Abstract Introduction Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder characterized pathologically by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in involved tissues. Depressed cellular immunity predisposes patients to infections with certain intracellular organisms, mostly fungi, <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </it>and <it>Nocardia </it>species. As these infections are mainly insidious and difficult to differentiate from the underlying disease, a possible misdiagnosis may lead to fatal complications for the patient. Case presentation We present a case of a 67-year-old woman with undiagnosed asymptomatic stage I sarcoidosis for at least 8 years before her admission and a 1-month history of fever, exertional dyspnea and dry cough, in whom pulmonary tuberculosis was documented. Conclusion This case highlights the need for great vigilance among physicians in order to rule out any possible infection before establishing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.</p

Achimastos, Apostolos

Orphanidou, Dora

Papaetis, Georgios S

Pefanis, Angelos

Solomon, Solon

Tsangarakis, Ioannis

English

PubMed

Springer - Publisher Connector

BioMed CentralJournal of Medical Case Reports
ssOpen AcceCase report
Asymptomatic stage I sarcoidosis complicated by pulmonary 
tuberculosis: a case report
Georgios S Papaetis*, Angelos Pefanis, Solon Solomon, Ioannis Tsangarakis, 
Dora Orphanidou and Apostolos Achimastos
Address: 3rd Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, Athens, Greece
Email: Georgios S Papaetis* - gpapaetis@yahoo.gr; Angelos Pefanis - apefan@med.uoa.gr; Solon Solomon - phenix@acci.gr; 
Ioannis Tsangarakis - john.tsagarakis@gmail.com; Dora Orphanidou - cilki_33@yahoo.gr; Apostolos Achimastos - apachim@med.uoa.gr
* Corresponding author 
Abstract
Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder characterized pathologically
by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in involved tissues. Depressed cellular immunity
predisposes patients to infections with certain intracellular organisms, mostly fungi, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Nocardia species. As these infections are mainly insidious and difficult to
differentiate from the underlying disease, a possible misdiagnosis may lead to fatal complications for
the patient.
Case presentation: We present a case of a 67-year-old woman with undiagnosed asymptomatic
stage I sarcoidosis for at least 8 years before her admission and a 1-month history of fever,
exertional dyspnea and dry cough, in whom pulmonary tuberculosis was documented.
Conclusion: This case highlights the need for great vigilance among physicians in order to rule out
any possible infection before establishing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
Introduction
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of
uncertain etiology, characterized pathologically by the
presence of non-caseating granulomas in involved tissues
[1]. Approximately half of cases are diagnosed inciden-
tally by radiographic abnormalities on a routine chest
radiograph. Depressed cellular immunity predisposes
patients to opportunistic infections with certain intracel-
lular organisms, mostly fungi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and Nocardia species. Moreover, the prevalence of these
infecting organisms in patients with early stage untreated
disease is rather infrequent. As these infections are mainly
insidious and difficult to differentiate from the underlying
disease, a possible misdiagnosis may lead to fatal compli-
cations for the patient [2].
We describe a patient with undiagnosed asymptomatic
stage I sarcoidosis for at least 8 years before her admission
and a 1-month history of fever, exertional dyspnea and
dry cough, in whom pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was
documented. This case highlights the high index of suspi-
cion required in order to identify any possible infection
before the diagnosis of sarcoidosis is established.
Case presentation
A 67-year-old woman presented to the hospital complain-
ing of fever, shortness of breath and dry cough during the
Published: 7 July 2008
Journal of Medical Case Reports 2008, 2:226 doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-226
Received: 5 February 2008
Accepted: 7 July 2008
This article is available from: http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/2/1/226
© 2008 Papaetis et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Page 1 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes)
Journal of Medical Case Reports 2008, 2:226 http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/2/1/226previous month. She had been treated for presumed bron-
chitis with wide-spectrum antibiotics without response
and her complaints had gradually worsened. Her past
medical history was significant for bilateral hilar lym-
phadenopathy, which was incidentally diagnosed on a
routine chest radiograph 8 years previously, a finding that
was confirmed, together with right paratracheal node
enlargement, by a chest computed tomography (CT) scan.
She had then undergone a non-diagnostic bronchoscopy
and was advised to repeat the chest CT scan after 6
months, advice she ignored. She had never smoked and
she had not taken any medication in the past. She had no
environmental or occupational history of beryllium or
other metal exposure. She had never traveled outside
Greece. She had never had a tuberculin test.
