Ambareesha, M

Bhattarai, Basant

Kulkarni, Anand H

Pai, Swarupa D

Rao, Sumesh T

English

PubMed

Anand H Kulkarni

Swarupa D Pai

Basant Bhattarai

Sumesh T Rao

M Ambareesha

Crossref

Ludwig's angina and airway considerations: a case report

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BioMed CentralCases Journal
ssOpen AcceCase Report
Ludwig's angina and airway considerations: a case report
Anand H Kulkarni*, Swarupa D Pai, Basant Bhattarai, Sumesh T Rao and 
M Ambareesha
Address: Department of Anesthesiology, Kasturba Medical College, Attavar, Mangalore, India
Email: Anand H Kulkarni* - kulkarni1616@rediffmail.com; Swarupa D Pai - rupsdpai@yahoo.co.in; 
Basant Bhattarai - basantbhattarai@yahoo.com; Sumesh T Rao - drstrao@rediffmail.com; M Ambareesha - mairpadi@hotmail.com
* Corresponding author    
Abstract
Introduction: Patients with deep neck infections present challenging airways for an
anesthesiologist. Patients with Ludwig's angina may die as a result of the inability to effectively
manage the airway.
Case presentation: Here we discuss the anesthetic management with fiberoptic intubation of a
45-year-old man with Ludwig's angina scheduled for emergency drainage.
Conclusion: Awake fiberoptic intubation under topical anesthesia may be the ideal method to
secure the airway in advanced cases of Ludwig's angina. When fiberoptic bronchoscopy is not
feasible, not available or has failed, an awake tracheostomy may be the preferred option.
Introduction
Ludwig's angina and deep neck infections are potentially
lethal entities because of their tendency to cause edema,
distortion, and obstruction of the airway and may arise as
a consequence of airway management mishaps. In the
early stages of the disease, patients may be managed with
observation and intravenous antibiotics. Advanced infec-
tions, however, require the airway to be secured and sur-
gical drainage. This is complicated by pain, trismus,
airway edema, and tongue displacement creating a com-
promised airway. We present a recent case, successfully
managed at our hospital, with a brief review of airway
management options.
Case presentation
A 45-year-old man, weighing 70 kg and 170 cm in height,
presented with complaints of mouth and neck pain and
difficulty in swallowing for 3 days, and had been spitting
out saliva. He also reported progressive swelling in the
neck and inability to open the mouth. An infected third
molar had been extracted 3 days previously. He gave no
history of difficulty in breathing at rest. He was nil by
mouth for more than 8 hours.
On physical examination, he had no respiratory distress,
but was uncomfortable because of pain and intra-oral
drainage of pus. He was febrile (38.8°C) with a pulse rate
of 106 beats per minute, blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg
and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths per minute. On airway
examination mouth-opening was restricted, with an inter-
incisor gap of 1 cm. There was a diffuse tender neck swell-
ing, particularly in the sub-mandibular space. Neck
extension was painful and limited. Both the nares were
patent and the trachea was palpable in the lower part of
neck (Figure 1).
A diagnosis of Ludwig's angina was made and he was
scheduled for emergency drainage of the abscess. Awake
Published: 20 June 2008
Cases Journal 2008, 1:19 doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-19
Received: 2 June 2008
Accepted: 20 June 2008
This article is available from: http://www.casesjournal.com/content/1/1/19
© 2008 Kulkarni et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Page 1 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes)
Cases Journal 2008, 1:19 http://www.casesjournal.com/content/1/1/19fiberoptic intubation was planned, with tracheostomy as
a backup. The procedure and need for awake nasal intuba-
tion was explained to the patient and written informed
consent was obtained for awake intubation and tracheos-
tomy. The patient was premedicated with intramuscular
glycopyrrolate 0.4 mg. No acid aspiration prophylaxis was
administered. Nasal decongestion was accomplished
using oxymetazoline 0.05% nasal drops, one drop in each
nostril, and lignocaine 4% topical, two drops in each nos-
tril, was used to anesthetize the nasal mucosa. The base of
the tongue and pharyngeal walls were anesthetized with
lignocaine 2% viscous gargle 5 ml which was spat out, and
10% lignocaine two puffs, which was sprayed onto the
posterior pharyngeal wall.
In the operating theater, electrocardiography, noninvasive
blood pressure, and pulse oximetry were monitored.
