The latest generation of fuel systems for direct-injection spark-ignition engines uses injection nozzles that accommodate a number of holes with various angles in order to offer flexibility in in-cylinder fuel targeting over a range of engine operating conditions. However, the high-injection pressures that are needed for efficient fuel atomisation can lead to deteriorating effects with regards to engine exhaust emissions (e.g. unburned hydrocarbons and particulates) from liquid fuel impingement onto the piston and liner walls. Eliminating such deteriorating effects requires fundamental understanding of in-cylinder spray development processes, taking also into account the diversity of future commercial fuels that can contain significant quantities of bio-components with very different chemical and physical properties to those of typical liquid hydrocarbons. This paper presents high-speed imaging results of spray impingement onto the liner of a direct-injection spark-ignition engine, as well as crank-angle resolved wall heat flux measurements at the observed locations of fuel impingement for detailed characterisation of levels and timing of impingement. The tests were performed in a running engine at 1500 RPM primarily at low load (0.5 bar intake pressure) using 20, 50 and 90 °C engine temperatures. Gasoline, iso-Octane, Butanol, Ethanol and a blend of 10% Ethanol with 90% Gasoline (E10) were used to encompass a range of current and future fuel components for spark-ignition engines. The collected data were analysed to extract mean and standard deviation statistics of spray images and heat flux signals. The results were also interpreted with reference to physical pro
