In this paper, the optimal reactive power problem has been solved by the cultivation of soil optimization (CSO) algorithm. The reduction of real power loss is a key objective of this work. The projected CSO algorithm has been modeled based on the quality of soil which has been used in the cultivation of various crops season to season. With respect to the quality of the soil in the cultivation land, there will be a change in the poor-quality soil since there will up the gradation of the poor soil is done through by adding the nutrient contents. Depend upon the needs and about the type of cultivation farmers will improve the quality of the soil by adding valuable and various types of fertilizers (natural and artificial) such that it will enhance the fertile and growth (green) of the crops. Time to time
farmers will choose appropriate nutrient contents that will be mixed with the soil in order to enhance the fertility of the soil. In standard IEEE 14, 30, 57 bus test systems Cultivation of Soil Optimization (CSO) algorithm has been tested. The CSO algorithm reduced the real power loss and control variables are within the limits

Lenin, K.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

 Journal of Engineering Sciences, Volume 7, Issue 1 (2020), pp. E1–E5 E1  JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES Volume 7, Issue 1 (2020)  Lenin, K. (2020). Real power loss reduction by cultivation of soil optimization algorithm. Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 7(1), pp. E1–E5, doi: 10.21272/jes.2020.7(1).e1  Real Power Loss Reduction by Cultivation of Soil Optimization Algorithm Lenin K.*[0000-0002-6860-827X] Department of EEE, Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology,  Chalasani Nagar, Kanuru, Vijayawada, 520007 Andhra Pradesh, India Article info: Paper received: The final version of the paper received: Paper accepted online:  August 4, 2019 January 8, 2020 January 22, 2020 *Corresponding email: gklenin@gmail.com Abstract. In this paper, the optimal reactive power problem has been solved by the cultivation of soil optimization (CSO) algorithm. The reduction of real power loss is a key objective of this work. The projected CSO algorithm has been modeled based on the quality of soil which has been used in the cultivation of various crops season to season. With respect to the quality of the soil in the cultivation land, there will be a change in the poor-quality soil since there will up the gradation of the poor soil is done through by adding the nutrient contents. Depend upon the needs and about the type of cultivation farmers will improve the quality of the soil by adding valuable and various types of fertilizers (natural and artificial) such that it will enhance the fertile and growth (green) of the crops. Time to time farmers will choose appropriate nutrient contents that will be mixed with the soil in order to enhance the fertility of the soil. In standard IEEE 14, 30, 57 bus test systems Cultivation of Soil Optimization (CSO) algorithm has been tested. The CSO algorithm reduced the real power loss and control variables are within the limits. Keywords: optimal reactive power, transmission loss, cultivation soil optimization algorithm. 1 Introduction The reactive power problem plays a key role in power system operation and control. Real power loss reduction is the main objective of this work. Methods like Newton, interior point, successive quadratic programming [1–6] are already utilized to solve the optimal reactive power problem. Still, many scientific difficulties are found due to the assortment of constraints in conventional methods. A gravitational search algorithm, particle swarm optimization, symbiotic organism search algorithm  [7–14] are applied to solve the reactive power problem. Yet proper balance between exploration and exploitation is needed to reach the global optimal solution. Few evolutionary algorithms good in exploration but lack in exploitation and some algorithms will good in exploitation but lacks in exploration. In order to balance properly in this work, a new algorithm has been projected to solve the problem. This paper proposes the cultivation of soil optimization algorithm to solve the optimal reactive power problem. The designed algorithm has been modeled based on the quality of soil which has been used in the cultivation of various crops season to season.   