Malacoctenus carrowi is described on the basis of three specimens from the Cape Verde Islands. The species is most similar to the only other eastern Atlantic species of the same genus, Malacoctenus africanus Cadenat, 1951. M. carrowi differs in colouration, a more elongated body, longer snout length, lower lateral line scale count and the absence of scales on the breast and is probably endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. A key to the Atlantic species of Malacoctenus is provided

Wirtz, Peter

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A new species of Malacoctenus from the Cape Verde Islands, eastern Atlantic (Pisces Teleostei, Labrisomidae)

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       Arquipelago  -­‐‑  Life  and  Marine  Sciences        ISSN:  0873-­‐‑4704     15 A  new  species  of  Malacoctenus  from  the  Cape  Verde                  Islands,  eastern  Atlantic  (Pisces  Teleostei,  Labrisomidae) PETER  WIRTZWirtz, P. 2014. A new species of Malacoctenus from the Cape Verde Islands, eastern Atlantic (Pisces Teleostei, Labrisomidae). Arquipelago. Life and Marine     Sciences 31: 15-20. Malacoctenus carrowi is described on the basis of three specimens from the Cape Verde  Islands. The species is most similar to the only other eastern Atlantic species of the same genus, Malacoctenus africanus Cadenat, 1951. M. carrowi differs in colouration, a more elongated body, longer snout length, lower lateral line scale count and the absence of scales on the breast and is probably endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. A key to the Atlantic  species of Malacoctenus is provided. Key words: Blennioidei, eastern Atlantic, endemic species, mitochondrial COI Peter Wirtz (email: peterwirtz2004@yahoo.com), Centro de Ciências do Mar,          Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, PT-8005-139 Faro, Portugal. INTRODUCTION The blennioid genus Malacoctenus currently con-tains 22 valid species, ten in the Atlantic Ocean and twelve in the eastern Pacific (Eschmeyer & Fricke 2014). Nine of the ten Atlantic species live in the western Atlantic and only one, Mala-coctenus africanus Cadenat, 1951, lives in the eastern Atlantic.     Malacoctenus africanus has been recorded from the coast of Senegal (Cadenat 1951; Wirtz 1980) and from the Cape Verde Islands (Brito et al. 1999). However, in the following it is shown that the Malacoctenus of the Cape Verde Islands belong, in fact, to a hitherto undescribed species, probably endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. MATERIAL AND METHODS The specimens were obtained by spraying an   anaesthetic (quinaldine or clove oil) into horizon-tal cracks in rock faces or below large stones at depths of about 10 to 13 m. They were preserved in 96% ethanol. Point to point measurements were taken on the left side of each specimen   using a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and rounded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Body depth was measured at the height of the anus.     Specimens are deposited at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (Zoologische Staats-sammlung) (ZSM) in Munich, Germany, and at the Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde) (SMNS), Germany.     The right ventral fin of the holotype and the paratype were removed for tissue sampling. DNA extraction was performed as described in Victor (2010). The mitochondrial COI gene was se-quenced and pairwise distances were compared between the holotype and one paratype of M.  carrowi (ZSM43040) and one M. africanus spec-imen (SMNS 13458-2). RESULTS  TAXONOMY Malacoctenus carrowi, spec. nov. Figure 1(a-d), Table 1                Peter  Wirtz    16 Malacoctenus africanus (non Cadenat, 1951) in Brito et al. 1999: 31.  Malacoctenus n.sp. in Wirtz et al. 2013: 132,   figure 14.  TYPES Holotype ZSM 43039, King Bay, Tarrafal, Santi-ago Island, Cape Verde Islands, coordinates ap-proximately 15.2749N, 23.7582W, 16 March 2010, male, from a horizontal crack in the rock at a depth of about 12 m, using the anaesthetic qui-naldine.  Right ventral fin removed for DNA analysis.     Paratype ZSM 43040, from approximately 3 km SW of São Pedro, São Vicente Island, Cape Verde Islands, coordinates approximately 16.8020 N, 25.0392 W, 15 October 2013, female, from a horizontal crack in the rock at a depth of about 11 m, using the anaesthetic clove oil.  Right ventral fin removed for DNA analysis.     