The behaviour of unbound granular materials (UGM) on pavement granular layers, in spite of several studies already performed on this matter, is not enough characterized, especially under Portuguese conditions due to reasons connected to the heterogeneity of the rock masses from which they come from. In the attempt of contributing for a better knowledge of that behaviour, a research programme is currently underway with the main objective being the mechanical characterization and the establishment of behaviour models for two types of crushed materials i.e. granite and limestone, susceptible of being used as unbound base and sub-base of Portuguese road pavements. This paper describes the results found to date showing the differences and the meeting points with some previous studies on similar materials conducted with other approaches and pointing out the main directives that can be extracted in terms the global behaviour of pavements

Luzia, Rosa

Santos, Luís Picado

Repositório do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco

BEHAVIOUR MODELS FOR UGM USING CYCLIC TRI-AXIAL TESTS  Rosa Luzia * Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic School of Castelo Branco, Portugal * E.S.T., I. P. de Castelo Branco, Avª do Empresário, Castelo Branco, Portugal, Email rluzia@est.ipcb.pt  Luís de Picado Santos Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, FCT of the University of Coimbra, Portugal  ABSTRACT:  The behaviour of unbound granular materials (UGM) on pavement granular layers, in spite of several studies already performed on this matter, is not enough characterized, especially under Portuguese conditions due to reasons connected to the heterogeneity of the rock masses from which they come from. In the attempt of contributing for a better knowledge of that behaviour, a research programme is currently underway with the main objective being the mechanical characterization and the establishment of behaviour models for two types of crushed materials i.e. granite and limestone, susceptible of being used as unbound base and sub-base of Portuguese road pavements. This paper describes the results found to date showing the differences and the meeting points with some previous studies on similar materials conducted with other approaches and pointing out the main directives that can be extracted in terms the global behaviour of pavements.   KEY WORDS:  Behaviour models, cyclic tri-axial test, granular layers, pavement, resilient modulus, UGM    1. INTRODUCTION  This paper considers the behaviour of crushed limestone and granite for use as unbound granular subbase in Portuguese road constriction. Geo-technical characterization includes such test s as the methylene blue and micro-Deval test methods.  Their mechanical behaviour is assed using cyclic tri-axial tests according to the standard AASHTO TP 46 [1]. The aim is to contribute to the behaviour modelling of these types of material.  2. MATERIALS USED  The materials used in this work were limestone and granite.  These are shown in Figure 1a and 1b. They consisted of 5 samples of crushed limestone from Pombalin in the centre of Portugal.  There was 3 samples of crushed granite, two from granite outcrops near Celorico da Beira with the third from near Braga.  All the materials have been as granular subbase in pavements construction.  For example, the A23 motorway at Castelo-Branco Sul - Fratel, in the centre of Portugal.      (a)                                                                                                    (b)  Figure 1. The materials used in the study (a) limestone (b) granite  1 3. GEOTHECNICAL CHARACTERIZATION  A set of laboratory tests was carried out on the aggregate samples to evaluate of their geothecnical characteristics. This included the Los Angeles test [2], micro-Deval test [3] (see equipment in Figure 2a), Sand Equivalent test [4], methylene blue test [5] (see equipment in Figure 2b) and the California Bearing Ratio test (CBR) [6].      (a)                                                                                                    (b)  Figure 2. (a) Micro-Deval test equipment (b) Methylene blue test equipment  Due to the grading characteristics of the material, the compaction was done by vibration according to the BS 1377: Part 4 standard [7].  This compacted the specimens in 3 layers with compaction lasting 60 seconds for each layer. The compactor is shown in Figure 3 and had the following characteristics:  • Frequency of percussion: 1800-3000 impacts by minute • Absorbed power: 750-1200 W • Diameter of compactor head: not less than 146 mm   The results of geo-technical characterization are given in Figure 4 and Table 1.   2  Figure 3. Vibrating hammer used for compaction    01020304050607080901000,0 0,1 1,0 10,0 100,0Abertura (mm)Passados (%)LimestoneGranite  Figure 4. Results of the grading analysis [8]  3Table 1. Results of the characterization tests  Average value Parameter Unit Limestone Granite Optimum moisture content % 3.5 3.7 Maximum dry density g/cm3 2.26 2.13 CBR % 92 84 Swell % 0 0 Los Angeles % 33 37 Micro-Deval % 14 21 Sand equivalent % 65 65 Blue methylene (0/0,075 mm) g/100g 0.88 1.23 Blue methylene (0/38,1 mm) g/100g 0.05 0.07  4. MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR CHARACTERIZATION  The laboratory mechanical characterization was done using cyclic tri-axial testing according to the AASHTO TP 46 standard [1]. The test has 16 sequences, with variation of the stresses.  The first sequence of 1000 cycles corresponds to confinement of the sample with the remaining 15 sequences of 100 cycles, corresponding to the resilient modulus.  As shown in figure 5 the duration of each cycle was 1 second. The load phase lasted 0,1s with a rest of 0,9s.    Figure 5. Part of the sinusoidal curve during the tri-axial test  During testing the vertical movements were measured and recorded at two points using LVDTs placed outside the tri-axial camera.  Equation 1 shows Resilient Modulus may be calculated.  Mr = εσrcyclic  = ε σσ r 31−    MPa (1)  Where:  Mr -  resilient modulus σcyclic -  resilient stress; εr -  resilient axial strain  σ1-σ3 - differential stress    The tri-axial equipment was located in the Road Pavement Mechanics laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Coimbra.  Figure 6a shows the 100kN Wykheam Farrance tri-axial load frame.  This has a tri-axial cell for testing 160mm x 300 mm specimens, 8 channels for control and data acquisition, and a 25kN load cell and compressor.   4 The test specimens were compacted using a vibrating hammer to be 150mm in diameter and 300mm in height.  A compacted test specimen is shown in Figure 6b.  All materials were assessed using the test conditions given in Table 2. The degree of compaction is summarised in Table 3 with the resilient modulus given in Table 4.       (a)                                                                                                (b)  Figure 6. (a) Tri-axial equipment (b) Specimen of compacted granite  Table 2. Load conditions for each sequence of cyclic tri-axial test  Base/subbase materials Sequence σ3 (kPa) σmax (kPa) σcyclic (kPa) σcontact (kPa) ner cycles 0 103.4 103.4 93.1 10.3 1000 1 20.7 20.7 18.6 2.1 100 2 20.7 41.4 37.3 4.1 100 3 20.7 62.1 55.9 6.2 100 4 34.5 34.5 31.0 3.5 100 5 34.5 68.9 62.0 6.9 100 6 34.5 103.4 93.1 10.3 100 7 68.9 68.9 62.0 6.9 100 8 68.9 137.9 124.1 13.8 100 9 68.9 206.8 186.1 20.7 100 10 103.4 68.9 62.0 6.9 100 11 103.4 103.4 93.1 10.3 100 12 103.4 206.8 186.1 20.7 100 13 137.9 103.4 93.1 10.3 100 14 137.9 137.9 124.1 13.8 100 15 137.9 275.8 248.2 27.6 100     5Table 3. Compaction conditions for each material  Laboratory conditions In situ conditions Material w (%) γd (g/cm3) w (%) γd (g/cm3) Limestone 3.6 2.17 3.5 2.27 Granite 4.3 2.11 4.2 2.21  Table 4. Average values for the resilient modulus  Resilient modulus(MPa) Limestone Granite Sequence ner cycles L. C.  In situ C. L. C.  