The life history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is described in detail based on observations from Marion County, Florida. Notes on the life history of Enaphalodes bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva from Honduras are also provided. Enaphalodes bingkirki is reported from Honduras for the first time

Vlasak, Josef

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Vlasak, Josef (2018): Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Insecta Mundi 671: 1-8, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.371348

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Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

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Vlasak, Josef (2018): Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Insecta Mundi 671: 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.371348

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University of Nebraska - LincolnDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - LincolnInsecta Mundi Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville,Florida2018Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodesarchboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E.bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)Josef Vlasakjosef_vlasak@merck.comFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundiPart of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@Universityof Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska- Lincoln.Vlasak, Josef, "Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter andSantos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)" (2018). Insecta Mundi. 1183.http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1183Center for SyStematiC entomology, inC., Gainesville, FLInsecta MundI A Journal of World Insect Systematics0671Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi  Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki  Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)Josef Vlasak207 Silverbrook Dr.Schwenksville, PA 19473, USADate of issue: November 30, 201806711–8urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DA65E553-0721-48FA-A774-85F8ABDBB5FD201830NovemberJosef VlasakNotes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)Insecta Mundi 0671: 1–8ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DA65E553-0721-48FA-A774-85F8ABDBB5FDPublished in 2018 byCenter for Systematic Entomology, Inc.P.O. Box 141874Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USAhttp://centerforsystematicentomology.org/Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine arthropod. Topics considered for publication include systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, checklists, faunal works, and natural history. Insecta Mundi will not consider works in the applied sciences (i.e. medical entomology, pest control research, etc.), and no longer publishes book reviews or editorials. Insecta Mundi publishes original research or discoveries in an inexpensive and timely manner, distributing them free via open access on the internet on the date of publication.Insecta Mundi is referenced or abstracted by several sources, including the Zoological Record and CAB Abstracts. Insecta Mundi is published irregularly throughout the year, with completed manuscripts assigned an individual number. Manuscripts must be peer reviewed prior to submission, after which they are reviewed by the editorial board to ensure quality. One author of each submitted manuscript must be a current member of the Center for Systematic Entomology.Guidelines and requirements for the preparation of manuscripts are available on the Insecta Mundi website at http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/insectamundi/Chief Editor: David Plotkin, insectamundi@gmail.comAssistant Editor: Paul E. Skelley, insectamundi@gmail.comHead Layout Editor: Robert G. ForsythEditorial Board: J. H. Frank, M. J. Paulsen, Michael C. ThomasReview Editors: Listed on the Insecta Mundi webpagePrinted copies (ISSN 0749-6737) annually deposited in librariesCSIRO, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaMuseu de Zoologia, São Paulo, Brazil Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada The Natural History Museum, London, UKMuzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warsaw, PolandNational Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanCalifornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USAFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USAField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USAZoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, RussiaElectronic copies (Online ISSN 1942-1354, CDROM ISSN 1942-1362) in PDF formatPrinted CD or DVD mailed to all members at end of year. Archived digitally by Portico.Florida Virtual Campus: http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/insectamundiUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-135240Copyright held by the author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons, Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/Layout Editor for this article: Robert G. Forsyth0671: 1–8 2018Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)Josef Vlasak207 Silverbrook Dr.Schwenksville, PA 19473, USAjosef_vlasak@merck.comAbstract. The life history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is described in detail based on observations from Marion County, Florida. Notes on the life history of Enaphalodes bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva from Honduras are also provided. Enaphalodes bingkirki is reported from Honduras for the first time.Key words. Elaphidiini, Florida, Honduras, larvae, life history, stem girdling.IntroductionThe genus Enaphalodes currently contains 16 species (Bezark 2018), with eight found in the United States, and the rest in Mexico, Central and South America. The genus was recently reviewed and four new species were described from Central America and Mexico (Lingafelter and Santos-Silva 2018). Most species found in the United States develop in oaks. Enaphalodes atomarius (Drury), E. his-picornis (Linnaeus), and E. niveitectus (Schaeffer) develop in dead oaks, typically in the basal parts of trunks (Craighead 1923; Cope 1984; Solomon 1995; Swift 2008). Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) develops in trunks and sometimes branches of living oaks (Craighead 1923). Enaphalodes cortiphagus (Craighead) develops in the outer bark of living mature oaks (Craighead 1923), which is a relatively uncommon strategy among Cerambycidae. Enaphalodes taeniatus (LeConte) has been reared from dead branches of Citrus L. (Dean 1953) and adult beetles have been found under dead bark of Salix L. (Linsley and Martin 1933) but it is not clear whether Salix actually represents a larval host. The larval host of E. seminitidus (Horn in Leng) is apparently unknown but adult beetles have been collected on declining Prosopis L. near Tucson, Arizona (Hovore and Giesbert 1976). The host plant of E. archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak was unknown.The natural history of species found south of the United States is mostly unknown. Based on the specimen label, an individual of E. senex (Bates) from Guatemala was reared from bark of Quercus L. (Lingafelter and Santos-Silva 2018). Enaphalodes coronatus (White) develops under bark of dead tropical hardwoods (author’s unpublished observation).Materials and MethodsImages of the habitat and larval workings were taken with an iPhone 7. Rearing occurred under in-house conditions. Reared specimens are deposited in the following collections:DJHC – Daniel Heffern Collection, Houston, Texas, USAJVC – Josef Vlasak Collection, Schwenksville, Pennsylvania, USARAAC – Robert A. Androw Collection, Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, USARLAC –Ronald L. Alten Collection, Alta Loma, California, USA2 • Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 VlasakResults and DiscussionEnaphalodes archboldi. Observations on the life history of E. archboldi were made in March 2018 in Marion County, Florida. Larval workings were initially noticed as cut-off stems of scrub oaks felled on the ground. The size of the larvae and the unique larval workings suggested that it may belong either to Romulus globosus Knull or E. archboldi. Rearing revealed that it was the latter species.E. archboldi develops in living stems (typically 2-5 cm in diameter) of scrub oaks (habitat and cut oak in Fig. 1-2) and pupates in the roots. Larvae were found in Quercus myrtifolia Willd., Quercus inopina Ashe, and Quercus geminata Small. Oviposition occurs in lower portions of the stem, about 50 cm or so above ground, although the height is quite variable. This statement is based on tracking larval galleries to their beginning. The young larva works its way down, usually circling the stem initially (Fig. 3) and then continues boring straight down just beneath the bark (Fig. 4). This relatively small and gradually widening subcortical gallery causes various perturbations in the bark such as cracks and swellings (Fig. 3). Sometimes the portion of the stem with the gallery inside becomes recessed as the surrounding living tissue grows and gains in circumference (Fig. 5). Slightly above the ground the larva completely severs the stem. Judging by the significant amount of expelled granular frass, it probably spends considerable time in this area (Fig. 6-8). Below this girdle, the larva constructs a short tunnel (10-20 cm long) into the roots. The tunnel is kept empty (Fig. 9) and it is later used for pupation. Girdled stems break off and can be readily seen in the vegetation (Fig. 2, 7). Both girdled ends are covered with tightly packed granular frass left by larval activity (Fig. 8). Prior to pupation the larva seals the tunnel with a fibrous plug. Adult beetles emerge through this tunnel after removing larval frass. Empty emergence holes from previous years can be seen in the field (Fig. 10).Overall, larval habits of E. archboldi are similar to several other elaphidiine beetles, for instance, Neaneflus fuchsii (Wickham) or Aneflomorpha subpubescens (LeConte). In all these species, the larvae start feeding in living stems, then girdle the stem at the ground level and travel down into the roots where they pupate (Heffern et al. 2018).In early March, large larvae that appeared mature were found in the tunnel. Typically, only one larva was found per stem, although two thicker stems contained two larvae each. The larvae were placed into rearing vials as described previously (Vlasak 2014). Several roots were also removed and placed into rearing containers. Transformation started many months later. The first pupa appeared in the second week of June and most larvae transformed into pupae in early to mid-July. The first adult transformed in the first week of July, followed by most adults in mid to late July and early August. The first adult emerged from the roots in the last week of July, the rest in early to mid-August. Only about 50% of larvae transformed into adult beetles. The rest slowly declined, shrank and, although still alive, were eventually discarded. A similar situation was observed in the roots; in mid-August the remaining roots were opened and, with the exception of one teneral adult, they contained shrunken larvae that did not appear to be in good health. The reason for their decline is unclear.Although adult beetles are apparently rare, larval workings were seen frequently in the beetle’s habitat. Approximately twenty larvae were found along a stretch of a forest trail about 0.5 miles long; most workings were visible directly from the trail. About half as many stems where the beetle emerged in previous years were also