Paratype ZSM 41223, juvenile from in front of Furna da Rosa, approximately 3.5 km (airline distance) NW of São Pedro, São Vicente Island, Cape Verde Islands, 13 October 2011, with qui-naldine from below a large rock in front of a cave at a depth of 13 m.  DIAGNOSIS Dorsal rays XX+10; anal rays II+19; pectoral 14 soft rays; ventrals three soft rays; length of short-est pelvic ray more than half the length of the longest pelvic ray. Lateral line scales 55-56. Prepectoral scales present, considerably smaller than scales on body; belly scaled but breast area without scales (Fig. 1c). Colour pattern dominat-ed by six vertical bars on the body, delineated in straight vertical lines; these bands barely enter the dorsal fin; dorsal fin membranes transparent.  DESCRIPTION Dorsal rays XX+10; anal rays II+19; pectoral 14 soft rays; ventrals three soft rays; length of short-est pelvic ray more than half the length of the longest pelvic ray. Spinous dorsal fin indented twice: 3rd to 5th spines lower than the first two spines; 18th and 19th spines considerably lower than spine 20 and less than a third the length of the longest soft dorsal rays. Preopercular canals do not extend onto the operculum. Lateral line scales 55-56. Lateral prepectoral scales present, considerably smaller than scales on body; belly scaled but breast area without scales (Fig. 1c); the head is entirely without scales. In adults, sexes can be differentiated by the shape of the uro-gential papilla: pointed papilla in the male, a ru-gose knob in the female. The nasal cirrus is bifid. Upper rear edge of each eye with 3-4 supraorbital cirri: 6-7 nuchal cirri per side.      Colour in alcohol (Fig. 1b): Six dark vertical bands on body, delineated in straight vertical lines; these bands barely enter the dorsal fin; dor-sal fin membranes transparent. Spaces between bars are light grey. No dark blotch below the origin of the dorsal fin. Semicircular dark band in front of nuchal cirri to the rear middle edge of the eye.     Colour in vivo (Fig. 1a and 1d):  Six dark brown vertical bands on body, delineated in straight vertical lines; bands barely enter the dor-sal fin; dorsal fin membranes transparent.  Spaces between bars are light grey-brown, spaces be-tween rear dark bands being lighter than spaces between anterior dark bands, yellowish in young animals.  HABITAT NOTES The specimens were obtained by spraying an an-aesthetic (quinaldine or clove oil) into horizontal cracks in rock faces or below large stones at depths of about 10 to 13 m. Additional animals were seen when overturning big stones at 10 to 16 m and one animal was photographed at night, resting on open rock in water only 3 m deep (Fig. 1a). Currently the species is only recorded from Santiago and São Vicente Islands but it is proba-bly present at all islands of the Republic of Cabo Verde.  DNA SEQUENCES The COI sequence of the holotype and paratype of M. carrowi are 14.3 and 14.6% different from the M. africanus specimen (pairwise distance). The degree of divergence in this gene between fish species that belong to same genus usually is much lower, i.e. Malacoctenus africanus and Malacoctenus carrowi are more distant from each other  in  this gene  than  most  recognized species                A  new  species  of  Malacoctenus  from  Cape  Verde     17  Fig.1 a) Malacoctenus carrowi photographed at night at Tarrafal, Santiago Island; b) holotype of M. carrowi in alcohol; c) belly of holotype of M. carrowi (note absence of scales in prepectoral region); d) juvenile M. carrowi from São Vicente Island (Paratype); e) Malacoctenus africanus female from Ile de Gorée, Senegal; f) Malacoctenus africanus in alcohol (SMNS 13458/1); g) belly of Malacoctenus afri-canus (SMNS 13458/1; note presence of scales from throat to anus); h) territorial male of Malacoctenus africanus from Ile de Gorée, Senegal.               Peter  Wirtz    18 pairs (but note that comparison between different fish genera may be problematic because they may have different mutation rates; see Ruber and Za-doya 2005). The COI sequences of the holotype and paratype of M. carrowi differ by 5.8%. This unexpectedly large difference between the holo-type from Santiago Island and the paratype from São Vicente Island indicates that Malacoctenus carrowi is in the process of breaking up into two discrete lineages, presumably in allopatry.   ETYMOLOGY  Malacoctenus  carrowi was named in honor of Frank Carrow, whose interest in marine conserva-tion led to his creation and funding of the Carrow Foundation, a charitable organization that sup-ports a broad range of marine conservation activi-ties.  