São descritos os critérios de uma base de dados sobre vegetação com capacidade de utilização em sistemas construtivos.São apresentados e ilustrados os critérios de caracterização.É apresentada a estrutura da base de dados

Fernandes, João Paulo

Pires, Henrique

Souto Cruz, Carlos

Repositório Científico da Universidade de Évora

09-01-20121Building a Database of plantsfor restoration processes in theMediterranean contextCriteria and current researchJoão Paulo FernandesDepartment of landscape, environmentand planningInstitut for mediterranean agrarian and environmental sciences (ICAAM)University of Évora, Portugaljptaf@netcabo.ptBioengineering is a specific discipline of engineering, oriented and framed bu biologyDefinition of BioingeneeringEngineering(latin ingeniu = “inventing skill, talent") is the art, the science and the technique of association of specialized (scientific) knowledge, their technical / economical viability in order to produce new commodities and / or transform nature according to well planed ideas and concepts.In practice is the application of same kind of specialized knowledge associated to common sense. 09-01-20122Plants and parts of plants are used as living building materials, in a combination with soil and rock, in such a way as to provide in the course of their development along-term protection against all forms of erosion. Additionally is the ability to use vegetation and vegetation communities in order to allow their fast recover after disturbances and favor the development of ecosystems better articulated with societal pressures without losses in their value and functionalityWhy are plants so important?For example: Soil stability and protection• Cover functions– Through their leaves, branches and trunk plants ensure a more or less dense ground cover. Particularly herbaceous are able to build in a very short term, a very efficient cover that acts as a damping system against the direct impact of rain, wind or even surface runoff.  This determines a clear reduction of the erodibility of such environmental factors. These cover ability is also ensured by dense tree or shrub formations together with an intense interception of rainfall that favors the later evaporation of water as well as its slow infiltration and runoff.• Soil agregation and anchoring functions– Trough their roots vegetation performs a set of physical actions that increase the mechanical stability of soils, its cohesion allowing, therefore slopes steeper than the natural stability angle of their constituent material. These functions are achieved mainly in two ways:– Root ramifications penetrate the soil and build a dense network (whose density and depth depends on the plant species) that envelopes and gives structure to the soil particles, increasing their aggregation. – Big, deep roots destined to anchor the plant to the soil, ensure, at least up to two meters depth that any shear plan is penetrated and anchored, reducing the risk of land slides along that discontinuity surface. 09-01-20123• Structuration functions – in adition to the physical agregation and structuration actions, the chemical and biological interactions between the roots and soil give a decisive contribution to soil agregation and, therefore, stability. These actions are performed by the biochemical segregats from the roots and the production of humus due to the decay of organic matter from dead plants.• Cohesion and drainage functions- Plants due to their water needs give an important contribution to the reduction of the amount of water in the soil pores due their absortion and transpiration. This absortion determines an increase on soil particle cohesion. (We must, nevertheles be aware that these effects are partialy reversed trough the increased infiltration potentiated by vegetation).• Biological activation functions– These functions, although not directly conected with the increase of soil stability, give an important contribution trough all the chemical, biochemical and microbiological interactions that are ensured by a functional soil biosystem.EFECTSVegetation characteristicsGround cover %HeightWeightForm and length of leaves and branchesLeave and branch densityLeave and branch strengthLeaf and branch flexibilityRoot depthRoot densityRoot resistanceAnnual growth cycleOn the water processes and balancesProtection against intense rainfall X X XProtection against water erosion X XProtection against surface runoff X X X X X XSlowing and deviation of water flow X X X