Pričujoči prispevek opisuje, kako ledvice delujejo v normalnih razmerah. Poudarek je na opisu pretoka snovi skozi ledvice, predvsem soli, vode in nekaterih proizvodov presnove. Podrobneje so prikazani in razloženi ledvični klirens in protitočni sistemi, pomembni pri tvorbi seča in gospodarjenjem z vodo.These chapter describes the normal kidney function. The emphasis is on the mass flow of salts, water and some other products of the metabolism through the kidney tubular system. The clirens and counter-current flow systems and their function in the urin formation and the household of water are outlined
