Petrolina, PE, Brazil*Corresp. author: Patrícia Coelho de Souza Leão, Telephone: 55 87 38621711, Fax: 55 87 38621744, Email: patricia@cpatsa.embrapa.brSummaryThe São Francisco Valley, Northeast Brazil, is one of the mostimportant wine regions with tropical conditions in the world. ltis located between parallels 8 and 1OoS, with an average annualtemperature of 26.5 OC and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year.This work shows preliminary results on physiological andagronomic characteristics of Syrah vines.subjected to thepractices of leaf removal and shoot trimming. The physiologicaland agronomical characteristics evaluated were the following:mass of cluster, mass of canes after pruning, mass of fresh anddry leaves, net photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs),intrinsic water use eficience (WUEi), leaf area (LA) and specificleaf area (SLA). The treatments did not show difJerences relatedto net photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs) andintrinsic water use ejJiciency (WUEi). The initial measurementsof leaf area showed no difJerence between treatments. Theindividual leaf area was initially a.ffected by treatments, butduring ripening these e.ffects were not revealed in the experimentoReverse e.ffects were observed for specific leaf area, whichproved not to be a.ffected by treatments during the immaturecluster phenological phase. The studies should be continued forthree more seasons .in order to understand how the canopymanagement of Syrah, growing in a tropical environment, caninjluence the agronomical and physiological plant behavior, andthe implications for the quality of grapes and wines.INTRODUCTIONThe wine industry in São Francisco River Valley,Northeast of Brazil has advanced during the last years.Today, there are seven wineries producing more than eightmillion gallons of wine per year, which represents 20% ofnational production. The tropical wines ais o known as"wine of the sun" are typical (and characterized as young,fruity and aromatic) whose quality is already recognized intraditional and demanding markets.The viticulture in Northeast of Brazil is one of themost peculiar in the world, because in tropical conditionsthe vine does not go into dorrnancy, growing continuouslythroughout the year. Vines at different phenological stagescan be found in the same period and in the same area. It ispossible to harvest twice a year. The management ofvineyards in these conditions requires water supply forirrigation and control of vegeta tive growth. The shootshave strong apical dominance and hydrogen cyanamidespraying is needed to break dorrnancy after pruning.PAV - 17th GiESCO Meeting, 2011To control the vegetative growth, a strategy is toreduce the supply of assimilates by summer pruning, suchas thinning, defoliation and trimming of shoots.Defoliation can be perforrned with different objectives, itsbenefits for wine grapes are associated with improvementin the sunlight and air circulation around the bunches, withpositive results in pigmentation of berries and tolerance ofrot (Poni et al., 2006; laninni et al., 2007).The removal of all leaves in the region of bunches,especially in hot climates, can increase the temperature ofthe berries, causing a reduction in the accumulation ofpigments and drastic fall in the malic acid content (Poni etal.,2006).The effects of defoliation on production are variable,depending on the length and intensity. When done up tofour weeks after flowering can affect the supply ofcarbohydrates for fruit set, with negative consequences onproduction and sugar content (Poni et al., 2006). Theseauthors reported that defoliation of six basal leaves in cv.Sangiovese grown in greenhouse conditions increased thecontent of sugars, anthocyanins, total phenolics and acidityin the grapes, but reduced the percentage of fruit set,weight and size of bunches and berries. Similar resultswere found in cv. Trebbiano in the field. laninni et ai.