XRetention of debris during flash floods XInfiltration X X X XEvaporation X XSoil water retention X XOn the air flow (wind)Suspension particles X X XFlow deviation X X X XSuperficial drag X X X X XProtection against noise X X X XOn soil protectionProtection against wind erosion X X X X X X XProtection against rock fall X X X XInvolve the soil particles by roots X XSoil anchoring and buttressing X X XProtection against wash out of soil particlesX XOther functions of vegetation09-01-20124EFECTSVegetation characteristicsGround cover %HeightWeightForm and length of leaves and Leave and branch densityLeave and branch strengthLeaf and branch flexibilityRoot depthRoot densityRoot resistanceAnnual growth cycleOn soil proprietiesBiochemical aggregation of soil particlesX XIncrease of pore volume X X XImprovement of microorganisms living conditionsX X XHumus formation X X XOn groundwaterEvapotranspiration X X X XSoil water content X XInternal drainage X XOn the characteristics of the rock Erosion X X X X XTransport X X XIsolation X X XFilter X X X XOwn resistance X X X X X X XMechanicalSurcharge XSurface mat / net X X XRoot reinforcement X X X XAnchoring / restraint X X XButtressing / arching X XRoot wedging X X X X XExpansive action due to root thickness X X XCompression X X XOn environmental qualityRemoval of eutrophic substances X XDust filtration and deposition X X XNoise absorption X X X X XMilder microclimate X X X XSelection of plant species for BioengineeringThe species building the natural vegetation communities of each site, particular the ones corresponding the first successional stages, must build the first orientation for species selection. 09-01-20125Within this set of species and considering their individual characteristics the selection criteria are very diverse:• Pioneer character (ecological strategy); • Adaptation to the site and the projected ecological community (functional, ecological and genetic)• Adaptation to the local stress factors (soil and climate)• Resistance / resilience to disturbances• Resistance to local pathogens• Guarantee that the selected species combination ensures a balanced succession• Existence of development and dispersal conditions (mycorrhizae, pollinators, dispersers)• Typology of vegetative propagation and establishment (seed, vegetative cutting, rooted plant, etc.);• Availability of establishment material (ease to obtain and to establish on site or nursery);• Establishment and development speed;• Technical functionality (cover, typologies of root growing and development, influence on the balance of nutrients, absorption and retention of contaminants, etc.) • Ease of maintenance.• Correspondence or adaptation to the site, ensuring that the selected plant material correspond to the ecological conditions of the site and the local vegetation communities and that all plant material is obtained in the vicinity in order to prevent genetic contaminations.  We plead, on the basis of latest results in soil-bioengineering, for the use of plant species that have not been changed by breeding and are of regional origin.Plants that are of regionally distinctive origins from the wild show the following advantages compared with varieties or alien species and genotypes:– successful and enduring effect with an optimal adaptation to the ecosystem– better adaptation to extreme sites and regional climatic and geological distinctions– only possibility to actively develop plant communities typical for the specific landscape– better and sustainable integration into the natural environment and landscape– better cost-benefit ratio and higher economic efficiencyIn addition to these advantages, the use of regionally distinctive plants is compliant with the demands of the Convention on Biological Diversity of Rio de Janeiro 1992 for the conservation of biological diversity.To make use of these advantages, there has to be laid out the legal basis for trading and introduction of plant- and seed material unchanged by breeders into nature. All constraints for the marketing of "preservation seed" (wild plants) in relation to their propagation, marketing and release, which should be valid after the decision on the draft of the directive on preservation seed mixtures by the EU-Commission (e.g. restriction on volume) are counter-productive for near-natural protection measures and therefore no such restrictions should be introduced. This also affects the decision concerning the obligation to provide evidence about the danger of genetic