encountered. Similar frequency was observed inside the scrub-oak vegetation but the beetle seemed to be more common (or at least was easier found) in open, sandy areas where one could walk relatively freely among oak shrubs (Fig. 1). It has been reported that most specimens in collections (41 out of 46) are females (Lingafelter and Chemsak 2002). In this study, 12 females and 16 males were reared, suggesting that the apparent sex bias is likely a result of the collection method (specimens were collected at lights) and not a true bias in the population.Enaphalodes bingkirki. Observations on the life history of E. bingkirki were made at Masicarán, Tatumbla, Francisco Mozaran Dept., Honduras. The locality consisted of dry oak forest with inter-spersed vegetation of various shrubs and smaller trees. The beetle was found to develop in the outer bark of living Quercus segoviensis Liebm. Larval habits were similar to those of E. cortiphagus. The larva works mostly in the dead bark, sometimes slightly scoring the living tissue beneath. The pupal cell is constructed in the bark and the beetle chews an oval exit hole. Mature trees with thick bark are Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 • 3Natural history of EnaphalodEsstrongly preferred (as is typical for beetles developing in the outer bark) and can contain dozens of old emergence holes from previous years.Enaphalodes bingkirki was described recently from two female specimens collected in Nicaragua (Lingafelter and Santos-Silva 2018) so this collection (two females and one male) extends its distribu-tion to Honduras.AcknowledgmentsI thank Eric van den Berghe for his hospitality, for facilitating collecting at Masicarán, and for help identifying the species of Quercus from Masicarán. I want to thank Antonio Santos-Silva for confirming the identification of E. bingkirki. I am grateful to Bob Androw for improving an earlier version of the manuscript. Lastly, I would like to thank Bob Androw and Keith Philips for their comments and the review of the final manuscript.Literature CitedBezark, L. G. 2018. New World Cerambycidae Catalog. Available at https://apps2.cdfa.ca.gov/publicApps/plant/bycidDB/wdefault.asp. (Last accessed 14 August 2018.)Cope, J. 1984. Notes on the ecology of western Cerambycidae. The Coleopterists Bulletin. 38(l): 27–36.Craighead, F. C. 1923. North American cerambycid larvae. Bulletin of the Canadian Department of Agriculture (n. s.) 27: 1–239, 44 pls.Dean, H. A. 1953. Long-horned beetles that attack citrus in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology 46: 174.Heffern, J. H., J. Vlasak, and R. L. Alten. 2018. Larval host plant records, distributional records, and biological information on North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bul-letin 72(4): 739–750.Hovore, F. T., and E. F. Giesbert. 1976. Notes on the ecology and distribution of western Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bulletin. 30(4): 349–360.Lingafelter, S. W., and J. A. Chemsak. 2002. A new species of Enaphalodes Haldeman from Florida (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with review of genus, synonymy, and key to species. The Coleopterists Bulletin. 56(4): 569–581.Lingafelter, S. W., and A. Santos-Silva. 2018. New Central American and Mexican Enaphalodes Haldeman, 1847 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with taxonomic notes and a key to species. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58: 1–17.Linsley, E. G., and J. O. Martin. 1933. Notes on some longicorns from subtropical Texas. Entomologi-cal News 44(1): 78–183.Solomon, J. D. 1995. Guide to insect borers of North American broadleaf trees and shrubs. Agricultural Handbook No. 706. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; Washington, DC. 735 p.Swift, I. 2008. Ecological and biogeographical observations on Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from Cali-fornia, USA. Insecta Mundi 26: 1–7.Vlasak, J. 2014. New larval host records for North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). The Coleop-terists Bulletin 68(2): 316–320.Received September 20, 2018; accepted October 26, 2018. Review editor Michael C. Thomas.4 • Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 VlasakFigures 1–2. Scrub-oak habitat where Enaphalodes archboldi was found. 1) Opened areas with small oak scrubs and sand patches where most specimens were collected. 2) Severed stem that fell on the ground. These could be seen at a distance.Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 • 5Natural history of EnaphalodEsFigures 3–4. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 3) Crack in the bark where the larva circled the stem. 4) Subcortical gallery heading down the stem.6 • Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 VlasakFigures 5–6. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 5) Recessed portion of the stem with a gallery below bark. The shadow in the middle of the stem indicates the ridge between the normally-growing left side and the right side where the growth was stunned by larval activity under the bark. 6) Granular frass expelled at the ground level. Unlike the frass around already girdled stems (Fig. 7–8) this one is fresh, suggesting that the larva would continue its development until the following year.Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 • 7Natural history of EnaphalodEsFigures 7–8. Expelled frass on the ground. 7) Severed stem next to a pile of frass. The bottom part is not apparent because it is covered by the frass and leaves. 8) Bottom part of the severed stem with regions of tightly packed granular frass. The red arrow points to the upper side of the stem.8 • Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 VlasakFigures 9–10. Gallery in the root crown and an old emergence hole. 9) Beginning of the empty tunnel heading down the roots. 10) Old emergence hole.