(2007) also observed an increased in content of sugars,anthocyanins and flavonoids in cv. Aglianico, for thetreatments of defoliation or thinning of bunches, but theyield per plant, total acidity and pH were not affected bytreatment.Santos (2006) mentioned that trimming of shootsshould be perforrned in two phenological stages: 'pea size'and early maturation or veraison. Defoliation can be moreintense at the beginning of grape maturation, but overexposure must always avoided over-exposure the grapes tosunlight at the hottest times of the day.This work was aimed at studying agronomical andphysiological behavior of grapevine cv. Syrah subjected tothe practices of leaf removal and shoot trimming in thetropical conditions of São Francisco River Valley,Northeast of Brazil.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe experiment was conducted in a commercialvineyard of cv. Syrah grafted onto lAC 766 rootstock,located in Casa Nova City, Bahia State in Northeast region61of Brazil (latitude: 9° 16'S, longitude: 40° 52'0; altitude:413.5 m). The climate is c1assified as semi arid, where thetotal annual precipitation is 540 mm, the pan evaporationis about 2700mm and the air temperature is 26.5 °C(Moura et aI., 2009).The vineyard was five years old, drip irrigated, thespacing was 3.0 x 1.0 m and the plants were vertical shootpositioned.The treatments consisted in combinations of thepractices of remova I of ali the basal leaves above the lastbunch, applied one time in beginning of berry closurestage, and shoot trimming applied in two stages: 'pea' sizegrain (stage 1) and beginning of berry closure (stage 2).The control (TI) consisted of the same canopymanagement adopted by the grower which was two leafremovals, the first one at the 'lead shot' size grain stageand the second one at beginning of berry closure stage andone shoot trimming when the shoots passed the last trelliswire. The treatments are described below:TI: control (farrn management)T2: leaf removal + no shoot trimmingT3: leafremoval + shoot trimming in stage 1 +shoot trimming in stage 2T4: leaf removal + no shoot trimming in stage 1+ shoottrimming in stage 2T5: leafremoval + shoot trimming in stage 1 + no shoottrimming in stage 2T6: no leaf remova I + shoot trimming in stage 1 + shoottrimming in stage 2T7: no leafremoval + no shoot trimming in stage 1+shoot trimming in stage 2T8: no leaf removal + shoot trimming in stage 1 + noshoot trimming in stage 2The experimental design was randomized blocks withfour replications and 10 plants per treatment. Evaluationswere perforrned on three plants in the plot during the 2010season. The pruning was held on March 08 and harvestedon J uly 19, totaling 134 days from pruning to harvest.The physiological and agronomic characteristicsevaluated were the following: mass of bunch, mass ofcanes after pruning, mass of fresh and dry leaves, netphotosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs), intrinsicwater use efficiency (WUEi), leaf area (LA) and specificleaf area (SLA). The leaf gas exchange measurementswere taken three times in the cycle from 15 days aftertreatment application to harvest using an IRGA (Infra RedGas analyzer), Mod Li-COR ® 6400 XT).RESUL TS ANO OISCUSSIONThe results for yield, number of bunches per plant,mass of bunch, mass of canes, fresh mass and dry mass ofleaves are shown in Table 1. Significant effects wereobserved in ali treatments. The highest yield per plant wasobserved in the vines submitted to leaf removal and shoottrimming at 'pea' size