On physical examination, the patient appeared to be in
good condition, mildly dyspneic with 22 breaths per
minute, a temperature of 39.4°C, blood pressure of 110/
70 mmHg and a heart rate of 100 beats per minute. Apart
from mild bilateral inspiratory fine crackles in the lower
lung fields, no other physical abnormalities were
observed. There was no skin involvement. Laboratory
investigations showed normocytic normochromic anemia
(hemoglobin 11.8 g/dl), white blood count 6370/mm3
(neutrophils 67%), erythrocyte sedimentation rate 95
mm and C-reactive protein 90 mg/l (normal value <3 mg/
l). Serum electrolyte levels and renal function indices were
normal. A mild decrease in albumin levels was observed
on serum protein electrophoresis. Serum concentrations
of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were normal, as
was a 24-hour urinary calcium excretion analysis. Arterial
gas testing (while the patient was breathing in room air)
indicated PaO2 70 mmHg, PaCO2 31 mmHg, pH 7.47 and
bicarbonate 22.2 mmol/l. The tuberculin skin test was
positive (20 mm). A chest X-ray on admission disclosed
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy together with bilateral
interstitial lung densities in the lower lung fields (Figure
1). A chest CT scan that was performed 3 days after her
admission disclosed bilateral interstitial opacities in the
middle and lower lung lobes and mediastinal lymphade-
nopathy, which was unaltered compared with that
observed 8 years ago (Figure 2).
An ophthalmologic evaluation was normal. The patient
underwent bronchoscopy, which revealed slight mucosal
edema in the bronchial tree. All endobronchial biopsies
disclosed non-specific inflammation. Transbronchial
biopsies were not performed because of the patient's
intolerance. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell differ-
ential count was total cell count 37 × 104/ml, neutrophils
2.8%, lymphocytes 61.2%, macrophages 34.5% and eosi-
nophils 1.3%. The CD4 to CD8 ratio was 2.25 while the
number of CD4 and CD8 cells was within normal levels.
Multiple blood and urine cultures as well as bronchial
washing cultures were negative for bacteria and fungi.
Results from sputum, gastric fluid and BAL Ziehl-Neelsen
staining were negative. Serology studies for human immu-
nodeficiency virus (HIV), Brucella species, Legionella spe-
Computed tomography scan of the chest with bilateral medi-astinal lymphadenopathy and bilateral interstitial ung opaci-tiesFigure 2
Computed tomography scan of the chest with bilateral medi-
astinal lymphadenopathy and bilateral interstitial lung opaci-
ties.
Chest X-ray showing bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy tog ther with l er bilateral interstitial lung densitiesFi ur 1
Chest X-ray showing bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy 
together with lower bilateral interstitial lung densities.Page 2 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes)
Journal of Medical Case Reports 2008, 2:226 http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/2/1/226cies, Coxiella burnetti, Chlamydia species, Mycoplasma
species, Leismania species and Toxoplasma species were
negative. A venereal disease research laboratory test was
also negative. Antinuclear antibodies were 1/80 positive
while anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, anti-RO,
anti-LA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and
antimitochondrial antibodies were all negative. The
patient underwent mediastinoscopy, and histological
examination from the biopsy of a right paratracheal
lymph node showed a non-caseating granuloma forma-
tion compatible with sarcoidosis. Routine tissue bacterial,
fungal and acid bacilli cultures were negative.
The patient received broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment
without any response, while her dyspnea progressively
increased and she was supported with oxygen therapy. A
chest X-ray disclosed extended interstitial lung densities in
both lungs as well as consolidation in the left lower lung
field (Figure 3). As she was clinically and radiologically
deteriorating, treatment with the standard anti-TB drug
regimen (isoniazid 300 mg daily, rifampin 600 mg daily,
pyrazinamide 2 g daily and ethambutol 1 g daily) was
started in addition to prednisolone 1 mg/kg daily. The
patient's symptoms moderately improved but her fever
continued to spike. During the second week of anti-TB
therapy, initial BAL cultures turned out to be positive for
M. tuberculosis and glucocorticoids were stopped. During
the fourth week of treatment the fever declined and the
patient became apyrexial 1 week later. After 2 months of
therapy, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were stopped and
a 7-month continuation regimen with isoniazide and
rifampin was administered. During a 9 month period of
follow-up, the patient continued to have the same chronic
mediastinal lymphadenopathy with no parenchymal
involvement and normal pulmonary function tests.
Discussion
The combination of chronic bilateral hilar lymphadenop-
athy, the histopathological detection of non-caseating
granulomas and the exclusion of other diseases with sim-
ilar presentation suggested the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in
our patient, although a definite diagnostic test does not
exist. Approximately 75% of patients with stage I disease
may experience regression of hilar nodes in 1 to 3 years
while 10% develop chronic enlargement that exists for 10
years or more [3]. Cutaneous involvement is seen in up to