Notes on the natural history of \u3ci\u3eEnaphalodes archboldi\u3c/i\u3e
Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki
Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
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2018
Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes
archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E.
bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Josef Vlasak
josef_vlasak@merck.com
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi
Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University
of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska
- Lincoln.
Vlasak, Josef, "Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and
Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)" (2018). Insecta Mundi. 1183.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1183
Center for SyStematiC entomology, inC., Gainesville, FL
Insecta
 MundI A Journal of World Insect Systematics
0671
Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi  
Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki  
Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Josef Vlasak
207 Silverbrook Dr.
Schwenksville, PA 19473, USA
Date of issue: November 30, 2018
0671
1–8
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DA65E553-0721-48FA-A774-
85F8ABDBB5FD
2018
30
November
Josef Vlasak
Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and 
Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: 
Cerambycidae)
Insecta Mundi 0671: 1–8
ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DA65E553-0721-48FA-A774-85F8ABDBB5FD
Published in 2018 by
Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc.
P.O. Box 141874
Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USA
http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/
Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine 
arthropod. Topics considered for publication include systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, checklists, faunal works, 
and natural history. Insecta Mundi will not consider works in the applied sciences (i.e. medical entomology, pest 
control research, etc.), and no longer publishes book reviews or editorials. Insecta Mundi publishes original research 
or discoveries in an inexpensive and timely manner, distributing them free via open access on the internet on the 
date of publication.
Insecta Mundi is referenced or abstracted by several sources, including the Zoological Record and CAB Abstracts. 
Insecta Mundi is published irregularly throughout the year, with completed manuscripts assigned an individual 
number. Manuscripts must be peer reviewed prior to submission, after which they are reviewed by the editorial 
board to ensure quality. One author of each submitted manuscript must be a current member of the Center for 
Systematic Entomology.
Guidelines and requirements for the preparation of manuscripts are available on the Insecta Mundi website at 
http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/insectamundi/
Chief Editor: David Plotkin, insectamundi@gmail.com
Assistant Editor: Paul E. Skelley, insectamundi@gmail.com
Head Layout Editor: Robert G. Forsyth
Editorial Board: J. H. Frank, M. J. Paulsen, Michael C. Thomas
Review Editors: Listed on the Insecta Mundi webpage
Printed copies (ISSN 0749-6737) annually deposited in libraries
CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Museu de Zoologia, São Paulo, Brazil 
Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada 
The Natural History Museum, London, UK
Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warsaw, Poland
National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Electronic copies (Online ISSN 1942-1354, CDROM ISSN 1942-1362) in PDF format
Printed CD or DVD mailed to all members at end of year. Archived digitally by Portico.
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0671: 1–8 2018
Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and 
Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Josef Vlasak
207 Silverbrook Dr.
Schwenksville, PA 19473, USA
josef_vlasak@merck.com
Abstract. The life history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is 
described in detail based on observations from Marion County, Florida. Notes on the life history of Enaphalodes 
bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva from Honduras are also provided. Enaphalodes bingkirki is reported from 
Honduras for the first time.
Key words. Elaphidiini, Florida, Honduras, larvae, life history, stem girdling.
Introduction
The genus Enaphalodes currently contains 16 species (Bezark 2018), with eight found in the United 
States, and the rest in Mexico, Central and South America. The genus was recently reviewed and four 
new species were described from Central America and Mexico (Lingafelter and Santos-Silva 2018). 
Most species found in the United States develop in oaks. Enaphalodes atomarius (Drury), E. his-
picornis (Linnaeus), and E. niveitectus (Schaeffer) develop in dead oaks, typically in the basal parts 
of trunks (Craighead 1923; Cope 1984; Solomon 1995; Swift 2008). Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) 
develops in trunks and sometimes branches of living oaks (Craighead 1923). Enaphalodes cortiphagus 
(Craighead) develops in the outer bark of living mature oaks (Craighead 1923), which is a relatively 
uncommon strategy among Cerambycidae. Enaphalodes taeniatus (LeConte) has been reared from 
dead branches of Citrus L. (Dean 1953) and adult beetles have been found under dead bark of Salix L. 
