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Campbell, Rex R.

University of Missouri: MOspace

• REX R C . AMPBELL . B 815 FEBRUA AGRIC Ul TURUN I VERS I TY 0 F !i' 1964 AL EXPERIME NT SSOURI STATION "I' m from Missouri ... " is a very common statc-m ent m ade b y many peo ple in th e Un ited States. In 1960 it could have been made by over 4,800,000 1 people. Not all of these people were residing in Missouri at that time. The statement could have been made by two groups of people: those w ho we re born in Missouri and residing in Missouri in 1960, and those who were born in Mis-souri and we re then li v ing in so mc other state. Of the 4,320,774 people who were resid ing in Missouri in 1960, infor mation o n their state of birth was avai.lable for all but 140 ,177. Thi s bull et in will exa mine w here the people who were natives of Missouri have gone; that is, w here they we re residing in 1960, and wh ere th e peo pl e have come fro m wh o n ow reside in Missouri. It is impo rtant to point o ut tha t the movement of Misso uri's population, e ither in or out, could have occurred at any time prev iolls to 1960. Thus, undoubtedly , some of the migration mig ht have occurred as ea rl y as 1900. Conceivab ly, some may have mig rated on the day of their birth, or as o ld as age 65, 75, o r the oldest resident in Missouri. 70% of Residents Born Here Seventy percent of the over 4,100,000 natives of the state and res idents here in 1960 had been born in Mis-souri . Another 23 percent had been born in o ther states, while the remaining percentage was di vided between foreign-born persons and those whose place of birth was unknown or not reported. This percentage of native pop-ulation was higher than that for many of the surrounding states. Kansas reported 55 percent native populat ion, I owa 68 percent, Illinois 63 percent, Tennessee 85 per-cent, Kentucky 88 percent, and Arkansas 68 percent. Net Loss of 733,120 The movem e nt of Missouri ans to o th er states and natives of o ther states to Missouri resulted in a net loss to Missouri of 733 ,120 people. This was almos t three-quarters of a million popu lation, co rresponding roughly to the population in J ackso n and Clay counties, whid1 includes the residents of Kansas City. The 733,000 lost throug h inters tate movement represented an increase of 'The d3m in thi s bulletin were raken from: U.S. Bureau of Census, u.s. CellIfI! of Popll/II/ion: J 960. Subject Reports. S/(//e 0/ Birth., Final Repon PC(2)-2A., U.S. Government Printing Office, \Xlashington, D .C. 2 CONTENTS pg Our-migration of People Born in Missouri .. . 3 In-migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Net Gains or Losses by Sta res .... . . .5 Migrarion of Nonwhire Population . .. . . . . 6 Age of Migrants From Mi ssouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..8 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S more than 70,000 from the 1950 figure w hen th e loss throug h interstate movement srood at 655,205. The 1950 figure represented over 150,000 increase during the pre-ceding ten yea rs. In the 1940 ce nsus, th e ne t loss was 493,973 . The Rate of Loss Is H ig h Compared w ith o ther states in the north ce ntral region , the loss for Mi sso uri due to inte rstate migration is high indeed . There were only five other states in the U nited States in 1960 t ha t had lost a larger number thro ug h interstate moveme n r. Th e larges t losses were found in the midwes tern and southern states. However, Mi sso uri 's neighbors to the no rth and so uth had lost more people thro ug h in terstate movement than had Mis-souri . Iowa in 1960, had los t 809,493, and Arkansas had lost 973,125 . In contrast to thi s, Ca li fo rnia had gai ned more than six and one-half million people through inter-state movem ent. The proportion of the peopl e residing in Missouri who were born in other s ta tes, has remained relatively constan t th ro ug hout the years. Slig h tl Y less than one-fourt h of the population of Missouri had been born in o ther states as indicated by the censuses of 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, and 1960. Th ere was less than o ne percent var iation in the proportion of Missouri's population which had been born in o ther states throughout th is time. In 1960, this guarter of the population who were born in other sta tes consis ted of 1,034,486 people. This number was compared to the number of Missourians who are liv ing in other states (1,767,606 in 1960) to determine the net loss. Acknowledgment This bulletin is a part of a larger study of popula-tion in Missouri , Department of Rural Sociology, pro-ject no. 325, under tbe direction ot Robert L. McNa-mara. It is a contribution from the Missouri Agr icul-tural Experiment Station as a co llaborator under North Central Region cooperative research projecr N .C.