REMARKS The species most similar in morphology and col-our pattern to Malacoctenus carrowi is the only other eastern Atlantic congener, M. africanus Cadenat 1951 (see key to the Atlantic species of Malacoctenus). It differs from M. carrowi in nu-merous characters, among them: belly completely scaled from throat to anus, (Fig. 1g) lateral line scales 55-60 (usually more than 56), snout short-er, body less elongated (see Table 2 as well as Table 3 in Wirtz 1980). In alcohol, M. africanus specimens are a dark chocolate brown (Fig. 1f). The six dark bands on the body are delineated by zigzag vertical lines and reach far into the dorsal fin. There is a dark blotch below the origin of the dorsal fin that has a red rim in living animals; the rear of the operculum has a yellow-golden rim in living animals (Fig. 1e). On 21 October 2009, the population of M. africanus at Ile de Gorée, Sene-gal was spawning. The spaces between the dark bars of territorial males were very light, increas-ing the contrast between the dark and light areas (Fig. 1h). Both during the spawning season and outside of it, M. africanus can frequently be seen on open rock faces during daylight, i.e. it is con-siderably less cryptic than M. carrowi.    Key to the Atlantic species of Malacoctenus (modified after Williams 2003)  1a. Length of shortest pelvic ray contained four or more times in length of longest ray; pectoral fin rays usually 15 …………..Malacoctenus boehlkei 1b. Length of shortest pelvic ray contained fewer than four times in length of longest ray; pectoral fin rays 14-17…………………………………....2  2a. Pectoral fin rays usually 15-17; pectoral fin base scales, when present, same size as those on the body…………………………………………3 2b. Pectoral fin rays usually 14; pectoral fin base scales, when present, smaller than those on the body……………………………………………. 4  3a. Pectoral fin rays usually 16; pectoral fin base without scales; distinct dark blotch at bases of posteriormost dorsal-fin spines………………….. ………………………….. Malacoctenus erdmani 3b. Pectoral fin rays usually 15; pectoral fin base usually with scales; no distinct dark blotch at ba-ses of posteriormost dorsal-fin spines ………………………….Malacoctenus macropus  4a. Combination of conspicuous dark spot on anterior dorsal-fin spines and a dark ocellus ex-tending from bases of posterior dorsal-fin spines onto dorsal contour of body; nasal cirri 1 ………………………………..Malacoctenus gilli 4b.  Combination of conspicuous dark spot on anterior dorsal-fin spines and a dark ocellus ex-tending from bases of posterior dorsal-fin spines onto dorsal contour of body not present; nasal cirri usually 2 …………………………………...5  5a. Dorsal-fin spines usually 18; total nasal cirri (both sides) usually more than seven ………………………... Malacoctenus versicolor 5b. Dorsal-fin spines usually 19-20; total nasal cirri (both sides) fewer than six…………………6  6a. Supraorbital cirri two on each side; nape cirri 9-13 on each side; anterior two dark bands often merging dorsally to form a humoral blotch; lateral line scales 42-55…….Malacoctenus aurolineatus                A  new  species  of  Malacoctenus  from  Cape  Verde     19 6b.  Supraorbital cirri usually more than two on each side; nape cirri 4-18 on each side; lateral line scales 48-62……………………………………..7  7a. Total nape cirri (both sides) 24-36; pectoral fin base without scales………………………….. …………………………Malacoctenus delalandei 7b. Total nape cirri (both sides) usually fewer than 21; pectoral fin base with or without scales …………………………………………………..8  8a. Lateral line scales 60-69; two longitudinal rows of dark brown spots along the sides of the body………..........................Malacoctenus brunoi 8b. Lateral line scales 49-60 (usually fewer than 60); two longitudinal rows of dark brown spots along the sides of the body not present.……..….9 9a. Segmented dorsal fin rays usually 11-13, rare-ly 10; segmented anal fin rays 18-21, usually 20; lateral line scales 49-54; preopercular canal ex-tends onto the operculum……...…M. triangulatus  9b. Segmented dorsal fin rays usually 10, rarely 11; segmented anal fin rays usually 19 (rarely 20), lateral line scales 55-60; preopercular canal does not extend onto the operculum………….. 10  10a. Belly completely scaled (from throat to anus); edges of dark bands on the body in zigzag lines; the dark bands on the body extend well onto the dorsal fin.…..