(Linsley and Martin 1933) but it is not clear whether Salix actually represents a larval host. The larval 
host of E. seminitidus (Horn in Leng) is apparently unknown but adult beetles have been collected on 
declining Prosopis L. near Tucson, Arizona (Hovore and Giesbert 1976). The host plant of E. archboldi 
Lingafelter and Chemsak was unknown.
The natural history of species found south of the United States is mostly unknown. Based on the 
specimen label, an individual of E. senex (Bates) from Guatemala was reared from bark of Quercus L. 
(Lingafelter and Santos-Silva 2018). Enaphalodes coronatus (White) develops under bark of dead tropical 
hardwoods (author’s unpublished observation).
Materials and Methods
Images of the habitat and larval workings were taken with an iPhone 7. Rearing occurred under 
in-house conditions. Reared specimens are deposited in the following collections:
DJHC – Daniel Heffern Collection, Houston, Texas, USA
JVC – Josef Vlasak Collection, Schwenksville, Pennsylvania, USA
RAAC – Robert A. Androw Collection, Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, USA
RLAC –Ronald L. Alten Collection, Alta Loma, California, USA
2 • Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 Vlasak
Results and Discussion
Enaphalodes archboldi. Observations on the life history of E. archboldi were made in March 2018 in 
Marion County, Florida. Larval workings were initially noticed as cut-off stems of scrub oaks felled on 
the ground. The size of the larvae and the unique larval workings suggested that it may belong either 
to Romulus globosus Knull or E. archboldi. Rearing revealed that it was the latter species.
E. archboldi develops in living stems (typically 2-5 cm in diameter) of scrub oaks (habitat and cut oak 
in Fig. 1-2) and pupates in the roots. Larvae were found in Quercus myrtifolia Willd., Quercus inopina 
Ashe, and Quercus geminata Small. Oviposition occurs in lower portions of the stem, about 50 cm or so 
above ground, although the height is quite variable. This statement is based on tracking larval galleries 
to their beginning. The young larva works its way down, usually circling the stem initially (Fig. 3) and 
then continues boring straight down just beneath the bark (Fig. 4). This relatively small and gradually 
widening subcortical gallery causes various perturbations in the bark such as cracks and swellings (Fig. 
3). Sometimes the portion of the stem with the gallery inside becomes recessed as the surrounding living 
tissue grows and gains in circumference (Fig. 5). Slightly above the ground the larva completely severs 
the stem. Judging by the significant amount of expelled granular frass, it probably spends considerable 
time in this area (Fig. 6-8). Below this girdle, the larva constructs a short tunnel (10-20 cm long) into 
the roots. The tunnel is kept empty (Fig. 9) and it is later used for pupation. Girdled stems break off 
and can be readily seen in the vegetation (Fig. 2, 7). Both girdled ends are covered with tightly packed 
granular frass left by larval activity (Fig. 8). Prior to pupation the larva seals the tunnel with a fibrous 
plug. Adult beetles emerge through this tunnel after removing larval frass. Empty emergence holes 
from previous years can be seen in the field (Fig. 10).
Overall, larval habits of E. archboldi are similar to several other elaphidiine beetles, for instance, 
Neaneflus fuchsii (Wickham) or Aneflomorpha subpubescens (LeConte). In all these species, the larvae 
start feeding in living stems, then girdle the stem at the ground level and travel down into the roots 
where they pupate (Heffern et al. 2018).
In early March, large larvae that appeared mature were found in the tunnel. Typically, only one larva 
was found per stem, although two thicker stems contained two larvae each. The larvae were placed into 
rearing vials as described previously (Vlasak 2014). Several roots were also removed and placed into 
rearing containers. Transformation started many months later. The first pupa appeared in the second 
week of June and most larvae transformed into pupae in early to mid-July. The first adult transformed 
in the first week of July, followed by most adults in mid to late July and early August. The first adult 
emerged from the roots in the last week of July, the rest in early to mid-August. Only about 50% of 
larvae transformed into adult beetles. The rest slowly declined, shrank and, although still alive, were 
eventually discarded. A similar situation was observed in the roots; in mid-August the remaining roots 
were opened and, with the exception of one teneral adult, they contained shrunken larvae that did not 
appear to be in good health. The reason for their decline is unclear.
