Parasites of Apanteles militaris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval
parasite of Mythimna unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were first found in São Miguel (Azores) in 1989. In 1990 annual surveys of those hyperparasites were initiated in order to study their distribution throughout the year. During the first two years, Lisibia sp. was found at two different altitudes. However, Trichomalopsis sp. was only
identified at the highest altitude. Two years after the identification of these two genera, a third hyperparasitoid (Gelis sp.) was found at both altitudes

Oliveira, Luísa

Tavares, João

Vieira, Virgílio

Repositório da Universidade dos Açores

HYPERPARASITES OF APANTELES MILITARIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) A T S. MIGUEL ISLAND (AZORES) By L. OLIVEIRA *, J. TAVARES * & V. VIEIRA * With 2 tables ABSTRACT. Parasites of Apanteles militaris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasite of Mythimna unipuncla (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were first found in São Miguel (Azores) ín 1989. ln 1990annual surveys of those hyperparasites were initiated ín order to study their distribution throughout the year. During the first two years, Lisibia sp. was found at two different altitudes. However, Trichomalopsis sp. was only identified at the híghest altitude. Two years after the identification of these two genera, a third hyperparasitoid (Gelis sp.) was found at both altitudes. INTRODUCTION Hyperparasitism occurs when a parasite develops it selfby feeding on other parasite (GAULD & BOLTON, 1988). This is a common phenomenon in Chalcidoidea, Cynipoidea, lchneumonidae, Ceraphronoidea and Trigonalyoidea, and occurs in isolated species of Proctotrupoidea and Braconidae. Apanteles militaris (WALSH) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is a larval parasite of Mythimna unipuncta HAWORTH (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a pest ín the Azorean pastures. A. militaris is parasítized by Acrolyta nigricapitata (COOK & DAVIS) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), Eupteromalus viridescenJ (WALSH) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalídae), Gelis sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), Lysibia nanus (=nana) (GRA VENHORST) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) and Mesochorus discitergus (SA Y) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonídae) (BREELAND, 1958; GUppy, 1967; GUppy & MILLER, 1970). Following previous studies (OLIVEIRA, 1991, 1992), a survey of A. militaris hyperparasites was performed in S. Miguel island between 1990 and 1994. Besides the identification of A. militar is hyperparasites, this survey also aimed to determine the proportion * Universidade dos Açores, Depmtamento de Biologia, Rua da Mãe de Deus 58, 9500 Ponta Delgada, Portugal. Boi. Mus. Mun. Funchal, Sup. no. 5: 283·289, 1998 ISSN 0870-3876 284 Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (História Natural) Sup.no.5 of cocoons parasitized by different species. MATERIAL AND METHODS The relationship between A. militaris and its parasites was studied in three artificial pastures ofSão Miguel island (Azores) at three different altitudes (Relva. 50 m, Arribanas, 250 m and Altiprado, 550 m). Sampling started in 1990 at Arribanas and Altiprado, and in 1992 at Relva. It was concluded in 1994. A. militaris cocoons were weekly collected from June to October. At each site, twenty random 0,25 m2 units of pasture were thoroughly analysed in order to count cocoons. Collected cocoons were placed in goblets covered by organza until the emergence ofthe parasites. After the imago's death, species were sorted and the proportion of each hyperparasite was determined. RESULTS Relva At this pasture a low number of A. militaris cocoons was collected (106 in 1992 and 111 in 1994). L. nana, the only hyperparasite at this site, parasitized 7.8 and 18.9 % ofthe cocoons in 1992 and 1994, respectively. Arribanas At this site, the highest number of cocoons was found in 1990, while the lowest was coUected in 1994 (Table 1). During the first two years, A. militaris cocoons were only parasitized by L. nana" while in 1992 and 1993 these were also parasitized by Trichomalopsis sp. and Gelis sp. (Table 1). ln 1994 parasitized cocoons of A. militaris were not observed. This may be due to the small number of coUected cocoons (Table 1). Altiprado The highest numbers of cocoons were found at this site, specially in 1994. The lowest number of parasites was observed in 1992 (Table 2). L. nana and Trichomalopsis sp. were always found, but Gelis sp. was coUected only in 1992 (Table 2). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the firstrecord ofTrichomalopsis sp. as ahyperparasite of A. !!Iilitaris. At surveys performed in other Azorean islands (TA V ARES et aI., 1991, 1992), the three hyperparasites were found in cocoons of A. militaris and A. glomeratus, a parasite of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Lisibia nana parasitizesA. militaris in Atnerica (BREELAND, 1958; GUPPY, 1967; GuPPY & MILLER, 1970), while the genus Trichomalopsis incIudes parasites ofhouse-flies 1998 Proceedíngs ofthe "2nd Symposiunl Fauna & Flora oi the Atlantíc lslands" 285 (DOBESH et ai., 1993) and hyperparasites of A. plutellae KURDJ. (CHlEN & CHlU, 1985). The genus Gelis has often been found as an hyperparasite of A. melanoscelus (RATZBURG) (WESELOH, 1978, 1979; GIRON, 1979; MADRID & STEWART, 1980; BOURCHIER & NEALlS, 1992), A. plutellae (CHIEN & CHIU, 1985) and Bathyplectes curculionis (THOMSON) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (SIMPSON et ai., 1979). The highest numbers of cocoons were found at higher altitudes, but the highest proportion of hyperparasitism was found at Arribanas, a pasture at medium altitude. The simultaneous presence of two or three A. militaris hyperparasites during the sarne week was observed in Arriba~as and Altiprado. Biological control strategies of M unipuncta based on the population increase of A. militaris will have to consider the impact of these hyperparasites, since they might limit the efficacy of the parasite as a biological control agent (ALLEN, 1990; McDONALD & KOK, 1991). ACKNOWLEDGEMENrS Financial support for this work was provided by the Universidade dos Açores, and Secretaria Regional da Agricultura e Pescas. TABLE 1 - Number of cocoons and adult's rate of A. militaris (Apan.) and its hyperparasites captured at Arribanas between 1990 and 1994: L. nana (Lis.), Trichomalopis sp. (Tric.) and Gelis sp. (Gel.). 1990 1991 1992 1993 Week N" % % N' % % N" % N" % % % % N" % fMollth eocooos Apan. Lis, Trtc. Cocoons Apon. Lis. Tric. Cocoons Apan, Lis. Tric, Gel. CocoonsApan. Lis. Tric, Gel. CocoonsApol!. lst Jul. 50 100 O Ú O 2nd. 130 93.4 6.6 20 100 O O 117 52.4 47.6 O 3rd, 155 100 O O 247 46.8 53.2 130 100 O O 4th. 480 100 O O 65 100 O 53 21.3 78.7 O 338 98.4 2.6 O O 5th. 38 100 O O 27 65.4 23.1 O 11 .5 304 92.7 7.l () 1st Aug. O 33 66.9 23.9 9.2 O 2nd. O 62 46 48 O 3rd. O O I B9 67.2 18.8 7.8 6.2 24 100 O O 179 100 4th. 71 100 O O O 63 100 O 1st Se,pt. 294 100 O 31 100 105 27.3 21.2 31.8 19.7 21 47.5 52.5 O 45 100 2nd. O O O 6 100 3rd. O 46 100 O 53 47.4 52.6 O O 4th. O O 15 100 O O 1st Oct. 41 tOO O O 2nd. O O 15 O 63.6 36.4 3rd. O 97 38.9 6U O 4th. O 57 100 O O Total 1168 98.9 1.1 366 91.3 8.7 856 58.5 32.3 4.4 4.8 981 72.5 22.5 1.0 4. O 230 100 1994 % % Lis. Tric. Gel. O O O IV 00 <:J', tJ:) O !f ã' Q. O s:: c: til '" c: s:: C :: õ' -6' !. Q. O "Tl c: :: g. !. ~ ~ ::lo '" Z ~ .; r.n c: '? ~ VI 1990 Week N" IMonth Cocoons Apan, 1st Jul. O 2nd. 3rd. 16 100 5tn. 1st Aug. 474 94.5 2nd. 902 99.5 3rd. 25 100 4th. 41 100 1st Sept. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 1st OcL 22 100 2nd. 139 100 3rd. 89 100 4th. 118 100 Total 1826 99.3 T ABLE 2 - Number of cocoons and adult's rate of A. mililaris (Apan.) and its hyperparasítes captured aI Altiprado between 1990 and 1994: L. nana (Lis.), Trichomalopis sp. (Tric.) and Gelis sp. (Gel.). 1991 1992 1993 1994 % % N" % % N" % % % N" % % % % N" % % Lis . Tric. CocoonsApf.ln. Lis. rric Cocoons Apan. Lis. Tric. Gel. CocoonsApan. Lis Tric. Gel. CocoonsApan. Lis. O O O O O O fi O O 30 100 O O O 594 99.7 0.3 55 100 O 107 100 120 100 fi 5.5 lOll 96.3 1.7 72 100 O O 35 100 fi O 198 100 O 0.5 20 100 O 165 100 O 28 100 O O O 175 61.6 38.4 O O 375 98.2 1.8 O O 544 83.9 15.4 O 12 100 O 118 100 O O 60 70.6 29.4 O 30 57.1 42.9 O O 81 83.3 16.7 O O 39 100 O O 60 100 O O 138 100 O 263 99.1 0.9 O O 104 100 O O 478 96.2 3.8 O 61 3Ll 66.7 2.2 O 213 100 O O 340 90.7 9.3 O 340 90.7 9.3 0.6 0.1 1817 91.1 2.6 0.3 758 88.2 11.4 O 0.4 870 98.7 1.3 O 2421 85.9 14.0 % % Tric Gel. 0.7 O O 0.1 O \O \O QO ." a (') ~ !:-: :::; (lO '" O ..., g:. '" ~ .. ~ :::. 'i5 " ~. ~ li ~ Ro ~ " ;.;: ~ S. til :>... S-;:, R· t;-S" ;:, ~ , t-..) 00 -..l 288 Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Históría Natural) Sup.no.5 REFERENCES ALLEN, G, R.: 1990. Uraba lugens WALKER (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Larval surviva1 and parasite biology in the fie1d in South Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soe, 20,301-312. BREELAND, S.: 1958. 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Hyperparasites of Apantelles militaris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at S. Miguel island (Azores)

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