In situ C. 1 100 163 164 88 80 2 100 201 196 102 91 3 100 214 222 112 102 4 100 207 221 116 103 5 100 240 273 136 122 6 100 259 301 153 138 7 100 293 339 187 164 8 100 331 414 212 194 9 100 352 450 228 212 10 100 318 381 217 186 11 100 341 425 231 210 12 100 392 514 269 245 13 100 376 479 265 236 14 100 394 498 284 250 15 100 453 612 317 294 Max 453 612 317 294 Min 163 164 88 80 Std Dev 85 134 73 67     LC: Laboratory conditions; in situ C: in situ conditions  The permanent deformation of the materials during testing varied from 0.4 % to 1.4 % for the limestone and 1.2 % to 2.4 % for the granite.  The resilient modulus data was as expected i.e. generally higher for higher confining pressures and showing a positive increase for increasing differential stresses (σcyclic).  Different behaviour models were applied to the to the resilient modulus data [9, 10].  These included Dunlap, k-θ, differential stress, Tom and Brown, Pezo and Uzan, (equations 2 to 7). The results of this modelation are presented in Tables 5 and 6.  Model EquationMr = k1σ3k2 (2) Mr = k3θk4 (3) Mr = k5σdk6 (4) Mr = k7(p/q)k8 (5) Mr = k9qk10σ3k11 (6) Mr = k12θk13qk14 (7)    6where:    Mr - resilient modulus   σ3 - confining stress   θ - first invariant of stress  (θ = σ1 + σ2 + σ3)  σd - differential stress  (σd = q = σ1-σ3)  k1 to k12 - material constants  Table 5. Modelation results for limestone  Limestone Laboratory conditions r2 in situ conditions r2Mr = 880.91σ30.3916 0.8914 Mr =1488.00σ30.5195 0.8898 Mr = 522.13θ0.4388 0.8914 Mr = 744.47θ0.5832 0.9857 Mr = 771.22σd0.3854 0.8347 Mr = 1256.10σd0.5140 0.8423 Mr = 288.82(p/q)0.0533 0.0041 Mr = 339.19(p/q)0.0634 0.0033 Mr = 583.98θ0.3672q0.0821 0.9963 Mr = 883.67θ0.4647q0.1301 0.9981 Mr = 973.52q0.1930σ30.2543 0.9973 Mr = 1681.55q0.2696σ30.3215 0.9988  Table 6. Modelation results for granite  Granite Laboratory conditions r2 in situ conditions r2Mr = 863.241σ30.5521 0.9401 Mr = 770.65σ30.5495 0.9213 Mr = 406.38θ0.6067 0.9981 Mr = 366.57θ0.6088 0.9945 Mr = 654.05σd0.5078 0.7691 Mr = 607.53σd0.5204 0.7995 Mr = 177.49(p/q)0.1718 0.0224 Mr = 160.33(p/q)0.1295 0.0126 Mr = 417.43θ0.5902q0.0193 0.9982 Mr = 408.43θ0.5482q0.0753 0.9982 Mr = 945.90q0.1954σ30.4093 0.9986 Mr = 872.65q0.2388σ30.3798 0.9990  When using the Tom and Brown (p/q) model, there was no correlation because the determination coefficient, r2, was about zero for the two materials and the two conditions of compaction. For the other models better correlations were obtained, with determination coefficients varying between 0.769 and 0.999.  The best simulation, i.e. best r2 for the two compaction conditions  was obtained using the Pezo Model. The best results were obtained for the granite with in situ conditions of compaction, for which a determination coefficient of 0.999 was obtained.  5. COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR WITH OTHER MATERIALS  The mechanical behaviour of the two materials characterized in this work was compared with a limestone used as the subgrade layer in the VLA road [11] and a limestone used as the subbase in the A6 motorway [12]. Although the conditions of the tri-axial cyclic test were not exactly the same, the results are comparable for the same level of stresses. These materials were characterized in the Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) using compacted test specimens 300mm in diameter and 600mm high.  The modulus test was carried out in 9 sequences of 150 cycles each.  The conditions of compaction for each material are shown in Table 7. Table 8 shows the sequences of stresses used in the test and the respective resilient modulus.   7The resilient modulus data was subjected to a modelation using equations (2) and (3) [13]. The results are presented in Table 9.  Figures 7 and 8 show these models and the ones obtained for the materials characterized in this work.  