-IS entitled " Population D ynamics in the North Central Region and Related Rural, Social and Economic Prob-lems." MAP 1 PO PULATI O N BORN IN MI SSO URI A ND RES IDIN G IN O THER STATES - 1960-10,000- ~ 24,999 W 25 ,000-~ 99 ,999 W 100 ,000-~ 249 ,999 • 250;~~0  over~ Out-migration of People Born in Missouri T he im portant ques tion is where have Missourians go ne and where did the people co me fro m who h ave co me to Mi sso uri. Or, putting it ano th er way , to w hat places are we los ing populati on and fro m w here ;lfe we attracting people. As is indicated in Map 1, ex-Missourians were found in large numbers in almos t every state o f the Union in 1960; however, they tended to cl uster in certain sta tes. The extre mes were represented by Vermont, which bad o nly 347 ex-Mi ssourians, and Ca lifornia, which had 399,50l. Missourians in California now form a total near-3 Iy equ al to the popula tio n of Ka nsas City , M o. Other st ates whi ch h ad large n umbers of pe rso ns w ho were born in Mi ssouri were Illino is with over 211 ,000 and Kansas with 193 ,000. T h e nex t larger g roups were found in T exas, Iowa, Colorad o, M ichiga n, W ashing ton , Ar-kansas, O regon , and Flo rida in descending o rder. More than 650,000 ex-Misso uria n s were found in states which were classified as MOllnta in or Pacific coast states; these were the states from Colo rado westward. This represented the larges t group of Mi sso urians to be found in any area ou tside of the state. MAP2 POPULATION RESIDING IN MISSOURI AND BORN IN OTHER STATES -1960-In-migration When the place of birth of people who in 1960 re-sided in Missouri but who had not been born in Mis-souri was examined, a somewhat different picture was found. As might be expected, the states immediately sur-rounding and bordering on Missouri had contributed a large number of people to Missouri. The highest num-ber were from Illinois; 164,483 people who had been born in Illinois were residing in Missouri. Second and third highest numbers were from Kansas an d Arkansas, respectively. In conuast, California, which contained the largest number of Missourians, had contributed only about 4 2,5(11)- ~ 9,9' W • 25,000-~99,999 W 100 ,000-~ 249,999 _ 23,500 persons to Missouri's population. The Mountain and Pacific coast states, which had received the largest proportion of Missourians, had, in turn , contributed only about 64,000 people to Missouri's population. For eveLY 10 Missourians who were going to these states, only one native of these states came the other way. Comparatively large numbers of people had moved to Missouri from the southern states of Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, in addition to previously mentioned Arkansas. For these six states, al most three people were moving to Missomi for each Missourian moving to them. MAP3 NET GA IN OR LOSS THRO UG H INTERS TATE MOVEMENT TO AND FROM MISSOUR I - 1960-i /' \ , i 10,000- ~ 24,999 'W / 25,000-~ 99,999 • 100,000-~ 249 ,9 9. 111Tt\~ 250 ,000 I) • and over Net Gains or Losses by States Map No.3 shows the results of a subtraction of the ex-Missourians who were living in each state, compared to the in-migrants from that state to Missouri. This map shows that onl y 12 out of the 50 states had co ntributed more to Missouri's population than Missouri had con-tributed to theirs. These 12 states were located in rather specific geographic areas of the United States. A large proportion of the net gain to Missouri was found in the south ern and the Appalachian states. Only two Plains states, North and South Dakota, had contributed more to Missouri's population than the reverse. Of particular significance is the fact that Arkansas and Mississippi had 5 made by far the largest net contribu tio ns to Missouri's population of more than 80,000. For many of the other states, the net difference was sma ll ; that is, the number of their people who had moved to Missouri was almost as large as the number of persons born in Missouri who had moved to their state. For in-stance, in Illinois, where approximately 212,000 ex-Mis-sourians were located, there was a net loss of on ly 47,000 to Illinois. It is clear that much of the interstate move-ment was an exchange of populatioll. The states in which there was little reciprocal movement were the mountain and western states. Migration of Nonwhite Population The census of 1960 provided informatio n as to the racial characreri stics of the persons in the intersta te move-m.ent. W hen the popu brion that had moved in or out of Missouri was divided in to wh ites and no nw hites, it w~s fou nd that Missouri had lost 813,813 native whites throug h interstate movement, whil e they had ga in ed 80,693 non-whites. Maps 4 a nd 5 indica te t he m ove me n t of non-w hites in to and out of the state. Movement of nonwhites, ei th er i nro o r o u t of the sta te, was much less, as co m-pared to the whites. T he basic movement for the no nwhite population of Missouri who had moved Out of th e state W ~I S to the north and east. The state receiving the most no n white population from Missouri was Illinois, w hich had 23,163 nonwhite persons w ho had bee n born in Misso uri. Sec-ond highest was Califo rni a, w ith alm ost 13,500. M ich i-gan, Kansas, Indiana, and O hi o fo ll owed in dec lining order. A different pattern was al so found fo r the no n white population w ho bad moved in to M isso uri . The states of Arkansas a nd Mi ss iss ip pi had m;lde by f: lr rh e: 1:lrgl'sr MA P 4 con tributi o ns. T he re were 54 ,1 95 nat i ve nonwh i te Mi s-s iss