Andonovic, Ivan

Davison, Christopher

Michie, Craig

University of Strathclyde Institutional Repository

X   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGReview of Diagnostic Testing of MastitisChris Davison               2021-11www.strath.ac.uk/engineeringXTHE PLACE OF USEFUL LEARNINGX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGWho Am I?• Engineer (Electrical & Electronic)• University Of Strathclyde – Research in data analysis & sensor integration in the Agri sector• Finishing EngD – “Decision Support Systems for Animal Welfare and Precision Livestock Farming”)• Previous work on Cows, Steers, and Engineers• Detecting mastitis before skilled herdsman• Predicting beef feed intake & identifying good growers• Detecting heat stress in cattle• Develop motion bolus to detect rumination internallyX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGIntroduction• Prevalent• Expensive• Decreases Welfare• At sub-clinical stage, many animals can self-cure• Catch it early, and take steps to encourage it not to take hold? Increase frequency of milking?• Farmers typically won’t notice till clinical level• Swelling, clots, reduction in yieldX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGTraditionhttps://wi101.wisc.edu/2013/12/01/becoming-the-dairy-state/ Somatic Cell Count  Enzymatic Response California Mastitis Test Milk ConductivityX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGTraditional – Somatic Cell CountingProgressive Dairy - Somatic cell countsUsually a lab test, done at bulk level• Indicator of ‘milk quality’• £££ and time/labour• Can return –ve due to infrequent sampling• Reactive, not proactive• Bacteria breaches epithelial wall, leeching leukocytes into milk -> increased SCC countCount varies based on pathogen, herd age, parity, stress, and day-to-day variationX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGTraditional – California Mastitis TestEvaluation The Antifungal Activity of Lactobacillus Against Some isolates of Candida spp Isolated From Bovine Mycotic Mastitis• Fast (< 1min)• Local, not lab• Rough estimate of SCC• 5 scores, ranging from negativeto >5,000,000 SCC• Subjective• Perhaps not too severe, given the approximate nature of the test• Acute clinical mastitis can be missed as pathogens kill off somatic cellsX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGTraditional – Enzymes & Bacteriology• Look for proxies, that typically occur during mastitis --proteins• Typically lab-based• Slow, laborious• On-farm variants can lack specificity• Can’t target treatment to a specific pathogen. On-farm culture systems may detect Gram-positive/gram-negative, or aerobic vs coliform bacteria.• Perhaps useful if your farm, or your geographic region, has a tendency toward specific pathogensX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGTraditional – Milk ConductivityMilk conductivity kind of a ‘side effect’ of sensors already in place for Automatic Milkers (measuring milk constitutents).Electrical conductivity can be a sign of inflammation• Increase in sodium, potassium, and calcium ions due to blood capillary permeability & destruction of ion-pumping systemsCan tell you which quarter to sample (if symptoms not outwardly visible to farmer)X   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGTraditional – Milk ConductivityHowever…• May fluctuate• …due to cow physiology• …due to dietary factors• May be a lagging indicator• Image 1 shows conductivity rises afterherdsman’s diagnosis• Cow-dependant• (typically) performs worse on sub-clinical casesX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGTradition – Pros/ConsMethod Pros ConsSomatic Cell Count • Industry standard (*)• Quantitative• (Usually) lab-based• Reactive• Typically bulk-sampledEnzymatic Activity • (Can be) On-farm• Quick• (typically) lab-based• (on farm) Not specific• ReactiveCalifornia Mastitis Test • Farm-based• Quick• Cheap• Subjective• ImpreciseMilk Conductivity • Increasingly available ‘by default’• Farm-based• Can fluctuate• Not specific to mastitisX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGNovel Approacheso Lateral Flowo Automated PCRo Sensor CombinationsX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGWhy do we want novel?• reactive → proactive• Wait until cow displaying symptoms visible to farmer, or otherwise reason to be suspicious. Leaves opportunity for cow’s welfare to diminish, and milk (thus profit) to be lost. May require increase in use of medication long-term• subjective → objective• Based on the interpretation of herdsman. If multiple people evaluate the herd, may get subtle differences over time• Economically attractive• Better able to judge when an animal is sick, or not sick, to potentially reduce amount of milk dumped and antibiotics usedX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGNovel – Lateral Flow & PCRSensitive and rapid lateral-flow assay for early detection of subclinical mammary infection in dairy cows• Lateral Flow• Identify specific bacteria, so can specify treatment• Ongoing InnovateUK project. Details sparse at the moment, but due to finish soon.