Although adult beetles are apparently rare, larval workings were seen frequently in the beetle’s 
habitat. Approximately twenty larvae were found along a stretch of a forest trail about 0.5 miles long; 
most workings were visible directly from the trail. About half as many stems where the beetle emerged 
in previous years were also encountered. Similar frequency was observed inside the scrub-oak vegetation 
but the beetle seemed to be more common (or at least was easier found) in open, sandy areas where one 
could walk relatively freely among oak shrubs (Fig. 1). 
It has been reported that most specimens in collections (41 out of 46) are females (Lingafelter and 
Chemsak 2002). In this study, 12 females and 16 males were reared, suggesting that the apparent sex 
bias is likely a result of the collection method (specimens were collected at lights) and not a true bias 
in the population.
Enaphalodes bingkirki. Observations on the life history of E. bingkirki were made at Masicarán, 
Tatumbla, Francisco Mozaran Dept., Honduras. The locality consisted of dry oak forest with inter-
spersed vegetation of various shrubs and smaller trees. The beetle was found to develop in the outer 
bark of living Quercus segoviensis Liebm. Larval habits were similar to those of E. cortiphagus. The 
larva works mostly in the dead bark, sometimes slightly scoring the living tissue beneath. The pupal 
cell is constructed in the bark and the beetle chews an oval exit hole. Mature trees with thick bark are 
Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 • 3Natural history of EnaphalodEs
strongly preferred (as is typical for beetles developing in the outer bark) and can contain dozens of old 
emergence holes from previous years.
Enaphalodes bingkirki was described recently from two female specimens collected in Nicaragua 
(Lingafelter and Santos-Silva 2018) so this collection (two females and one male) extends its distribu-
tion to Honduras.
Acknowledgments
I thank Eric van den Berghe for his hospitality, for facilitating collecting at Masicarán, and for help 
identifying the species of Quercus from Masicarán. I want to thank Antonio Santos-Silva for confirming 
the identification of E. bingkirki. I am grateful to Bob Androw for improving an earlier version of the 
manuscript. Lastly, I would like to thank Bob Androw and Keith Philips for their comments and the 
review of the final manuscript.
Literature Cited
Bezark, L. G. 2018. New World Cerambycidae Catalog. Available at https://apps2.cdfa.ca.gov/publicApps/
plant/bycidDB/wdefault.asp. (Last accessed 14 August 2018.)
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(Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bulletin. 30(4): 349–360.
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(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with review of genus, synonymy, and key to species. The Coleopterists 
Bulletin. 56(4): 569–581.
Lingafelter, S. W., and A. Santos-Silva. 2018. New Central American and Mexican Enaphalodes 
Haldeman, 1847 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with taxonomic notes and a key to species. Papéis 
Avulsos de Zoologia 58: 1–17.
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Received September 20, 2018; accepted October 26, 2018. 
Review editor Michael C. Thomas.
4 • Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 Vlasak
Figures 1–2. Scrub-oak habitat where Enaphalodes archboldi was found. 1) Opened areas with small oak scrubs 
and sand patches where most specimens were collected. 2) Severed stem that fell on the ground. These could be 
seen at a distance.
Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 • 5Natural history of EnaphalodEs
Figures 3–4. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 3) Crack in the bark where the larva circled the stem. 4) 
Subcortical gallery heading down the stem.
6 • Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 Vlasak
Figures 5–6. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 5) Recessed portion of the stem with a gallery below bark. 
The shadow in the middle of the stem indicates the ridge between the normally-growing left side and the right side 
where the growth was stunned by larval activity under the bark. 6) Granular frass expelled at the ground level. 
Unlike the frass around already girdled stems (Fig. 7–8) this one is fresh, suggesting that the larva would continue 
its development until the following year.
Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 • 7Natural history of EnaphalodEs
Figures 7–8. Expelled frass on the ground. 7) Severed stem next to a pile of frass. The bottom part is not apparent 
because it is covered by the frass and leaves. 8) Bottom part of the severed stem with regions of tightly packed 
granular frass. The red arrow points to the upper side of the stem.
8 • Insecta MundI 0671, November 2018 Vlasak
Figures 9–10. Gallery in the root crown and an old emergence hole. 9) Beginning of the empty tunnel heading 
down the roots. 10) Old emergence hole.


Notes on the natural history of \u3ci\u3eEnaphalodes archboldi\u3c/i\u3e Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

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