Whole soybeans (WSB) can be used in dairy cow rations; they are palatable and have excellent feed value. WSB have lower protein content than soybean meal but because of higher fat, have higher net energy contentNew 3/87/6M

Belyea, Ronald L. (Ronald Leslie), 1943-

Steevens, Barry

University of Missouri: MOspace

·g. '. n·· ,u: IPnu.n·· :z,~::::::IIH:c:: --~c::II-rr= =II'-:" II' . ... = 11:::11::I II;;D.:;;. .II;; = IC::II I~~"·n!!::II~ = IC::IInll;;lIJ.g ~ a:~ UN 1.1 II.U II, U II, U. ~u. U U, 1111. .. ,......... ·-nl.~"n;­..- -11"0<-0-0"'0- '11'­ ··n·:'~:n;"·· IIII . ·"'Ii·II UII U U UUU UUU II UII II II II U U ­Whole soybeans for dairy cattle Ron Belyea and Barry Steevens Department of Dairy Science College of Agriculture Whole soybeans (WSB) can be used in dairy cow rations; they are palatable and have excellent feed value. WSB have lower protein content than soybean meal but because of higher fat, have higher net energy content (See Table 1). How much WSB should I feed? You can feed limited amounts of WSB. We generally consider the maximum to be 6-7 lbs./day or up to 20 percent of the concentrate. The amount depends upon other feed ingredients in the ration and their fat content. (See Table 2.) Some examples are: Ration 1 Ration 2 20 lb. corn 31b. whole cottonseed 7 lb. WSB 20 lb. corn 5 WSB Ration 3 Ration 4 10 lb. corn 25 lb. milo 10 lb. distillers grains 7 lb. WSB 5 lb. WSB The point is that the other ingredients add fat to the diet and this must be taken into account. The more fat there is in the other grains, the less WSB you should feed. How much fat can I allow? Most research indicates that if the total diet contains more than about 5 percent fat, digestibility, milk yield and milk composition may decline. For the average cow eating 40-50 lbs. of DM daily, 5 percent fat amounts to 2-2.5 lbs. of fat (See Table 2). Table 1. Comparison of whole soybeans to soybean meal WSB As fed basis Soybean meal Protein, % 39 44 ADF, % 9 10 NDF, % 10 12 Crude Fiber, % 6 6 Fat, % 18 1.4 Ca, % .28 .36 P,% .66 .75 Net Energy Mcallib .88 .79 Table 2. Fat content of feeds (dry basis) Feeds % Fat Barley 4.3 Corn 2.3 Whole cottonseed 25.0 Dried distiller grains 9.4 Hominy 8.3 Milo 3.2 Oats 4.4 Whole SB 20.0 SB meal 1.4 Wheat 2.0 Alfalfa hay 2.0 Corn silage 1.0 What if fat content is too high? Too much fat may often depress digestibility, particu­larly that of fiber. This may be because fatty acids, hydrolyzed from fat in the rumen, attach to bacteria and inhibit their action. This effect, however, is minimized by increased calcium and magnesium in the diet. G3270 Archive version -- See extnsion.missouri.eduTable 3. Effect of feeding diets varying in fat percent (Ohio State study) Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Diet 11 12 13 21 22 Protein, % 16.6 17.5 17.5 15.9 16.3 ADF, % 18.2 18.5 19.7 19.3 21.3 Fat, % 3.2 5.7 10.8 2.9 6.8 Calcium, % .7 .8 .8 .6 6.8 Concentrate, % diet 42 42 42 50 33 Digestibility, % DM 62.5 67.3 66.7 63.1 59.3 ADF 35.6 44.3 44.0 31.3 35.3 Protein 64.0 67.6 70.6 63.7 66.7 DMIlb.lday 44.4 46.6 40.4 42.5 44.4 FCM lb.lday 62.3 66.7 59.8 53.2 60.9 Milk fat, % 3.51 3.42 3.25 2.71 3.44 Milk protein, % 3.06 3.04 3.12 3.38 3.23 In a study at Ohio State, researchers fed cows diets containing various proportions of corn, oats, wheat bran, soybean meal, alfalfa meal, corn silage and alfalfa pellets. Fat percent in the diet varied from 3.2 percent to 10.8 percent. The data are sum­marized in Table 3. In this study, increasing dietary fat had little effect on intake. Milk yield (FCM) was highest for the 5.7 percent fat group; milk fat percent decreased as fat increased. Digestibility was increased in the 5.1 per­cent fat diet (diet 12) but not in the 10.8 percent fat diet (diet 13). Milk protein percent, sometimes de­pressed by high dietary fat, was unaffected in this study. Milk fat percent was lower in diet 21, prob­ably because more concentrate was fed. WSB feeding studies WSB were fed to lactating cows in several studies. They are summarized in Tables 4 and 5. These studies suggest that reasonable amounts of WSB don't cause detrimental effects and can be sub­stituted in typical diets. Some other concerns and considerations are: 1. WSB contain urease. If they are mixed with diets containing urea, ammonia will form, decreasing pala tability. 2. Calcium and magnesium concentrations should be higher than in conventional diets, because both form insoluble complexes with fat. 4. WSB can be used beneficially in high grain rations to reduce starch intake. 5. Ensiling is a good method of storing and han­dling WSB, especially in a wet year. Preservatives (propionic acid) may be another option. 6. WSB may be ground prior to feeding. Grinding appears to offer no nutritional advantage but may improve handling characteristics. Ground WSB will Table 4. Feeding whole soybeans to dairy cows (Wisconsin-Marshfield study) Ensiled Ensiled shelled ear corn + corn + Dry dry ensiled conventional WSB WSB Concentrate Concentrate, lb. DM/day 9.8 11.0 9.2 Foragea• lb. DM/day 23.6 23.8 25.4 FCM, lb.lday 39.9 40.1 38.5 Milk fat, % 4.11 4.16 4.23 Number of cows 17 17 17 aLegume-grass haylage and corn silage. Table 5. Feeding whole soybeans to dairy cows <California study) Whole cotton seed Control WSB 15%a 30%a DMI, lb.lday 41.4 42.8 40.7 42.0 Test feedb , lb.lday - 3.4 6.8 14.0 Milk, lb.lday 71 77 67 70 Milk fat, % 3.7 3.74 4.0 4.18 Milk protein, % 3.14 3.06 2.99 3.01 a% of diet bWSB. 15% WCS or 30% WCS become rancid if allowed to stand too long; don't process more than 10 days worth at a time. Vitamins including vitamin E should be added. 7. Balance diets carefully when using WSB to meet protein and energy requirements. 8. Increased fat for high producers in early lacta­G3270 tion may reduce the incidence of ketosis, because fat tuting lIb. fat for lIb. of starch increases net energy contributes energy directly to meet metabolic needs. by 1.3 Meal/day. Because fat is high in energy density (2.25 x carbo­ 9. Blending WSB into a TMR along with forage hydrate), this contribution can be significant. Substi- and concentrates is a good feeding strategy. G3270 • Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914 in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. John W. Oren, Director, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Missouri and Lincoln University, Columbia. Missouri 65211 .• An equal opportunity institution. G3270 New 3/87/6M 

Whole soybeans for dairy cattle (1987)

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