20% of patients with sarcoidosis, with maculopapular
eruption being the most common subacute lesion [4]. The
association of sarcoidosis with TB still remains complex,
although it has been thoroughly studied. TB has been
described as both preceding and co-existing with sar-
coidosis as well as being an opportunistic infection in
patients with a documented disease who mostly follow
corticosteroid therapy, as glucocorticoids greatly depress
the disordered cell-mediated immunity observed [5,6].
The clinical and radiological deterioration of our patient
despite treatment with wide-spectrum antibiotics, com-
bined with the interstitial pattern in chest CT scans, the
negative bacterial, fungal cultures and serology, as well as
the negative Ziehl-Neelsen staining in all samples col-
lected, suggested a possible disease progression. Ground-
glass opacification, rather than alveolitis, has been shown
to be associated with sarcoid granulomas in these patients
[7]. On the other hand, both serum ACE levels and BAL
CD4 and CD8 cell numbers were not indicative of sar-
coidosis, and the tuberculin test created a dilemma as to
whether we should start glucocorticoids in our patient,
since the acid-bacilli cultures were pending [8]. Epidemi-
ological studies examining the prevalence of positive
tuberculin tests in Greece have been organized mainly in
Hellenic Army recruits. According to the most recent data
published, there has been a decline of tuberculin test pos-
itivity from 14.2% in 1981 to 6.8% in 1991 and to 3.9%
in November 2005–February 2006 [9]. As our patient's
condition had seriously deteriorated, the concurrent
administration of glucocorticoids with anti-TB treatment
may have had a beneficial effect [10].
Chest X-ray showing extended bilateral interstitial lung den-siti and left lower lung field consolid tionFigure 3
Chest X-ray showing extended bilateral interstitial lung den-
sities and left lower lung field consolidation.Page 3 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes)
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Although interstitial parenchymal opacities are not com-
mon in HIV-negative patients with pulmonary TB, Chin et
al. have recently reported that in a series of 22 patients
with fever of unknown origin finally diagnosed with
mycobacterial infection, including 19 TB patients, 41% of
them had an interstitial pattern on chest radiographs [11].
Conclusion
We have presented the case of a patient with asympto-
matic stage I sarcoidosis who developed pulmonary TB,
and have emphasized the diagnostic dilemmas that may
occur when these conditions coexist. Although infections
with certain intracellular organisms, including M. tubercu-
losis, are probably infrequent in patients with sarcoidosis,
there needs to be a greater awareness among physicians so
as to rule out any possible infection before establishing
the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The initiation of steroid ther-
apy in patients with an underlying infection may accentu-
ate any possible life-threatening complications.
Abbreviations
ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; BAL: Bronchoalve-
olar lavage; CT: Computed tomography; HIV: Human
immunodeficiency virus; TB: Tuberculosis.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Each author participated equally in the diagnosis, treat-
ment and follow-up of the patient. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient
for publication of this case report and accompanying
images. A copy of the written consent is available for
review by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal.
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Asymptomatic stage I sarcoidosis complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis: a case report

Georgios S Papaetis

Angelos Pefanis

Solon Solomon

Ioannis Tsangarakis

Dora Orphanidou

Apostolos Achimastos

Abstract Introduction Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder characterized pathologically by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in involved tissues. Depressed cellular immunity predisposes patients to infections with certain intracellular organisms, mostly fungi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nocardia species. As these infections are mainly insidious and difficult to differentiate from the underlying disease, a possible misdiagnosis may lead to fatal complications for the patient. Case presentation We present a case of a 67-year-old woman with undiagnosed asymptomatic stage I sarcoidosis for at least 8 years before her admission and a 1-month history of fever, exertional dyspnea and dry cough, in whom pulmonary tuberculosis was documented. Conclusion This case highlights the need for great vigilance among physicians in order to rule out any possible infection before establishing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.</p

Papaetis Georgios S

Pefanis Angelos

Solomon Solon

Tsangarakis Ioannis

Orphanidou Dora

Achimastos Apostolos

Directory of Open Access Journals

Journal of Medical Case Reports

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AG: Sarcoidosis and opportunistic infections.

Concomitant sarcoidosis in a patient with tuberculosis: first report of association in Africa. Cent Afr J Med

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Asymptomatic stage I sarcoidosis complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis: a case report

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