As a division of the farmland the exploration space will be divided into sections k and n indicates the available number of solutions in the farmland. Normally farmers will analyze all the parts of the cultivation land which has been partitioned as sections. The analysis will be done by the framers in each section about the nutrients’ content in the cultivation soil [15–17]. Then accordingly they will enhance the quality of the cultivation soil by adding materials like fertilizers (natural and artificial). There will difference in adding the nutrient content materials to the cultivation soil with respect to the quality of the land. These actions are all imitated to model the CSO algorithm. Naturally, all the soil which has been used for cultivation will not same with respect to fertility, water content. Farmers will use fertilizers (natural and artificial) in order to improve the fertility of the soil such that the nutrient content of the soil will be improved efficiently. The proposed CSO algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30, 57 bus test systems and simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real power loss comprehensively.   E2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: Computational Mechanics  2 Research Methodology 2.1 Problem formulation The objective of the problem is to reduce the true power loss:   (1) Voltage deviation is given as follows:     (2)  Constraint (equality):         (3)   2.2 Cultivation of soil optimization algorithm This work projects the CSO algorithm for solving the optimal reactive power problem. The designed algorithm has been modeled based on the quality of soil which has been used in the cultivation of various crops season to season. Naturally, all the soil which has been used for cultivation will not same with respect to fertility, water content. Farmers will use fertilizers (natural and artificial) in order to improve the fertility of the soil such that the nutrient content of the soil will be improved efficiently. Depend upon the needs and about the type of cultivation farmers will improve the quality of the soil by adding valuable and various types of fertilizers (natural and artificial) such that it will enhance the fertile and growth (green) of the crops. Time to time farmers will choose appropriate nutrient contents that will be mixed with the soil in order to enhance the fertility of the soil. Normally farmers will analyze all the parts of the cultivation land which has been partitioned as sections. The analysis will be done by the framers in each section about the nutrients’ content in the cultivation soil.  Then accordingly they will enhance the quality of the cultivation soil by adding materials like fertilizers (natural and artificial). There will difference in adding the nutrient content materials to the cultivation soil with respect to the quality of the land. These actions are all imitated to model the CSO algorithm. Initialization of the population with respect to the fertility of the cultivation soil is given by   (4) As a division of the farmland the exploration space will be divided into sections k and n indicates the available number of solutions (present) in the farmland. Exploration space will be created arbitrarily by  (5) With respect to the objective function fitness value, available solutions in the exploration space will be evaluated in common without considering the division at this stage. As to how the farmers divide the cultivation land into various sections here in the projected algorithm division of the exploration space is done through k. Many assumptions for choosing the value k has been maintained as; k = 1, k = 2, k – the maximum number of population possible, maximum k = 8, k = y. In the projected algorithm the value of k has been chosen carefully with respect to problem and to balance the exploration and exploitation effectively. Through each division of the cultivation land’s available solution (average) is utilized to get the quality of the cultivation land     (6)    (7)  Updating the local and global memory of the solution average of divided cultivation land is done by      (8) With respect to the quality of the soil in the cultivation land, there will be a change in the poor quality soil since there will up gradation of the poor soil is done through by adding the nutrient contents and defined by      (9) The “globalbest – localbest” combination is obtained by  Journal of Engineering Sciences, Volume 7, Issue 1 (2020), pp. E1–E5 E3  (10)  The corresponding algorithm is presented below: 1) begin; 2) initial parameters are determined; 3) number of the division’s in the cultivation land is defined; 4) quality of the cultivation soil is determined with respect to the division; 5) average quality of the soil computed; 6) with respect to each division update the local and global memory: 6.1) in poor quality soil division – changes will be amended through the most excellent solutions which have been available in the external memory; 6.2) in all other divisions (except poor quality division) – changes will be amended through all solutions which available in all division; 7) new-fangled solutions are computed if they are excellent it will replace the previous solution; 8) is the value not less than random? 