Intravenous access was obtained and an infusion of nor-
mal saline started. The fiberoptic bronchoscope was
checked and loaded with a 6.5 mm ID cuffed endotra-
cheal tube. We were ready to perform an emergency tra-
cheostomy if required and the surgeon was scrubbed and
ready. The fiberscope was inserted into the right nostril.
We sprayed 4% lignocaine total 3 ml (spray-as-you-go)
during fiberscopy, thus making the total dose of ligno-
caine administered 250 mg. Some difficulty was encoun-
tered as pus was draining intra-orally and periglottic
edema was present. An orally placed suction catheter,
however, made the fiberscopy easier. The trachea was
entered and a tube was passed into the trachea. Oxygen
was not administered during fiberscopy. After confirma-
tion of tracheal intubation by fiberoptic viewing of tube
tip inside the trachea, tube fogging, inability to vocalize
and end-tidal carbon dioxide, anesthesia was induced
with fentanyl 100 mcg and propofol 100 mg. Vecuronium
5 mg and dexamethasone 8 mg were also given. Anesthe-
sia was continued with nitrous oxide in oxygen and
halothane with closed circuit and intermittent positive
pressure ventilation. Intra-operatively the vitals were sta-
ble. Incision and drainage were performed by the sub-
mandibular route and a drain left behind.
At the end of the procedure residual neuromuscular
blockade was antagonized using neostigmine 3 mg and
glycopyrrolate 0.6 mg. In view of the periglottic edema,
the trachea was not extubated, and the patient was moved
to a postanesthesia care unit with the endotracheal tube in
situ and placed on a T-piece with oxygen at a flow rate of
5 liters per minute. Sedation was attained using mida-
zolam and fentanyl titrated to effect.
The following morning the patient was comfortable, with
a pulse rate of 68 beats per minute, blood pressure of 110/
70 mmHg and oxyhemoglobin saturation of 97%. The
neck swelling had subsided. A thorough oral suction was
performed and the trachea was extubated. The fiberscope
was kept handy; however, no elaborate preparations for
tracheostomy or similar procedures were made in view of
the edema having subsided and as there was no significant
anticipation of airway difficulty. Postextubation recovery
was uneventful. The patient was discharged 4 days later.
Discussion
While described as far back as the writings of Hippocrates
and Galen, the necrotizing fasciitis Ludwig's angina was
first detailed by the German surgeon Wilhelm Friedrich
von Ludwig in 1836 [1]. Ludwig's angina is a rapidly pro-
gressive, potentially fulminant cellulitis involving the sub-
lingual, sub-mental, and sub-mandibular spaces [2]. It
typically originates from an infected or recently extracted
tooth, most commonly the lower second and third molars
[2]. The sub-mandibular space is involved by penetration
of the thin inner cortex of the mandible by periapical den-
tal abscesses. Spread to the sub-lingual space is around the
posterior margin of mylohyoid muscle [1]. It has, how-
ever, been reported as a result of mandibular fracture, sub-
mandibular sialadenitis, peritonsillar abscess, epiglottitis
[3], and oral malignancies [4].
Ludwig's angina begins as a mild infection and can rapidly
progress to brawny bilateral induration of the upper neck
with pain, trismus, and tongue elevation. Fever and dys-
phagia are common. The most serious complication of
Ludwig's angina is asphyxia caused by expanding edema
of soft tissues of the neck [5]. Another common cause of
death is the acute loss of airway during interventions to
control the condition [4]. Stridor, difficulty managing
secretions, anxiety, cyanosis, and sitting posture are late
signs of impending airway obstruction and indicate the
need for an immediate artificial airway [6]. A computed
Swelling in the submandibular areaFigure 1
Swelling in the submandibular area. This made it difficult for 
the assessment of neck extension.Page 2 of 4
(page number not for citation purposes)
Cases Journal 2008, 1:19 http://www.casesjournal.com/content/1/1/19tomography scan is helpful in assessing the extent of ret-
ropharyngeal extension of the abscess [7] and may also
help to decide when an artificial airway is required [8].
Other complications which may occur are the spread of
infection to the mediastinum, carotid sheath, skull base,
and meninges, reaching a mortality rate of 20% to 50%
(see [2]).
Ludwig's angina was formerly invariably fatal but now,
with adequate surgical and antibiotic treatment, has a
much reduced rate of mortality [9]. It remains, however, a
potentially life-threatening condition because of the risk
