International Congresso on Environmental Health (ICEH 2012). Lisboa, 29 Maio – 1 Junho

Almeida, Marta

Almeida, S. M.

Cardoso, João

Cerqueira, Mário

Custódio, Danilo

Dung, Ho

Ferreira, F.

Fialho, Paulo

Freitas, Maria do Carmo

Nunes, Teresa

Pio, Casimiro

Rocha, F.

Tchepel, O.

Terroso, D.

Repositório da Universidade dos Açores

Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Seasonal variability of atmospheric dust over  Cape Verde islands C. Pio1; M.C. Freitas2; J. Cardoso1,3; T. Nunes1; S.M. Almeida2; M. Almeida2;  O. Tchepel1; F. Rocha1; M. Cerqueira1; J. Ferreira1; D. Terroso1; ; P. Fialho4; Ho Dung2; Danilo Custódio1   1- Universidade de Aveiro; 2- Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear;  3- Universidade de Cabo Verde; 4- Universidade dos Açores Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Presentation based on CVDUST  project:  “CVDUST - Atmospheric aerosol in Cape Verde region: seasonal evaluation of composition, sources and transport” • Joint initiative of : University of Aveiro; Technological and Nuclear Institute; Cape Verde University.  • Support of the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO).  • Funding through Portuguese FCT .  Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Fine Particles Coarse Particles Sea Salt 82.1 2460 Dust 250 1000-4875 Carbon 81 Sulfate 150 Nitrate 11.3 Ammonium 33.6 Estimated Global Emission rates of particles into the Atmosphere (Tg yr-1) • Natural Soil;  • Agriculture (example “Dust Bowl” in USA);  • Transports;  • Industry (cement; mining) Why study atmospheric dust in Cape Verde? ref: Raes et al., (2000) Dust Sources: Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June http://ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov/TOMSAerosol.md TOMS satellite seasonally averaged values of Aerosol Index in the period 1980-92 NOVEMBER-JANUARY MAY-JULY • Sahara emissions predominate  • Higher AI values during summer (ref: Engelstaedter, 2006)  Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Impacts of desert dust emissions   • Atmospheric Heat Balance and Climate Control • Weakening of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones • Biogeochemical Cycles • Biogeochemical Cycles in Atlantic and Amazon Basin • Toxic Algae Blooms • Human Health • Spreading of meningitis in Sahel (Sultan et al., 2005) • Kawasaki disease in Japan and Western USA (Fraser, 2012) Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Objectives of Project CVDUST:  1. Monitoring and sampling atmospheric dust during one year 2. Chemical and structural characterization of collected samples • Water Soluble ions • Carbonate and Carbonaceous forms • Elemental Composition (NAA) • Mineralogical Composition (XRD; TEM; SEM) • Organic Species (GC/MS) • Microbial and fungi characterization 3. Source Identification; Transport and Deposition Modeling • Source Apportionment (PMF; PCA/MLRA) • Transport Modeling (Trajectory Analysis; DREAM Model) 4. Quantify African dust input to Cape Verde Air Quality 5. Explain processes governing dust production, transport, and removal from atmosphere over the Atlantic Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Monitoring and Sampling: Performed at Praia airport during one year (Jan2011-Jan2012) Equipment: 1 GRIMM Aerosol Spectromeeter (0.25->32µm) 31 channels 1 Aethalometer (7 wavelength channels) 2 PM10 LowVol filter samplers 1 PM10 HighVol filter Samplers 1 Berner LowVol impactor (0.063-16 µm) 8 stages 1 HighVol impactor (<0.49-10µm) 6 stages 1 Meteo Station Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Special Conditions of Cape Verde to  perform Sahara Dust Studies:  • Out of West Africa Coast (900 km) • Dust Season Period (Bruma Seca – Dry Fog) • Safety and Electricity Supply • Good relations and Low Cost CLEAN ATMOSPHERE BRUMA SECA – DRY FOG Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Average dust size profile measured with the GRIMM Optical Spectrometer , for 18 Jan 2011, at Praia, Santiago Island AERONET Integrated Air Column Size Profile Dust Volume Concentration, for 18 Jan 2011, in Sal Island  Dust Size Distribution  Dust mass mainly in size range 1-10 µm Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June  Local re-suspension  processes probably responsible for dust particles above 10 µm Hourly averaged dust size distribution variability along the  day  18 Jan 2011 Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June WHO Guide  values Aerosol concentration variability at Praia during 2011 Monthly Averaged  Concentrations Daily Averaged  Concentrations 01/01/11  01/02/11  01/03/11  01/04/11  01/05/11  01/06/11  01/07/11  01/08/11  01/09/11  01/10/11  01/11/11  01/12/11  01/01/12  01/02/12  concentração (g/m3)0100200300400500PM2.5 PM10PTSJan 11 Feb 11Mar 11Apr 11May 11Jun 11Jul 11Aug 11Sep 11Oct 11Nov 11Dec 11Jan 