stage (T5), leaf removal and noshoot trimming (T2) and leaf removal and shoot trimmingin beginning of berry closure stage (T4). The highestnumber of bunches per plant was also obtained intreatments T5 and T2. However, the number of bunchesper plant are determined during fruit bud differentiation inthe previous cycle, i.e. the results for number of bunchesPAV - 17th GiESCO Meeting, 2011per plant cannot be attributed to the treatments becausethey were applied only in this cycle.Higher mass of bunches were obtained in plants withleaf removal combined with shoot trimming during thebeginning of berry closure stage (T4) which differedsignificantly from ali treatments, resulting in an increaseof 50% compared to treatment T8 (no leaf removalcombined with shoot trimming at 'pea' size stage), inwhich vines obtained the lowest mass ofbunches.Leaf removal and shoot trimming affected the vigourof the vine. The mass of canes after pruning in plantssubmitted to leaf removal and no shoot trimming (T2)differed significantly from TI (control or canopymanagement adopted by grower) and T8. The highestfresh mass of leaves was also observed in treatments T2and T7, differing significantly from other treatments. T7also showed the highest dry mass of leaves, but did notdiffer from treatments T3 and T8. These results are in linewith expectations, since the lower the intervention inpruning, the greater mass of branches and leaves.Table 1. Mean values and coefficients of variation ofagronomic treatments of Syrah vines subjected to treatments ofdefoliation and trimming of shoots, Casanova, BA, Brazil, 20 IO.T yl B MB MBr FML DMSL(kg) (g) (g) (g) (g)TI 1.36 b 12.50 b 108.6 be 367.5 b 718.3 b 205.8 eT2 1.80 a 16.75 a 108.1 e 663.3 a 879.2 a 217.5 beT3 1.30 b 15.25 a 89.6 d 425.0 ab 685.8 b 322.0 aT4 1.83 a 12.25 b 173.2 a 480.8 ab 641.7 b 184.2 dT5 1.90 a 16.00 a 118.0 b 453.3 ab 706.7 b 246.7 bT6 1.15 b 10.75 b 107.6 e 425.8 ab 692.5 b 174.2 dT7 1.25 b 13.00 b 105.7 e 468.3 ab 920.8 a 330.0 aT8 1.00 b 11.00 b 85.9 d 334.2 b 712.5 b 372.7 aMean 1.39 13.44 112.1 452.3 744.7 256.6CV 28.88 19.65 16.81 32.68 14.05 42.21Means followed by same letter in column do not differ by Tukeytest (p <0.05).'v yield per plant; NB: number of bunches per plant; MB:mass of bunch; MBr: mass of branches; FML: fresh massof leaves; DML: dry mass ofleaves.Leaf removal and shoot trimming did not affectgas exchange or net photosynthesis (An), stomatalconductance (gs) and intrinsic water use efficienceevaluated in the following phenological stages ofgrapevine: immature bunch ('L' Baggiolini scale), changeof berry color or 'veraison' ('M' Baggiolini scale) andfinal maturation of bunches ('N' Baggiolini scale). Leafarea measured at immature bunch stage showedsignificant differences between TI and T3 treatments.Specific leaf area at this same stage did not differ amongtreatments but showed differences among treatments at thefinal maturation of bunches. ln this phenological stage, T4and T5 had the highest and lowest average amongtreatments, respectively.62Table 2. Mean values and coefficients of variation of netphotosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs) and intrinsicwater use efficiency (WUEi) of Syrah vines subjected totreatments of defoliation and trimming of shoots, Casanova, BA,Brazil, 2010.An gs WUEiT {umo! m-1s·') (Ilmolm-2s·') (umol mol'}1 LBS MBS NBS LBS MBS NBS LBS MBS NBSTI 16.9a 17.0a 20.0 a 0.35 a 0.37 a 0.50 a 51.2 a 49.2 a 42.9 aT2 17.7a I 16.1a 16.1a 0.40 a 0.35 a 0.40 a 46.3 a 46.3 a 41 I aT3 16.3a 15.3a 18.5a 0.32 a 0.30 a 0.45 a 53.1 a 53.1 a 44.0 aT4 17.0a 15.3a21.3a 0.35 a 0.35 a 0.40 a 41.7 a 41.7 a 48.3 aT5 16.6a 14.8a 19.2 a 0.32 a 0.27 a 0.40 a 54.2 a 52.6 a 46.0 aT6 19.5a 18.1a 20.7 a 0.40 a 0.40 a 