Table 7. Compaction conditions and layer of VLA and A6 materials ([11,12,13])  γd max w Road Material Layer Specimen(g/cm3) (%) CT1 5.2 VLA Limestone SubgradeCT2 2.1 4.6 1C 4.2 2C 2.2 A 6 “Catbritas” Limestone Subbase3C 2.25 4.2  Table 8. Resilient modulus of VLA and A6 materials [11,12,13]  σ3 σ1- σ3 ner Resilient modulus (MPa) Road (kPa) (kPa) cycles 1C 2C 3C CT1 CT2 Medium value 35 269 283 308 - - 287 70 297 296 336 - - 310 35 105 329 327 379 - - 345 50 337 346 406 - - 363 100 368 375 442 - - 395 70 150 415 406 485 - - 435 70 438 436 506 - - 460 140 477 464 565 - - 502 A6 105 210 524 526 622 - - 557 50 150 - - - 582 638 610 VLA 75 220 150 - - - 613 - 613  Table 9. Modelation results of VLA and A6 materials [11,12,13]  Road Specimen Mr = k1σ3k2 r2 Mr = k3θk4 r2CT1 Mr = 1259 σ30.27 0.9600 Mr = 645 θ0.18 0.4600 VLA CT2 Mr = 1257 σ30.25 0.8400 Mr = 1000 θ0.38 0.4000 1C - - Mr = 11,519 θ0.6333 0.9762 2C - - Mr = 14,862 θ0.5877 0.9583 A 6 3C - - Mr = 11,321 θ0.6650 0.9731    80501001502002503003504004505005506006507007508008500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220Confining stress (kPa)Resilient modulusl (MPa) Limest. Lab. Cond. Limest. Lab. Cond.Granite Lab. Cond.Granite Lab. Cond.Limest. in situCond.Limest. in situCond.Granite  in situCond.Granite  in situCond.VLA CT1VLA CT1VLA CT2VLA CT2  Figure 7- Resilient modulus and behaviour models (Mr = k1σ3k2) of the materials characterized in this work and used in the VLA [11,12,13]  010020030040050060070080090010000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800First invariant of stress (kPa)Resilient modulus (MPa)Limest. Lab. Cond.Limest. Lab. Cond.Granite Lab. Cond.Granite Lab. Cond.Limest. in situ Cond.Limest. in situ Cond.Granite in situ Cond.Granite in situ Cond.VLA CT1VLA CT1VLA CT2VLA CT2A6 1CA6 1CA6 2CA6 2CA6 3CA6 3C  Figure 8- Resilient modulus and behaviour models (Mr = k3θk4) of the materials characterized in this work and used in the VLA and A6 [11,12,13]  Comparing the resilient modulus of the different materials, limestone from the A23 had lowest resilient modulus for laboratory compaction conditions.  It differed differing significantly to the VLA source. i.e. approximately  9twice greater.  For the in situ compaction conditions , values of the same order of greatness were obtained for the granites but higher for the limestone of A23, presenting values between 160 MPa and 600 MPa, close to the values presented by the limestone of VLA.  Relatively to the mechanical behaviour modelation, for two models referred in the case of VLA and one in the case of A6, is verified that, when the resilient modulus depends on confining stress, the adjustment for all the materials is not very good, since r2 varies between 0.8898, for the limestone of A23 for conditions in situ, and 0.9600, for the specimen CT1 of VLA.  When the resilient modulus depends of the first invariant of stress (θ), it is verified that the best adjustment is obtained now for the granite in study, for any of the conditions of compaction, with r2 varying from 0.9945 to 0.9981, and that the worst adjustment is obtained for the materials of VLA with r2 varying between 0.4000 and 0.4600. The other two materials, limestone from A23 and from A6, present r2 varying between 0.8914 and 0.9857.  6. CONCLUSIONS   Analysing the characterization results of the two materials, we may conclude that they are not plastic and, according to the Technical Guide for the Construction of Embankments and Subgrade Pavement [14], we may even consider that the fines are not sensible to the water, given the values of adsorption of the blue methylen obtained. We conclude, on the other hand, that it is a material with good capacity of resistance, average CBR values varying between 85 % and 90 %, as well as a good resistance to deterioration by abrasion and impact, taking into account the results of the Los Angeles and micro-Deval tests.  In what says respect to the mechanical behaviour we verify, for values of optimum moisture content and 95% of maximum dry density, values of the resilient modulus variable between, approximately, 160 MPa and 450 MPa, to the limestone and between 90 MPa and 300 MPa to the granite. Considering the in situ conditions those values varies between 160 MPa and 600 MPa to the limestone and between 80 and 300 MPa to the granite, function of the load conditions. So, the values of resilient modulus for the limestone laboratory conditions is almost the same of the VLA limestone, which presents the higher values from the 4 that we compared.   We verify, on the other hand, in what says respect to the permanent deformation, that it varies between 0.4 % and 1.4 % for the limestone and between 1.2 % and 3.4 % for the granite.  