No-till - A component of European Agricultural Policy and its capability to boost agricultural development in countries of the post-Soviet region

Basch, G.

English

Repositório Científico da Universidade de Évora

No-till - as a component of European Agricultural Policy and capability to boost agricultural development in countries of the post-Soviet region 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Contents  Agricultural Policy and Conservation Agriculture (CA)   CA globally and in Europe  The case for CA in Eastern Countries 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 CAP Reform  2014 - 2020  9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012  Viable food production  Sustainable management of natural resources and climate action  Balanced territorial development What is CAP looking for? 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 … or in more detail:  Reasonable farm income  Globalization of agricultural markets  Competitiveness of European agriculture  Cost effectiveness of EU budget  High quality products at affordable prices  High levels of production and productivity  Food security (and safe food)  Viable food production 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012  Protection of soil, water, air, biodiversity, environmental services  Climate Change (Mitigation, Resilience)  Bio-energy crops  Resource efficiency … or in more detail:  Sustainable Management of natural resources and climate action 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 … or in more detail:  Diversity and maintenance of habitats  Rural prosperity  Landscape and ecosystem management  Balanced territorial development 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Maybe something like this? 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 CAP 2020  Environment Biodiversity Diversity of Rural Areas   Natural Constraints Climate change Competitiveness Farm income Production Productivity CAP reform aims to address: 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 But how to achieve these  multiple (sometimes conflicting)  objectives? Which approach? 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 We need to answer the question: How to produce more from less? With less environmental impact ! With lower production costs to improve competitiveness ! While adapting to and mitigating Climate Change ! With higher resource efficiency (land, water, nutrients, PPPs, labour, …)! With less bureaucracy ! With less subsidies (compensatory payments) ! With reduced energy inputs and carbon emissions ! 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012   Integrating Agricultural Production with Ecosystem Services Strategy for Sustainable Production  Intensification  9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 by Conservation Agriculture Soil Organic Carbon Minimum / no soil disturbance Permanent cover residues/cover crop Species diversity/ crop rotations Soil/Water Protection & Fertility Improved Productivity & Ecosystem Serv. All Production Systems & Agroecologies 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 How does CA look like in practice? 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Minimum soil disturbance Cover crops Cover crops and residues Residues Minimum soil disturbance Cover crops Cover crops and residues Residues Diversified crop rotations to minimize external inputs  How does tillage farming compare? 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Good agricultural and environmental condition? But underneath? The same field, the same slope, the same crop! Traditional Tillage        No-till into residues 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Therefore… Crop Yields, Profitability & Competitiveness Biodiversity  & Beautiful landscape  Less surface runoff & Floods Less soil erosion & Soil Compaction Soil Fertility & Carbon sequestration Conservation Agriculture 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 What we need now to make Sustainability real in CAP?  Recognition and acceptance of CA as the most sustainable food production system base  Recognition of the need for farming to be resource efficient and deliver ecosystem services  Accept the need for using available new knowledge and technology/practices to optimise production  Promote/incentivise/oblige the adoption of CA for sustainable production intensification 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 How to “oblige” (1st pillar)  and  promote/incentivise (2nd pillar)? 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012  Strengthen cross-compliance requirements (GAEC + SMRs) through clear but simple definitions of easily verifiable requirements that have a positive effect on ecosystem services: Alternative 1st Pillar (greening) options 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012  Strengthen cross-compliance requirements (GAEC + SMRs) through clear but simple definitions of easily verifiable requirements that have a positive effect on ecosystem services, e.g.: Alternative 1st Pillar (greening) options - Soil quality and functions - Water resources (quality/quantity) - Biodiversity - Climate change mitigation & resilience 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012  Additional practices could apply for the achievement of greening objectives (at least 3): - Maintaining permanent pastures - Ecological focus area - Crop diversification (rotational) - Low soil disturbance - Permanent soil cover Alternative 1st Pillar (greening) options Proposed by Commission Proposed by ECAF 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012  Accept production systems based on the principles and practices of Conservation Agriculture as “equivalent” to what is proposed for the “Greening” of the 1st pillar - Minimum soil disturbance - Permanent soil cover - Crop rotation Alternative 1st Pillar (greening) options 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Minimum soil disturbance* - At least 50% of a farm’s area under annual crops must be established continuously using no-till; - In perennial crops the use of tillage implements for the management of the interrow space is allowed only in exceptional situations.  