impoverishment of species, to be allowed to propagate "preservation seed" of those species and to make them available.Regarding the allocation of contracts in practice a legal basis has to be created, both at an European (EU) as well as at a regional level, so that it is possible to realise and control the targets of the Rio Convention in the sphere of seed- and plant production, and their trade and use.Resolution approved in the "Soil-Bioengineering: Ecological Restorationwith Native Plant and Seed Material“ Conference, 200609-01-20126Acer monspessulanumSerra da Arrábida, Portugalsul de FrançaFranceCytisus multiflorusFrom a spanish hurseryIn natural shrublands09-01-20127From an english nurseryErica umbellataIn natural shrublandsInformation for species selectionPresently species selection is made on the basis of phytossociological studies but it is still observed a almost complet lack of information on the technical and ecological characteristics of each species in each context.This derives from the lack of systematic research and data sampling and systematisation.09-01-20128This situation is particular serious inmediterranean areasDue to the particular difficult ecological conditions that make the establishment of plants relatively hazardousTherefore the need for a databaseInformation needs The framework for a Database on plants for Bioengineering application in mediterranean conditions will include information of different nature for each plant:• Ecological characteristics– Type of habitat and ecological region– Indication values (Ellenberg)– Biotechnical characteristics– Ecological strategies• Morphometric characteristics– Leaves, branches and trunk– Roots– Root parameterization• Technical characteristics– As building material– Regarding environmental factors09-01-20129Ecological characteristicsHabitat types (e.g. EUNIS, 2004)Características ecológicasBioindication values (Ellenberg, 1974, 1979, 1992; Pignatti, S., 2005)Light (L)Temperature (T)Continentality (C)Moisture or water availability(H)Soil reaction(R)Nutrients (N)Salinity (S)Biotechnical characteristics(Schiechtl, 1980)Growth (years)Root growth(cm)New sprouts(cm)Height/diameterSizeGrowth rateType of vegetative propagationSoil typepH SaltNutrientsMoistExcess waterDroughtTemperatureShadowTolerance to altitudeFodder valueSeeds/grSeed rate(Kg/ha)DistributionEcological strategies in the regenerative stage(Grime, 2002)CSR classification (C- Competitive, S – Stress tolerant, R - Ruderals)Vegetative expansion (V)Seasonal regeneration in vegetation gaps (S)Regeneration involving a persistent bank of seeds or spores (Bs)Regeneration involving numerous wind-dispersed seeds or spores (W)Regeneration involving a bank of persistent seedlings (Bsd)09-01-201210Características MorfométricasAbove ground(Cornelini et al., 2008)Presumable age (years)Height above groundDiameter at 20 cm height (mm)Maximal canopy diameter (cm)Root system(Cornelini et al., 2008)Root depth (cm)Root amplitude (diameter of the entire root system) (cm)Length of secondary roots(cm)Thickness of main root(mm)Average root thickness (mm)Secondary root thickness (mm)Dimensions of the rooted space(cm)Type of root:Pivoting FasciculateSuperficialAerialVolume of rooted soilRoot systemParametrización dos sistemas radiculares para el análisis da estabilidad de encostas con vegetación(Preti, 2008 in Cornelini, 2008)Rooted area relation RAR(z)RAR(z) =Ar(z)i= Area of the i-esime seccionated root at depth zArs(z)= Area of rooted soil at depth zz= depthm= nº of roots at depth zRoot cohesion Cv(z)Cv(z) = K normaly1,2Trj= traction resistance of the j-esime class of root diameter (MPa)Ar(z)j= sum of all cross areas of roots of the j-esime class of root diameter N= nº of diameter classes at depth zAdimensional Index of root architectureIndex of root semi-sphericityA=1/2*(P/Aip) (1/2*(root depth / root amplitude)Adimentional indexes of stability andsolidityIndex of relative stability S=P/H (root depth  / height above groundIndex of potential stabilitySp=L/H (length of main root / height above ground)Index of relative soliditys=Aip/Aep(Root amplitude / Plant amplitude above ground)Global stability indexesIndex of root stabilityR=S*s (relative stability  * relative solidity)Index of global stabilityP=S(s)2(relative stability *(relative solidity)2)Syntethic parameters (Cornelini et al., 2008)09-01-201211Technical characteristicsTechnical proprieties of vegetation (Sutilli2007) Vegetative development after a standard period of growth