8.1) if “yes”, the solutions are changed with respect to the most excellent solutions in the global memory; 8.2) if “no”, the solutions are changed with respect to the most excellent solutions in the local memory; 9) new-fangled solutions are computed if they are excellent it will replace the previous solution; 10) if the end criterion satisfied the stop, or else – go to step 4); 11) output the results. 3 Results The validity of the CSO algorithm has been tested in the standard IEEE 14 bus system. Table 1 shows the constraints of control variables. Table 2 shows the limits of reactive power generators and comparison results are presented in Table 3. Table 1 – Constraints of control variables Variables Minimum PU Maximum PU Generator Voltage 0.95 1.10 Transformer Tap 0.90 1.10 VAR Source 0.00 0.20 Table 2 – Constrains of reactive power generators Variable Q Minimum PU Q Maximum PU 1 0 10 2 –40 50 3 0 40 6 –6 24 8 –6 24  Table 3 – Simulation results of IEEE −14 system Control variables Base case MPSO [18] PSO [18] EP [18] SARGA [18] CSO 𝑉𝐺−1 1.060 1.100 1.100 N/R* N/R 1.002 𝑉𝐺−2 1.045 1.085 1.086 1.029 1.060 1.023 𝑉𝐺−3 1.010 1.055 1.056 1.016 1.036 1.024 𝑉𝐺−6 1.070 1.069 1.067 1.097 1.099 1.032 𝑉𝐺−8 1.090 1.074 1.060 1.053 1.078 1.013 𝑇𝑎𝑝 8 0.978 1.018 1.019 1.040 0.950 0.904 𝑇𝑎𝑝 9 0.969 0.975 0.988 0.940 0.950 0.920 𝑇𝑎𝑝 10 0.932 1.024 1.008 1.030 0.960 0.941 𝑄𝐶−9 0.190 14.640 0.185 0.180 0.060 0.153 𝑃𝐺 272.390 271.32 271.320 N/R N/R 270.62 𝑄𝐺, Mvar 82.440 75.79 76.790 N/R N/R 75.110 Reduction in PLoss, % 0.000 9.200 9.100 1.500 2.500 23.180 Total PLoss, MWt 13.550 12.290 12.315 13.346 13.216 10.409 * N/R – not reported.  Then the CSO algorithm evaluated, in IEEE 30 and 57 Bus systems. Table 1 shows the constraints of control variables. Table 4 – Constrains of reactive power generators Variables Q Minimum PU Q Maximum PU 1 0 10 2 –40 50 5 –40 40 8 –10 40 11 –6 24 13 –6 24  Tables 4, 5 show the limits of reactive power generators and comparison results are presented in Tables 6, 7. Table 5 – Constrains of reactive power generators Variables Q Minimum PU Q Maximum PU 1 –140 200 2 –17 50 3 –10 60 6 –8 25 8 –140 200 9 –3 9   E4 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: Computational Mechanics   Table 6 – Simulation results of IEEE − 30 system Control variables Base case MPSO [18] PSO [18] EP [18] SARGA [18] CSO 𝑉𝐺−1 1.060 1.101 1.100 N/R N/R 1.032 𝑉𝐺−2 1.045 1.086 1.072 1.097 1.094 1.024 𝑉𝐺−5 1.010 1.047 1.038 1.049 1.053 1.050 𝑉𝐺−8 1.010 1.057 1.048 1.033 1.059 1.023 𝑉𝐺−12 1.082 1.048 1.058 1.092 1.099 1.060 VG-13 1.071 1.068 1.080 1.091 1.099 1.052 Tap11 0.978 0.983 0.987 1.010 0.990 0.912 Tap12 0.969 1.023 1.015 1.030 1.030 0.921 Tap15 0.932 1.020 1.020 1.070 0.980 0.912 Tap36 0.968 0.988 1.012 0.990 0.960 0.903 QC10 0.19 0.077 0.077 0.190 0.190 0.093 QC24 0.043 0.119 0.128 0.040 0.040 0.124 𝑃𝐺 (MW) 300.900 299.540 299.540 N/R N/R 297.100 𝑄𝐺 (Mvar) 133.900 130.830 130.940 N/R N/R 131.230 Reduction in PLoss, % 0.000 8.400 7.400 6.600 8.300 18.000 Total PLoss, MWt 17.550 16.070 16.250 16.380 16.090 14.390  Table 7 – Simulation results of IEEE −57 system Control variables Base case MPSO [18] PSO [18] CGA [18] AGA [18] CSO 𝑉𝐺 1 1.040 1.093 1.083 0.968 1.027 1.023 𝑉𝐺 2 1.010 1.086 1.071 1.049 1.011 1.014 𝑉𝐺 3 0.985 1.056 1.055 1.056 1.033 1.032 𝑉𝐺 6 0.980 1.038 1.036 0.987 1.001 1.010 𝑉𝐺 8 1.005 1.066 1.059 1.022 1.051 1.031 𝑉𝐺 9 0.980 1.054 1.048 0.991 1.051 1.013 𝑉𝐺 12 1.015 1.054 1.046 1.004 1.057 1.042 𝑇𝑎𝑝 19 0.970 0.975 0.987 0.920 1.030 0.951 𝑇𝑎𝑝 20 0.978 0.982 0.983 0.920 1.020 0.934 𝑇𝑎𝑝 31 1.043 0.975 0.981 0.970 1.060 0.920 𝑇𝑎𝑝 35 1.000 1.025 1.003 N/R N/R 1.013 𝑇𝑎𝑝 36 1.000 1.002 0.985 N/R N/R 1.002 𝑇𝑎𝑝 37 1.043 1.007 1.009 0.900 0.990 1.000 𝑇𝑎𝑝 41 0.967 0.994 1.007 0.910 1.100 0.993 𝑇𝑎𝑝 46 0.975 1.013 1.018 1.100 0.980 1.012 𝑇𝑎𝑝 54 0.955 0.988 0.986 0.940 1.010 0.970 𝑇𝑎𝑝 58 0.955 0.979 0.992 0.950 1.080 0.963 𝑇𝑎𝑝 59 0.900 0.983 0.990 1.030 0.940 0.962 𝑇𝑎𝑝 65 0.930 1.015 0.997 1.090 0.950 1.003 𝑇𝑎𝑝 66 0.895 0.975 0.984 0.900 1.050 0.951 𝑇𝑎𝑝 71 0.958 1.020 0.990 0.900 0.950 1.003 𝑇𝑎𝑝 73 0.958 1.001 0.988 1.000 1.010 1.004 𝑇𝑎𝑝 76 0.980 0.979 0.980 0.960 0.940 0.964 𝑇𝑎𝑝 80 0.940 1.002 1.017 1.000 1.000 1.003 𝑄𝐶 18 0.100 0.179 0.131 0.084 0.016 0.172 𝑄𝐶 25 0.059 0.176 0.144 0.008 0.015 0.161 𝑄𝐶 53 0.063 0.141 0.162 0.053 0.038 0.142 𝑃𝐺, MWt 1278.600 1274.400 1274.800 1276.000 1275.000 1270.110 𝑄𝐺, Mvar 321.080 272.270 276.580 309.100 304.400 272.310 Reduction in PLoss, % 0.000 15.400 14.100 9.200 11.600 22.960 Total PLoss, MWt 27.800 23.510 23.860 25.240 24.560 21.417   Journal of Engineering Sciences, Volume 7, Issue 1 (2020), pp. E1–E5 E5  4 Conclusions In this CSO algorithm, the optimal reactive power problem was successfully solved. 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Real power loss reduction by cultivation of soil optimization algorithm

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Real power loss reduction by cultivation of soil optimization algorithm

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