ip p ians who were li ving in Missouri in 1960, and al-most 35,000 nati ve nonwh ite Arkansans . It is of interest to no te that in spite of the compan-tively large num ber, Misso uri did not rece ive the largest number of nonwhites from M ississippi . Illinoi s had ap-proxi matel y 193,000 na ti ve non w hite Miss iss i pp ians in 1960. T he same sta te m e nt cou ld be mad e for A rkansas. Of the Arkansas nonwhites w ho had moved, th e largest number, 54,000, were found in Illin ois, co m pa red to the 33,000 found in Missouri. M ap 5 makes the s~m e comparison for ne t gai n or loss for the no nw hite population as did Map 3 for the total population. A s imil ar pattern was found w ith one major change: every southern state w ith the exception of Maryland, D e laware, and Flo rida, contri buted more non-w hite popuhtion to Mi ssouri than Mi sso uri had con-trib uted co them. The gains by states fo r no nwhites from Mi ssou ri tended to be tOward the west a nd no rth , al-though both Nort h a nd So uth Dakota had lost :t few nonwhites to Mi ssouri. N O NWHITE PO PULATION RESIDING IN MI SSOUR I AND BORN IN OTHER STATE S -1960-\. r" y ). .i l I i i i '- '-' -._.-/--. i i i i i j (, 2,500- • 9,999 10,000- ~ 24,999 'VI 25,000 - tftii&... 99,999 • 100,000-~ 249,999 W' 250'000. and over MAP5 NONWHITE POPULATION BORN IN MISSOURI AND RESIDING IN OTHER STATES -19W -I 7-·- .i.. ! -'-!-.- .~ I I i i ! ~.-,-.-.-- . \ "+- I ; \. 1- "- i t1ii;,;.\\ \. ! --oi--- · -.4\ J • 10/000- ~ 24/999 • 25/000-~ 99/999 • 100/000-~ 249/999 V 250/000. and aver MAP6 NET GAIN OR LOSS THROUGH INTERSTATE MOVEMENT OF NONWHITE POPULATION TO AND FROM MISSOURI ~ . -1960-7 Age of Migrants From Missouri T he U.S. Census for 1960 also provides th e age of Mi ssouri migrants who were livin g in other regions. Th ere was a wide difference in the average age by regions in which the ex-Missouri ans now lived. The youngest group of ex-Missourians was found in the relatively small number of those who had moved to New England. There the ave rage age for Missourians was 30.2 years. The old-es t average age (46.2 years) was found in the west south-central area (which was composed of Arkansas, Missis-si ppi , Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee) . The other regions of the United Srates va ri ed between these two extremes. In accord with this difference, 16 percent of the per-Summary and Conclusions The data from the 1960 census revealed that there was a large a mount of inters tate movement within the United States. For the state of Missouri , it indicated that more than 1.7 million people had moved ou t of Mis-souri at some time after their birth, and that slightly over 1 million had moved into this state from so me other sta te after their birth. This resulted in a net loss of slightly over 733,000 for the state of Mi ssouri. This movement was unequal when racial gro ups were com-pared . It was found th at the net loss of whites was 813,000 while 80,000 nonwhites had been gained. The majority of the movement out of the state has been a westward movement with the exception of the states bordering Missouri. However, for the people mov-ing into this state the movement has been bas ically a northern movement from the southern and southeastem states, with the exception of Florida. One of the importa nt results of the movement is that Missouri is exporting its resources, since many of the persons who moved out did not do so until they had completed their education and were yo ung adults. 8 sons who had been born in Missouri and were residing in New England were under 15 years of age, while only 8 percent of the people in the Pacific area were under 15 years of age. A comparable figure for Missouri was thar 34 percent of the native population of Missouri was un-der 15 years of age. This would indicate that the people movi ng to New England were comparative ly yo ung families mov ing with their children. The average older age of Missourians in other areas could have resulted because they had moved to the region at an older age o r had moved there earlier in th e century. Another importanc consequence is the fac t that the people moving into thi s state may be different in skills and educa tion than those mov ing o ut. While the exact characteristics of the people movi ng out of the state or into the state is not known, it is specul ated that if the persons moving o ut of the state were average for Mis-souri and if the people moving in were average for their state, Missouri would have lost in reso urces. Among tbe states which were exporting more people to Missouri, those which have a lower average education level pre-dominated. With the decline in the need for unskilled and semi-skilled workers-this fact becomes increasingly important. For example, if a typical Missourian with a tenth grade education moved out and a typical person from another state with an eigh th g rade educa tion moved into Mis-souri, the result would be a loss to Missouri 's education level. Many people who move into Missouri wi.th an education of eighth grade or less and with little training in industrial skills may end up as unemployed. 

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