of impending airway obstruction [10]. Thus, because of its
invasive nature, early recognition and treatment of Lud-
wig's angina is extremely important [11].
Intravenous dexamethasone and nebulized adrenaline
have been used to reduce upper airway edema in such
cases to defer or avoid airway instrumentation altogether
[12]. Distorted airway anatomy, tissue immobility, and
limited access to the mouth make orotracheal intubation
by direct laryngoscopy difficult. In advanced cases, induc-
tion of general anesthesia is dangerous because this may
precipitate complete airway closure and make mask venti-
lation and intubation impossible [7]. Securing of the air-
way in the awake state is therefore the safest option.
Blind nasal intubation is to be avoided as, besides having
a high failure rate, it could cause catastrophic bleeding,
laryngospasm, airway edema, rupture of pus into the oral
cavity, and aspiration. Complete airway obstruction could
be precipitated, potentially necessitating an emergency
cricothyrotomy [4]. Classically, tracheostomy was consid-
ered as the standard of care for establishment of a defini-
tive airway [13]. Elective awake tracheostomy has been
suggested for all patients with deep neck infections in
order to avoid the dangers of emergency tracheostomy in
a severely compromised airway [10]. This notion has since
been questioned [14].
Although distorted anatomy, edema, and secretions may
contribute to difficulty with fiberoptic intubation, in
skilled and experienced hands, flexible fiberoptic nasal
intubation is the preferred method of airway management
[12] and has a high rate of success [4]. Application of top-
ical anesthesia enables the patient to tolerate the proce-
dure with greater comfort.
When fiberoptic bronchoscopy is not feasible, not availa-
ble, or has failed, cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy are
the options. Tracheostomy may be difficult or impossible
in advanced cases of neck infection because of the posi-
tion needed for the procedure and anatomical distortion
of the anterior neck [4]. The choice of airway maneuvers
must be individualized, depending on the judgment and
experience of the physician in charge [5].
The causative bacteria are often Gram-negative anaerobic
organisms, and penicillin, clindamycin, or ciprofloxacin
are often the antibiotics of choice. In addition, surgical
intervention is common, particularly in the presence of
fluctuation, to incise and drain the infected space.
Conclusion
It is important to recognize Ludwig's angina in the earlier
stages of the disease, when it is easier to manage. In
advanced cases, however, securing the airway and surgical
drainage are important. Awake fiberoptic intubation
under topical anesthesia may be the ideal method to
secure the airway. When fiberoptic bronchoscopy is not
feasible, not available, or has failed, an awake tracheos-
tomy may be the preferred option.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All of the authors were involved in the management of the
case and finalizing the article. All of the authors were
involved in the process of editing, correcting, and finaliz-
ing the manuscript. All authors have read and approved
the final manuscript.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient
for publication of this case report and accompanying
images. A copy of the written consent is available for
review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Acknowledgements
We thank the patient and patient party for giving us consent for the publi-
cation of the case report. We also thank the surgical team for their willing-
ness to provide photographs and other related information for the 
publication of this case report. We would also like to thank Professor Dr 
Mohan Baliga MDS, Professor and Head of the Department of Oral and 
Facio-maxillary and all of the staff and post-graduates involved in the man-
agement of this case.
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Ludwig's angina: a report of seven cases and review of current concepts in management.

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Ludwig's angina.

Owens BM: Ludwig's angina following dental treatment of a five year old male patient: report of a case. J Clin Pediatr Dent

The anatomy of the fasciae of the face and neck with particular reference to the spread and treatment of intraoral infections that have progressed into adjacent fascial spaces. Ann Surg

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Ludwig's angina and airway considerations: a case report

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