9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 *     Minimum soil disturbance refers to low disturbance no-tillage and direct seeding. The disturbed area must be less than 15 cm wide or less than 25% of the cropped area (whichever is lower). There should be no periodic tillage that disturbs a greater area than the aforementioned limits. Strip tillage is allowed if the disturbed area is less than the set limits.   Permanent soil cover - At least on 50% of a farm’s area under annual crops, a minimum soil cover of 30% of the surface area must be guaranteed immediately after the direct seeding operation; - In perennial crops a minimum of 50% of the soil surface must be covered by cover crops and/or residues in the interrow space.  9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012  Crop rotation/diversification - In annual cropping systems a minimum of 3 different crop species must be used in the rotation, and a maximum of two thirds of the farm surface can be cropped with gramineae species.  - In perennial crops species diversity should be achieved through the establishment of a cover crop or the maintenance of the natural vegetation in the interrow space.  9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012  Define criteria/indicators to monitor and reward farming practices/farmers according their delivery of ecosystem services   Increasing 2nd pillar budget to implement measures that clearly promote sustainable production approaches (minimizing co-financing burden through member states)  Temporary incentives for the adoption of CA based sustainable approaches to cover possible adaptation “risks” and to invest in specific new equipment 2nd Pillar options 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Reduction in soil disturbance % Soil cover and biomass production %  Intensive soil disturbance No soil disturbance  Soil cover Crop rotation Bare soil                   Sustainable          Agriculture       CA - Systems   IMPROVEMENT AND PROGRESS AT THE FARM LEVEL 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Conservation Agriculture does work successfully in all agro-ecologies 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF THE SPREAD OF  CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE 5th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, Brisbane, 26-29 September 2011 slide 2/x 0204060801001201401601974 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 1999 2002 2003 2007 2010 2011million  ha Global Adoption of No-till/CA Global CA area Mill. haNo-Tillage124 mill. ha 150 mill. ha 9th Inte national No-t ll Confer nce in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Soane et al. 2012 The case for CA in Eastern countries  9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Suitability factors for uptake of CA Soane et al. 2012         Evaporative demand (mm d-1)   Residues (kg ha-1) Corn Wheat Soil type Corn Wheat 8 6 3 7 5.2 3 Loamy sand 0 0 74.2 82.0 57.2 59.2 68.0 47.9 Heavy clay 0 0 56.4 74.2 56.4 54.7 59.0 46.9 Loamy sand 5000 3500 40.2 28.9 19.0 38.0 28.4 18.5 Heavy clay 5000 3500 35.7 30.1 22.2 35.2 32.0 22.8 Loamy sand 10000 7000 20.4 19.8 18.6 20.6 20.0 16.5 Heavy clay 10000 7000   21.1 18.1 13.6   20.3 17.1 13.1 Total soil evaporation during 21 days  Freitas et al. 2006 Water deficit/Climate change Soil porosity and available water Water deficit/Climate change 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 CO2 & H2O loss from Low vs High Disturbance Drills 0.38 0.353.01012345None Low HighDisturbance TypeCO2 loss (gCO2/m2/h)CO2 lossEvaporation000.20.40.60.81.0Evaporation (mm/h)0.700.170.35 Water deficit/Climate change 0246810Runoff (cm) Yield (tons/ha) RUE (kg/mm)Runoff, Yield and RUENo-till conventional tillKosgei et al. 2007 Runoff, corn yields and Rain Use Efficiency in a semi-arid environment Soil/Crop suitability Large areas 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Soil/Crop suitability Large areas Carbon farming 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990Year01234Soil Organic Carbon (%)W heat, 6 Tons Manure/yearCorn, 6 Tons Manure/yearContinuous W heatContinuous CornSanborn Field:  MissouriEstimatedto 4 % in 1888W agner (1989)Morrow Plots:  IllinoisCorn-Oats-Hay RotationCorn-Oats (1885-1953, Corn-Soybeans (1954-Present)Continuous CornLong Term Effects of Crop Rotations9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Canada Germany Italy Spain Portugal 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Soil organic matter t/ha Conventional tillage No-till Years of trial Accumulation t·ha -1 ·year -1 18 10   5 12   4 1,1 1,5 0,8 0,8 1,0 Evolution of SOM as a result of different tillage systems 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Soil/Crop suitability Large areas Carbon farming Economics 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Summary of variable annual expenses with  tractors and drilling equipment (600 ha farm) 9th International No-till Conference in Dnipropetrovsk, UKRAINE, June 19-22, 2012 Thank you For your attention! www.ecaf.org 

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No-till - A component of European Agricultural Policy and its capability to boost agricultural development in countries of the post-Soviet region

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