In terms of the resilient modulus modelation, it was verified that the better simulation of the resilient behaviour of the two materials is obtained for the Pezo model [9], which relates the resilient modulus with the differential stress (q) and the confining stress (σ3).  When compared the modelation of the mechanical behaviour with the one of other materials, it is verified that when the resilient modulus depends on the confining stress (σ3), the adjustment found for the materials of VLA, for the limestone and for the granite studied in this work is not very good, since r2 varied from 0.8898, for the limestone of A23 for conditions in situ, to 0.9600, for the specimen CT1 of VLA.  When the resilient modulus depends of the first invariant of stress (θ), it is verified that the best adjustment obtained is now for the granite in study, for any of the compaction conditions, with r2 varying from 0.9945 to 0.9981 and that the worst adjustment it verified for the materials of VLA with r2 varying between 0.4000 and 0.4600. The other two analysed materials, limestone from A23 and limestone from A6, present r2 varying between 0.8914 and 0.9857.  AKNOWLEDGEMENT:  This research is being developed with the support of the Program for the Educative Development in Portugal (PRODEP III), Measure 5 - Action 5.3 - Advanced Formation of Teachers of the Superior Education, through the scholarship given to the first author, which we are thankful for. We would like  10also to thank to the Directorate Board of SCUTVIAS Auto-estradas da Beira Interior for their help with data concerning the motorway A 23.  REFERENCES:  [1] AASHTO TP 46 (1994): Standard test method for determining the resilient modulus of soils and aggregate materials. [2] LNEC E 237 (1970): Ensaio de Desgaste pela Máquina de Los Angeles. Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisboa. [3] NP EN 1097-1 (2002). Ensaios das propriedades mecânicas dos agregados. Parte 1: Determinação da resistência ao desgaste (micro-Deval). Instituto Português da Qualidade, Lisboa Hudson, W.R., R. Haas, and W. Uddin. Infrastructure Management. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, USA, 1997. [4] LNEC E 199 (1967). Solos. Ensaio de Equivalente de Areia. Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisboa. [5] NF P 18-592 (1990): Granulats. Essai au Bleu de Méthylène. Méthode à la Tache. AFNOR, Paris. [6] LNEC E 198 (1967): Solos. Determinação do CBR. Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisboa. [7] BS 1377: part 4 (1990): Soils for civil engineering purposes. Part 4. Compaction-related tests. British standard institution [8] LNEC E 233 (1969): Agregados. Análise Granulométrica. Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisboa. [9] Lekarp, F.; Isacsson, U.; Dawson, A.(2000a). “State of the art. I: Resilient response of unbound aggregates”. Journal of Transportation Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 126, nº1, pp 66-75 [10] NCHRP (1998). “Laboratory Determination of Resilient Modulus for Flexible Pavement Design”, Final Report, Web Doc 14, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, USA. [11] Freire, A. C. (1994). “Estudos relativos a camadas de pavimentos constituídas por materiais granulares”. Tese de Mestrado. Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisboa,. [12] Hadjadji, T.; Quaresma, L. (1998). “Estudo do comportamento mecânico de camadas granulares do pavimento da Auto-estrada nº6, sub-lanço Évora - Estremoz”. Relatório 164/98, NPR, LNEC. Lisboa  [13] Luzia, R. (1998). “Fundação de pavimentos rodoviários. Estudo da utilização de materiais xisto-grauváquicos”. Tese de Mestrado. Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra  [14] LCPC/SETRA (1992): Réalisation des Remblais et des Couches de Forme. Guide Technique. LCPC/SETRA, Paris.  11

Behaviour models for UGM using cyclic tri-axial tests

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Behaviour models for UGM using cyclic tri-axial tests

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