The wastewater treatment industry is undergoing a major shift towards a proactive interest in recovering materials and energy from wastewater streams, driven by both economic incentives and environmental sustainability. With the array of available treatment technologies and recovery options growing steadily, systematic approaches to determining the inherent trade-off between multiple economic and environmental objectives become necessary, namely enviroeconomic optimization. The main objective of this chapter is to present one such methodology based on superstructure modeling and multi-objective optimization, where the main environmental impacts are quantified using life cycle assessment (LCA). This methodology is illustrated with the case study of a municipal wastewater treatment facility. The results show that accounting for LCA considerations early on in the synthesis problem may lead to dramatic changes in the optimal process configuration, thereby supporting LCA integration into decision-making tools for wastewater treatment alongside economical selection criteria