12concentração (g/m3)050100150200250300PM2.5PM10PTSMonthly Averaged  Concentrations Daily Averaged  Concentrations 50 25 Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Jan 11 Feb 11Mar 11Apr 11May 11Jun 11Jul 11Aug 11Sep 11Oct 11Nov 11Dec 11Jan 12nº de excedências02468101214PM2.5PM10Parameter Annual Average* (µg/m3) WHO Guide  Values (µg/m3) PM2.5 17.5 10 PM10 37.5 20 TSP 66.0 - Nº of daily exceedences  Particulate pollution levels clearly exceed WHO Guides and probably affect local Human Health, principally during “BRUMA SECA” Season Particulate Pollution Levels and daily exceedences, at Praia  Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Major Chemical Class Composition of  Praia Aerosol WSII- Water Soluble  Inorganic Ions Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June 48 Hours backward trajectories for every day in Febr. 2011 First week Second week Third week Fourth week Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June 48 Hours backward trajectories for every day in August 2011 First week Second week Third week Fourth week Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 2500002000400060008000100000 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000123450 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000123450 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000.01.63.24.86.48.00 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000.01.63.24.86.48.00 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000010203040500 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000204060801000 5000 10000 15000 20000 2500008162432400 5000 10000 15000 20000 2500001202403604806000 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000160032004800640080000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000040801201602000 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000.00.10.20.30.40.5K/Fe=0.52[K] (ng.m-3)K/Fe=1.7As/Fe=0.000036As/Fe=0.00023[As] (ng.m-3)Sm/Fe=0.00012Sm/Fe=0.00024[Sm] (ng.m-3)Co/Fe=0.0005Co/Fe=0.000315[Co] (ng.m-3)Sc/Fe=0.00044Sc/Fe=0.000373[Sc] (ng.m-3)Rb/Fe=0.0018Rb/Fe=0.0056[Rb] (ng.m-3)Cr/Fe=0.0020Cr/Fe=0.0037[Cr] (ng.m-3)Ce/Fe=0.0012Ce/Fe=0.0032[Ce] (ng.m-3)Ba/Fe=0.0085Ba/Fe=0.052[Ba] (ng.m-3)Na/Fe=0.57Na/Fe=0.29[Na] (ng.m-3)Zn/Fe=0.0014Zn/Fe=0.0033[Zn] (ng.m-3)[Fe] (ng.m-3)Sb/Fe=0.000004Sb/Fe=0.000053[Sb] (ng.m-3)[Fe] (ng.m-3) Green- Sea salt composition Red- Saharan soil composition (Reguigui et al., 2002);  Blue- Global soil composition (Manson and Moore (1982) Composition relations Source apportionment: Na/Mg=8.3 Cl/Mg=14.9 Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June DREAM -  Dust REgional Atmospheric Model | BSC-DREAM8b predicts the atmospheric life cycle of the eroded Saharan desert dust DUST PRODUCTION SCHEME:  Type of soil  Type of vegetation cover  Soil moisture content  Surface atmospheric turbulence http://www.bsc.es/projects/earthscience/DREAM/ Emission, Transport and Deposition Modeling Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June DREAM adaptation/application to CV-DUST Project Resolution: 37 x 37 km2 24 vertical layers (km) 15     10    5    0 AERONET Sampling point -26W -14E 19N 13N Outputs  AEROSOL CONCENTRATION   DUST LOAD COLUMN  DRY / WET DEPOSITION Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June DREAM Model output example FOUR DAYS SURFACE AEROSOL CONCENTRATION, END FEBRUARY 2011  Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June DREAM - Intercomparison Model / Measurements Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June PROVISIONAL CONCLUSIONS • A complete chemical e physical composition  seasonal data set for  atmospheric aerosol  offshore of northwest Africa, gathered;  • Clear existence of two seasons with different particulate pollution levels;  • Particulate pollution levels clearly above WHO health guides, principally during the “Bruma Seca” dust season;  • Chemical composition shows two predominant aerosol sources: sea salt spray and soil dust;  • DREAM model can reproduce reasonably the transport of dust and the aerosol loading in Cape Verde region;  • Continuation of analytical and modeling work in the near future are expected to permit further insight into source characterization and quantification and dust transport and deposition to the Atlantic. Universidade de Aveiro ICEH 2012 , Lisbon 29May-1June Thanks for your attention! Casimiro A. Pio ═══════════════════════════ CESAM & Departamento de Ambiente Universidade de Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro; Portugal Phone- +351-234370245 Email- casimiro@ua.pt http://www.cesam.ua.pt/cpio ═══════════════════════════ 

Seasonal Variability of Atmospheric Dust Over Cape Verde Islands.

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Seasonal Variability of Atmospheric Dust Over Cape Verde Islands.

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