• PCR• Polymerase Chain Reaction• Detect DNA• Interpretation can be a little challenging (small amounts of DNA can result in a positive)• On-farm kits recently availableX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGNovel – Sensor Combination• Farms increasingly filled with technology• Pedometers• Behaviour monitoring collars• Automatic Milking SystemsThis work• InnovateUK 102083 CowHealth & IoF2020• Commercial Farm – 285 HF, 18 months of data, 4 Fullwood Merlin2, 71 MastitisX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGBehaviour Monitoring CollarsUsed mainly for oestrus detection (Image 1)• Rise in eating and activity, fall in rumination• Orange is predicted oestrus windowSome systems provide indications of rumination, eating, and overall activity.• eating, rumination, activityCan’t be used directly for mastitis/disease inference, but gives a strong indicator of cow welfare• >30% drop in eating + rumination observedNote: I was working with Afimilk as part of my industrial PhDX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGCollar & ConductivityX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGCollar & ConductivityX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGCollar & ConductivityMisses some• Rumination didn’t drop far enough• Rumination dropped earlier than eating• Eating & Conductivity did alertX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGMilk constituents?X   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGMastitis Detection #1 – 4QC & CollarX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGMastitis Detection #2 – 4QC & CollarX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGHow good is sensor combination?Alert Alerts within ± 3 days (*) Alerts up to 3 days before (*)Rumination drop (R) 72 84% 66 77%Eating drop (E) 74 86% 71 83%Simultaneous R&E 53 62% 51 59%Conductivity 44 51% 32 38%Lactose 60 70% 51 59%Fat 42 49% 33 38%Protein 28 33% 14 16%Fat:Protein Ratio 41 48% 33 38%In 67% (58) of cases, a combination of 2 or more alerts was generatedX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGDiscussion / ConclusionsNo real gold-standard• SCC the ‘standard’, but not rapid or cheap enough for frequent widespread applicationAutomatic PCR testing in robotic milkers?• Sensor fouling? Cost? What about non-AMS farms?Benefit of automated systems• We know when some cows are more susceptible. Tune the system to account for this.Difficulty of sensor combination• Equipment providers (often) don’t want to cooperate. Want to corner the market. Little ‘standards’ for data exchange (brittle).Long-term … breeding of mastitis-resistant cows?• Hard to predict what knock-on consequences this could have…yield, health etc?X   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGAcknowledgements• Weatherup Farm• Home of most of our data gathering efforts• Cooperative, communicative, and enthusiastic• InnovateUK 102083 CowHealthX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGSRUC Dumfries, Primary School Child’s collageX   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGReferences• Abingdon Health, “A Rabid Test To Identify Mastitis in Cattle”, Web, https://www.abingdonhealth.com/rapid-test-identify-mastitis-cattle/, accessed: 2021-10-13• Adkins, Pamela RF, and John R. Middleton. "Methods for diagnosing mastitis." Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice34.3 (2018): 479-491.• Afimilk, AfiCollar: Advanced Neck Collar for Cow Monitoring, Web, https://www.afimilk.com/cow-monitoring#afi-collar, accessed: 2021-10-13• Agriculture, Horticulture, and Dairy Board (AHDB), “Mastitis Control Plan”, Web,  https://ahdb.org.uk/mastitis-control-plan, accessed: 2021-09-28• Davison, C., et al. "Predicting feed intake using modelling based on feeding behaviour in finishing beef steers." Animal15.7 (2021): 100231.• DEF CON 29 - Sick Codes - The Agricultural Data Arms Race - Exploiting a Tractor Load of Vulns [video], DEFCON Conference, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpouLO-GXLo, 2021• Fullwood Packo, M²erlin, Web, https://fullwoodpacko.com/solutions/robotic-milking/merlin/, accessed: 2021-10-13• GlasData, Web, https://glas-data.co.uk/, accessed: 2021-10-13X   THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGReferences #2• Jensen, D., et al. "Comparison of data driven mastitis detection methods." Precision Livestock Farming'19. Teagasc, 2019. 626-632• Khatun, M., et al. "Development of a new clinical mastitis detection method for automatic milking systems." Journal of dairy science 101.10 (2018): 9385-9395.• Martins, Sofia AM, et al. "Biosensors for on-farm diagnosis of mastitis." Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology 7 (2019): 186.• The Internet of Food and Farm 2020 - The Dairy Trial - Herdsman+ [video], Science Animated, on behalf of University of Strathclyde, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4yzgzOHnBY, 2020• University of Birmingham, Rapid diagnostic test for bovine mastitis on the horizon, 2018, Web, https://phys.org/news/2018-05-rapid-diagnostic-bovine-mastitis-horizon.html, accessed: 2021-10-13• University of Nottingham, Machine learning could improve the diagnosis of mastitis infections in cows, 2020, Web, https://phys.org/news/2020-03-machine-diagnosis-mastitis-infections-cows.html, accessed: 2021-10-13• Viguier, Caroline, et al. "Mastitis detection: current trends and future perspectives." Trends in biotechnology 27.8 (2009): 486-493.• Wollowski, L., et al. “Diagnosis and classification of clinical and subclinical mastitis utilizing a dynamometer and a handheld infrared thermometer”, Journal of Dairy Science, (2018)

Review of diagnostic testing of mastitis

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Review of diagnostic testing of mastitis

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