Ibrahim, Rohani

Rawahi, Ahmed K. al-

Zadjali, Talal S. al-

English

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CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FLFirst record of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from the Sultanate of OmanTalal S. Al-ZadjaliDirectorate General of Agricultural Research (Rumais)Ministry of AgricultureP.O. Box 2512, P.C. 111, CPOMuscat, Sultanate of OmanRohani IbrahimDepartment of Plant ProtectionUniversity Putra Malaysia (UPM)Selangor, MalaysiaAhmed K. Al-RawahiUniversity of NizwaBarkat Al-MuZNizwa, Sultanate of OmanDate of Issue: June 6, 2008INSECTAMUNDI A Journal of World Insect Systematics0039Talal S. Al-Zadjali, Rohani Ibrahim, and Ahmed K. Al-RawahiFirst record of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from the Sultanate of OmanInsecta Mundi 0039: 1-3Published in 2008 byCenter for Systematic Entomology, Inc.P. O. Box 147100Gainesville, FL 32614-7100 U. S. A.http://www.centerforsystematicentomology.org/Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published onany non-marine arthropod taxon. Manuscripts considered for publication include, but are not limited to,systematic or taxonomic studies, revisions, nomenclatural changes, faunal studies, book reviews, phylo-genetic analyses, biological or behavioral studies, etc. Insecta Mundi is widely distributed, and refer-enced or abstracted by several sources including the Zoological Record, CAB Abstracts, etc.As of 2007, Insecta Mundi is published irregularly throughout the year, not as quarterly issues. Asmanuscripts are completed they are published and given an individual number. Manuscripts must bepeer reviewed prior to submission, after which they are again reviewed by the editorial board to insurequality. One author of each submitted manuscript must be a current member of the Center for System-atic Entomology.Managing editor: Paul E. Skelley, e-mail: insectamundi@gmail.comProduction editor: Michael C. Thomas, e-mail: thomasm@doacs.state.fl.usEditorial board: J. H. Frank, M. J. PaulsenPrinted copies deposited in libraries of:CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaMuseu de Zoologia, São Paulo, BrazilAgriculture and Agrifood Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaThe Natural History Museum, London, EnglandMuzeum I Instytut Zoologii Pan, Warsaw, PolandNational Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanCalifornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USAFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USAField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USAElectronic copies in PDF format:Printed CD mailed to all members at end of year.Florida Center for Library Automation: purl.fcla.edu/fcla/insectamundiUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/Author instructions available on the Insecta Mundi page at:http://www.centerforsystematicentomology.org/insectamundi/Printed Copy ISSN 0749-6737On-Line ISSN 1942-1354CD-ROM ISSN 1942-136210039: 1-3 2008First record of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from the Sultanate of OmanTalal S. Al-ZadjaliDirectorate General of Agricultural and Livestock Research (Rumais)Ministry of AgricultureP.O. Box 2512, P.C. 111, CPOMuscat, Sultanate of OmanRohani IbrahimDepartment of Plant ProtectionUniversity Putra Malaysia (UPM)Selangor, MalaysiaAhmed K. Al-RawahiUniversity of NizwaBarkat Al-MuZNizwa, Sultanate of OmanMexican acid lime, Citrus aurantifolia (L.) Swingle (Rutaceae), is the most popular citrus species inOman and is the second most important economic crop. The cultivated area of acid lime in the period of2001-2004 ranged between 4460-2880 feddans (1 feddan = 1.038 acres =  0.420 hectares), with an annualproduction of about 8160-5875 metric tonnes (Anonymous 2004).Previous surveys did not reveal any record of psyllids on citrus in Oman. However, the most impor-tant psyllid species attacking citrus, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), was recentlyobserved on C. aurantifolia. It was observed first at Barka (Al-Batinah region) on 25 September 2005.Since then it was regularly observed in most citrus orchards of the Al-Batinah region. Diaphorina citriwas found to be present in three locations in the Sultanate; Barka (23.709oN 57.887oE), Al-Rustaq (23.391oN57.424oE) in the Al-Batinah region, and Masirat Al-Rawajeh (23.044oN 57.670oE) at Jabal Al-Akhdar nearNizwa in the A Dakhliyah region (Figure 1).In Barka, a D-vac suction trap was used to collect psyllids in the period from November 2007 to April2008 in fortnightly visits to 10 acid lime trees.The total number of psyllids collected per monthly samplefrom the months of November 2007 through April 2008 was 560, 420, 1150, 103, 2454 and 2100 adultsrespectively. Sixty adults were collected by sweep net from Al-Rustaq on 19 June 2007 and one adult fromMasirat Al-Rawajeh on 11 July 2007.All stages of D. citri were observed in the citrus fields. Acid lime trees were found to be infested withclear symptoms of D. citri at Barka (Figure 2). Symptoms of damage include malformation and distortionof leaves (Figure 3). Nymphs and adults (Figure 4) were found feeding on acid lime leaves, and sooty moldhad developed from the honeydew secretion of the psyllids (Figure 5).Diaphorina citri was reared successfully on C. aurantifolia and orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata(L.) Jack), and all the above-mentioned symptoms were observed on C. aurantifolia in the laboratory atRumais.The importance of D. citri lies in its direct