0.40 a 54.8 a 54.8 a 42.2 aT7 19.0a 17.8a 20.6a 0.40 a 0.32 a 0.47 a 51.3 a 58.8 a 42.4 aT8 17.3a 17.4a 20.7a 0.27a 0.35a 0.40a 54.2a 54.3a 49.0aMea" 17.5 16.5 19.7 0.35 0.34 0.42 50.8 51.3 44.5CV% 15.7 16.1 14.0 27.2 35.0 12.3 18.2 22.6 15.7Means followed by same letter in column do not differ by Tukeytest (p <0.05).ILBS: stage 'L' Baggiolini scale, MBS: stage 'M' Baggioliniscale, NBS: stage 'N' Baggiolini scale.Table 3. Mean values and coefficients of variation of leaf area(LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) of Syrah vines subjected totreatments of defoliation and trimming of shoots, Casanova, BA,Brazil,2010.Leaf Area (crn ') Specifie Leaf Area (g em2)T I LBS MBS NBS LBS MBS NBSTI 165 b 187.8 a 162.7 a 179.9 a 107 bc 102.1 bcT2 183.8 ab 182.8 a 181.7 a 196.7 a 107.5 b 106.6 bT3 185.6 a 194.4 a 162.7 a 191.5 a 102.5 bc 100.5 bcT4 166.6 ab 185.64 a 167.5 a 172.1 a 91 c 91.3 cT5 167.6 ab 201.5 a 183.2 a 182.6 a 123.7 a 126.8 aT6 177.3 ab 172.4 a 176.7 a 186.2 a 108.7 b 102.0 bT7 182.4 ab 187.2 a 177.5 a 182.7 a 106 b 102.3 bcT8 176.1 ab 182.6 a 163.5 a 194.3 a 102.0 b 103.8 bcCONCLUSIONS.A. Leaf removal and shoot trimming applied only inbeginning of berry closure increased the mass ofbunch and yield per plant;.A. Shoot trimming applied twice in 'pea' size andbeginning of berry closure stage (T3) or one time(T7 and T8) increased vigour of vine, i.e. freshand dry mass of leaves..A. Leaf removal and shoot trimming did not affectthe gas exchange of grapevines cv. Syrah in SãoFrancisco River Valley conditions..A. The individual leaf are a was affected bytreatments at immature bunch stage, but thesedifferences were not revealed during maturationofbunches..A. Reverse effect was observed for specific leaf area,which was not affected by treatments at immaturebunch stage.REFERENCESMOURA M.S.B., TEIXElRA A.H. de c., SOARES J.M., 2009.Exigências climáticas. ln: SOARES, J. M.; LEAO, P C. de S.(Ed.). A vitivinicultura no Scmiárido brasileiro. Brasília, DF:Embrapa Informação Tecnológica; Petrolina: Embrapa Semiárido,capo 2, p. 37-69.POORTER H., GARNIER E., 1999. Ecological significance ofinhcrentvariation in rclative growth ratc and its components. In Handbookof functional Plant Ecology. Marcel Dckkcr, Inc., New York. p.81-120.PONI S., CASALINI L., BERNIZZONl F., CIVARDI S., lNTRIERl=-M=-e-a-n--17-S-c-.-s--I-S-6c-.S---17-1-.--=sC-C-I-:CS-=s""'.7=----I-:cO-s-.4---1-0c--s-.-2---------;c., 2006. Effects of eariy defoliation on shoot photosynthesis, yieldCV% 4.S 7.24 5.14 S.3 S.S s.7S components, and grape composition. American Jaurnal of Enalagy~M':'e-a""'n'--s-COfo-';I"õ'lo'--w-ed-:-;-b--'y""'s'::'a-"-m-e--:-le-tt-'e::":r-7in-"---c-o:;'-lu:'-:m'--n-do-o-n-o-t"-d'O'ié-:;f:;;-fe-r--=-b-y--,T-:?-u7--ke"-y--------;;andViticu Iture, 57,4, 39 -407.test (p <0.05).ILBS: stage 'L' Baggiolini scale, MBS: stage 'M' Baggioliniscale, NBS: stage 'N' Baggiolini scale.PAV - 17th GiESCO Meeting, 2011SANTOS H.r., 2006. dos. Aspectos ecofisiológicos na condução davideira e sua influência na produtividade do vinhedo e na qualidadedos vinhos. Embrapa Uva c Vinho: Bento Gonçalves,(Comunicado Técnico, 71).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThc authors especially thank the Ouro Verde wincry for supportand provision of vineyard arca for this work and Embrapa for financialsupport.63

Effects of leaf removal and shoot trimming on physiological and agronomic characteristics of Syrah grapevine in Northeast Brazil: preliminary results.

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Effects of leaf removal and shoot trimming on physiological and agronomic characteristics of Syrah grapevine in Northeast Brazil: preliminary results.

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