after plantationAverage number of spouts / plantAverage sprout lengthSum of all sprouts lengthAverage number of roots per plantSum of the length of all plant rootsMedium root lengthFlexibility (according to the diameter)Resistance to traction (MPa)Other technical parametersAyala Carcedo et al., 1989Degree of ground coverAdaptation to particular substrates:ToxicMetalsAlkalinity or acidySaltDroughtLack of nutrientsWater stress (excess)Adverse structuresAbility to fix NExamples of research aiming atthe identification andcharacterisation of vegetation for Bioengineering and restoration inthe Mediterranean area09-01-201212Gianluigi Pirrera - AIPIN Sicilia 23Summing up of preliminary results (SICILY)Species more adequated to stabilisation and consolidationSpecies more adequated to anti-erosion interventionsAnagyris foetida Artemisia arborescens Artemisia variabilis Daphne gnidiumAsparagus acutifolius Erica multifloraAsparagus albus Olea europaea L. var. sylvAtriplex haliminus Osyris alba Calicotome spinosa Phlomis fruticosaCapparis spinosa Pistacia lentiscus Cistus monspeliensis Prunus spinosaCistus salvifolius Prunus webbyColutea arborescens Pyrus amygdaliformis Crataegus monogyna Quercus calliprinosEphedra fragilis Rhus coriaria Euphorbia characias Rosa caninaEuphorbia dendroides Rosmarinus officinalisEuphorbia rigida Sarcopoterium spinosumRosa sempervirens Teucrium fruticansSalsola verticillata Ulmus minorSpartium junceum Tamarix gallicaThymus capitatusRoot / Shoot relation in mediterranean shrubs indiferent ecological conditionsRelaciones entre la biomasa de las raíces y la biomasa de la rama (Silva y Rego 2004)09-01-201213Fitogeographical zonation of species with ability for bioengineering interventions in PortugalESPECIENWmNNWmSNWoNNWoS NelNeu TQ TFCWaCWbCWcaCWcCwo CN CSaCSm CSp CEcCEmNCEmSSWmSWmeSWsSEm SEsBarrocBarlvSotvJuniperus turbinata E E E E E E E E E E E E E ESalix fragilis L. SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SESalix alba L. subsp. alba E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E ESalix vitellina (L.) Arcangeli SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SESalix triandra L. subsp. discolor E E E E E ESalix atrocinerea Brot. E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E ESalix salvifolia Brot. subp. Salvifolia E E E E E E E E E E E E E E ESalix salvifolia Brot. subp. Australis E E E ESalix repens L. ESalix arenaria L. EJuglans regia L. SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SEBetula celtiberica Rothm. & Vasc. E EAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E ECorylus avellana L. E E E E E ECastanea sativa Miller SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SEQuercus coccifera L. E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EQuercus rotundifolia Lam. E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EQuercus suber L. E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EQuercus robur L. E E E E EQuercus pyrenaica Willd. E E E E E E E E E E E E EQuercus faginea Lam. E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EHabitats where species with ability for bioengineering interventions can be usedin PortugalHABITAT ESPECIE LIT CON CUL HID HIG MES XER RIP RUP OMB RUD DUN SAP PRA MTS MTG MON PIN FLO SEB CAS ARE CAL UBS PAN HAL SHA AGRJuniperus turbinata X X X X X X XSalix fragilis L. X X X XSalix alba L. subsp. alba X X X XSalix vitellina (L.) Arcangeli X X X XSalix triandra L. subsp. discolor X X X X XSalix atrocinerea Brot. X X X X XSalix salvifolia Brot. subp. Salvifolia X X X X XSalix salvifolia Brot. subp. Australis X X X X XSalix repens L. X X X X X XSalix arenaria L. X X X X X X XJuglans regia L. X X X X X XBetula celtiberica Rothm. & Vasc. X X X X X X XAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner X X X XCorylus avellana L. X X X X XCastanea sativa Miller X X X XQuercus coccifera L. X X X X X X X X XQuercus rotundifolia Lam. X X X X X X X09-01-201214ECOSLOPESAir spade Expose and label root systemDr Joanne E. NorrisECOSLOPES Root pull out apparatusDr Joanne E. Norris09-01-201215ECOSLOPESIn situ shear testing apparatus – Mark 2Dr Joanne E. NorrisThank you for your atention!

Building a Database of plants for restoration processes in the mediterranean context - criteria and current research

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Building a Database of plants for restoration processes in the mediterranean context - criteria and current research

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