feeding that result in the distortion of leaves and even thedeath of new growth. But most importantly, it is a vector of citrus huanglongbing (HLB), or citrusgreening disease (Halbert and Manjunath 2004) caused by three species of bacteria, Candidatus Liberibacterspp. From the Arabian Peninsula, D. citri has been reported from Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and very re-cently from United Arab Emirates (Wooler et al. 1974; Burckhardt 1981, 1985; Bové 1986; da Graca 1991;Burckhardt 2008). Also, it has been reported from eastern Iran (Bové et al. 2000). Candidatus Liberibacterasiaticus and Candidatus Liberibacter africanus have been reported in Saudi Arabia and Yemen (Toorawa1998).To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. citri in Oman. We believe its introduction occurredsome time before its detection in 2005 because of its wide distribution in the Sultanate. Therefore, moni-2 I NSECTA M UNDI 0039, June 2008 AL-ZADJALI ET AL.toring for citrus huanglongbing should start in the Sultan-ate as it has been detected in the neighboring countries suchas Saudi Arabia and Yemen (Toorawa 1998, Halbert andManjunath 2004). Monitoring can start by inspecting cit-rus trees and looking for disease symptoms, which includeyellow shoots, asymmetrical mottling, and chlorosis of theleaves (Capoor et al. 1974), and by using molecular ap-proaches such as PCR, strain-specific DNA probes, electronmicroscopy, and ELISA tests for detection of the bacteria(Roistacher 1991, Garnier and Bové 1993, Halbert andManjunath 2004).AcknowledgmentsThe authors are grateful to Dr. Daniel Burckhardt(Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland) and Dr.Diana Percy (UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for PlantResearch, University of British Columbia, Canada) for con-firming D. citri identity. We are extremely grateful to Dr.Daniel Burckhardt (Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Swit-zerland) and Prof. Yusof Ibrahim (Department of Plant Pro-tection, University of Putra Malaysia) for their useful sug-gestions and critical comments on the manuscript. Ourthanks are extended to Dr. Ahmed Al-Bakri, DG of Agricul-tural and Livestock Research (Rumais) for providing the fi-nancial support and Mr. Ahmed Al-Darmaki, assistant tech-nician at the laboratory.Literature CitedAnonymous. 2004. Agriculture Census 2004/2005. Minis-try of Agriculture and Fisheries; Muscat, Sultanate ofOman. [available at:  http://www.mafstat.gov.om/stats/home.asp (in Arabic)].Bové, J. M. 1986. Greening in the Arab Peninsula: Towardsnew techniques for detection and control. Food and Ag-riculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), PlantProtection Bulletin 34(1): 7-14.Bové, J. M., J. L. Danet, K. Bananej, N. Hassanzadeh,M. Taghizadeh, M. Salehi, and M. Garnier. 2000. Witches broom disease of lime (WBDL) inIran. p. 207-212. In: Proceedings of 14th Conference of International Organization of Citrus Virolo-gists. IOCV; Riverside, California, US.  p. 152.Burckhardt, D. 1981. Insects of Saudi Arabia, Sternorrhyncha: Suborder Psyllodea. Fauna of SaudiArabia 3: 213-226.Burckhardt, D. 1985. Sternorrhyncha: Suborder Psyllodea of Saudi Arabia (Part 2). Fauna of SaudiArabia 7: 141-159.Burckhardt, D. 2008. Order Sternorrhyncha, superfamily Psylloidea. Arthropod fauna of the UnitedArab Emirates (UAE) 1: 159-169.Capoor, S. P., D. G. Rao, and S. M. Viswanath. 1974. Greening disease of citrus in the Deccan TrapCountry and its relationship with the vector, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. p. 43-49. In: Proceedingsof the 6th Conference of International Organization of Citrus Virologists. IOCV; Berkeley, California,US. p. 232.da-Graca, J. V. 1991. Citrus greening disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology 29: 109-136.Figure 1a,b. Distribution of D. citri in theSultanate of Oman (map1b provided by:www.worldatlas.com).baINSECTA MUNDI 0039, June 2008  3 FIRST RECORD OFDIAPHORINA CITRI FROM OMANGarnier, M., and J.  M. Bové. 1993. Citrus greening disease and the greening bacterium. p. 212-219.In: Proceedings of 12th Conference of International Organization of Citrus Virologists. IOCV; River-side, California, US. p. 428.Halbert, S. E., and K. L. Manjunath. 2004. Asian citrus psyllids (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae) andgreening disease of citrus: a literature review and assessment of risk in Florida. Florida Entomologist87: 330- 353.Roistacher, C. N. 1991. Techniques for biological detection of specific citrus graft transmissible diseases(Greening). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO); Rome. p. 35-45.Toorawa, P. 1998. La maladie du huanglongbing (greening) des agrumes a LÎle Maurice. Detection deCandidatusLiberobacter asiaticum et Candidatus Liberobacter africanum dans les agrumes etles insects vecteurs. Doctoral Thesis, LUniversity de Bordeaux. 186 p.Wooler A, D. Padgham, and A. Arafat. 1974. Outbreaks and new records. Saudi Arabia. Diaphorinacitri on citrus. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), Plant ProtectionBulletin 22: 93-94.Received April 14, 2008; accepted May 20, 2008.Figure 2-5. Diaphorina citri and tree damage. 2) D. citri infested tree (Barka). 3) Distorted acid lime leaves. 4)Adult of D. citri (lateral view). 5) Sooty mold on acid lime leaves.2 34 54 I NSECTA M UNDI 0039, June 2008 AL-ZADJALI ET AL.

First record of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from the Sultanate of Oman

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