….Malacoctenus africanus 10b. Belly scaled behind pectoral fins to anus but scales absent from pectoral and prepectoral region of belly; edges of dark bands in straight lines; the dark bands on the body barely enter the dorsal fin………………………...Malacoctenus carrowi Table 1. Counts and measurement (in mm) of M. carrowi holotype and paratypes.  Holotype Paratype Paratype Catalogue number ZSM 43039 ZSM 43040 ZSM 41223 Sex              male female juvenile Standard length 34.6 32.3 22.9 Total length 40.9 39.3 26.9 Dorsal fin rays XX, 10 XX, 10 XX, 10 Anal fin rays II, 19 II, 19 II, 19 Pectoral fin rays 14/14 14/14 14/14 Pelvic fin rays I, 3 I, 3 I, 3 Lateral line scales 54 55 - Nasal tentacles 2/2 2/2 - Supraorbital tentacles 4/4 3/4 - Nuchal cirri 7/6 6/6 - Body depth 7.13 6.41 4.17 Body depth as %       of standard length 20.6 19.8 20.5  Table 2. Counts and measurements (in mm) of Malacoctenus africanus specimens. Catalogue number SMNS 13457 SMNS 13420 SMNS 13458/1 SMNS 13458/2 ZSM 40098 Sex female female female female female Standard length 61.9 59.8 47.3 45.1 39.1 Total length 72.2 71.6 56.9 53.6 46.1 Dorsal fin rays XXI,  XX, 10 XX, 10 XX, 10 XX, 10 Body depth 16.34 14.97 12.04 11.97 11.02 Body depth as % of standard length 26.4 25 26.5 27.8 28.2                Peter  Wirtz    20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is grateful to Hermann and Uschi Rolfs for their hospitality and friendship at King-fisher Lodge, Tarrafal, Santiago Island. Emanuel d´Oliveira and Georg Bachschmid (Tarrafal, San-tiago Island) and António Garcias and Pedro Mi-randa (São Pedro, São Vicente Island) were of great help. Dirk Neumann at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München took the photographs in figures 2, 3, 6, and 7 and commented on an early draft of the manuscript. Many thanks to Benjamin Victor for facilitating the DNA barcod-ing and calculating the pairwise distances be-tween the specimens. The DNA barcoding was performed at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario with the support of Bob Hanner and the team at BOLD. DNA barcoding was supported by the International Barcode of Life Project (iBOL.org) with funding from the Government of Canada via the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding as well as from the Ontario Genomics Institute (2008-OGI-ICI-03), Genome Canada, the Ontario Min-istry of Economic Development and Innovation, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Re-search Council of Canada. Thanks also to Ronald Fricke for the loan of specimens deposited at the Stuttgart Natural History Museum and to the Car-row Foundation for generous financial support. The Centro de Ciencias do Mar (CCMAR) of the University of the Algarve co-financed one of the two trips to the Cape Verde Islands, during which specimens of M. carrowi were collected, as well as two trips to the coast of Senegal.   REFERENCES Brito, A., R. Herrera, J.M. Falcón, J.A. García-Charto, J. Barquín & A. Pérez-Ruzafa 1999. Contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de las islas de Cabo Verde. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias 11: 27-41. Cadenat, J. 1951. Poissons de mer du Sénegal. Initiations Africaines 3: 1-345. Eschmeyer, W. N. & R. Fricke (Eds). Catalogue of Fishes electronic version (accessed April 2014). http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp Rüber, L. & R. Zardoya 2005. Rapid cladogenesis in marine fishes revisited. Evolution 59(5): 1119–1127. Victor, B. 2010. The Redcheek Paradox: the mismatch between genetic and phenotypic divergence among deeply-divided mtDNA lineages in a coral-reef goby, with the description of two new cryptic species from the Caribbean Sea. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation 3:1-16.  Williams, J. T.  2003.  Labrisomidae. Pp.1754-1760 in  Carpenter, K. E. (Ed.).  The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals.  FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5.  Rome, FAO: 1375-2127 pp. Wirtz, P. 1980. A revision of the eastern Atlantic Tripterygiidae (Pisces, Blennioidei) and notes on some westafrican blennioid fish. Cybium, 3e serie, 11: 83-101. Wirtz P., A. Brito, J. Falcón, R. Freitas, R. Fricke, V. Monteiro, F. Reiner & O. Tariche 2013. The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands – new records and an annotated check-list. Spixiana 36: 113-142. Received 22 Apr 2014. Accepted 22 Oct 2014,  Published online 18 Nov 2014.  

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A new species of Malacoctenus from the Cape Verde Islands, eastern Atlantic (Pisces Teleostei, Labrisomidae)

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