Urban regeneration is more and more a “universal issue” and a crucial factor in the new trends of urban planning. It is no longer only an area of study and research; it became part of new urban and housing policies. Urban regeneration involves complex decisions as a consequence of the multiple dimensions of the problems that include special technical requirements, safety concerns, socio-economic, environmental, aesthetic, and political impacts, among others. This multi-dimensional nature of urban regeneration projects and their large capital investments justify the development and use of state-of-the-art decision support methodologies to assist decision makers. This research focuses on the development of a multi-attribute approach for the evaluation of building conservation status in urban regeneration projects, thus supporting decision makers in their analysis of the problem and in the definition of strategies and priorities of intervention. The methods presented can be embedded into a Geographical Information System for visualization of results. A real-world case study was used to test the methodology, whose results are also presented.This work has been framed under the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra and supported by Energy and Mobility for Sustainable Regions (EMSURE) Project CENTRO-07-0224-FEDER-002004 and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under PEst-C/EEI/UI0308/2011

Jesus, Eduardo Natividade

Rodrigues, João Coutinho

Sousa, Nuno

Tralhao, Lino

Urban regeneration is more and more a “universal issue” and a crucial factor in the new trends of urban planning. It is no longer only an area of study and research; it became part of new urban and housing policies. Urban regeneration involves complex decisions as a consequence of the multiple dimensions of the problems that include special technical requirements, safety concerns, socio-economic, environmental, aesthetic, and political impacts, among others. This multi-dimensional nature of urban regeneration projects and their large capital investments justify the development and use of state-of-the-art decision support methodologies to assist decision makers. This research focuses on the development of a multi-attribute approach for the evaluation of building conservation status in urban regeneration projects, thus supporting decision makers in their analysis of the problem and in the definition of strategies and priorities of intervention. The methods presented can be embedded into a Geographical Information System for visualization of results. A real-world case study was used to test the methodology, whose results are also presented.This work has been framed under the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra and supported by Energy and Mobility for Sustainable Regions (EMSURE) Project CENTRO-07-0224-FEDER-002004 and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under PEst-C/EEI/UI0308/2011.CENTRO-07-0224-FEDER-00200

Repositório Aberto da Universidade Aberta

Energy for Sustainability 2013 Sustainable Cities: Designing for People and the Planet Coimbra, 8 to 10 September 2013   MULTI-ATTRIBUTE CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING CONSERVATION STATUS IN URBAN REGENERATION ACTIONS Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3, Nuno Sousa34  1: Professor of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra - School of Engineering Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: ednativi@isec.pt  2: Full Professor of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering-Faculty of Sciences and Technology-University of Coimbra Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: coutinho@dec.uc.pt  3: Researcher at INESC-Coimbra Av. Antero Quental 199, 3000-141 Coimbra, Portugal http://kreation.dec.uc.pt/projects  4: Invited Assistant Professor at Universidade Aberta Delegação de Coimbra da Universidade Aberta, R. Alexandre Herculano 52, 3000-019 Coimbra E-mail: nsousa@uab.pt  Keywords: Multi-attribute methods, Urban Regeneration, Energy, Sustainability  Abstract Urban regeneration is more and more a “universal issue” and a crucial factor in the new trends of urban planning. It is no longer only an area of study and research; it became part of new urban and housing policies. Urban regeneration involves complex decisions as a consequence of the multiple dimensions of the problems that include special technical requirements, safety concerns, socio-economic, environmental, aesthetic, and political impacts, among others. This multi-dimensional nature of urban regeneration projects and their large capital investments justify the development and use of state-of-the-art decision support methodologies to assist decision makers. This research focuses on the development of a multi-attribute approach for the evaluation of building conservation status in urban regeneration projects, thus supporting decision makers in their analysis of the problem and in the definition of strategies and priorities of intervention. The methods presented can be embedded into a Geographical Information System for visualization of results. A real-world case study was used to test the methodology, whose results are also presented. Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34  2 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Sustainable development and buildings Modern trends in sustainable development emphasize, along with the economic aspect of the problem, other fundamental aspects, like environmental, social, cultural, and political dimensions [1]. Success of sustainable development strategies requires adequate translations of these concepts into the practical dimensions of the real world. This implies the implementation of sustainable development strategies at an urban level [1], given the high percentage (75% in 2010) of urban population in the most developed countries [2]. Recent literature concerning energy expresses that the building sector is crucial for climate change mitigation worldwide [3]. The building sector represents about 32% of the world primary energy consumption (http://www.iea.org/stats/) and about 34% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [3]. Refurbishment of buildings in existing urban centres has a high potential for the increase of efficient energy use because it can significantly improve building thermal performance. It can also reduce energy use by bringing people from suburbia to city centres, reducing commuting, and is thus an opportunity for promoting more sustainable urban transportation modes [4]. 1.2. Urban regeneration - the Portuguese scenario  Portugal has one of the highest rates of housing per capita in Europe, at 1.5 dwellings per household. However, a large stock of aging housing exists - about 70% are more than 20 years old. It is estimated that 50% of the older housing stock need repairs. Despite of this scenario, Portugal lags behind many its fellow EU states in the development of a more “Kyoto friendly” urban environment, particularly in the renovation of existing housing stock to meet minimum energy performance requirements adapted to the local climate. The housing renovation and maintenance (R&M) sector has a relatively low importance in total residential output (about 23% - source: www.ine.pt) in comparison with other Euroconstruct countries where the R&M markets represent about 60% of the total residential market [5]. Nevertheless, regeneration has become in the past few years an important issue in the Portuguese public and governmental agendas [6], and a higher conscience related to the importance of urban regeneration seems to exist now, especially in historic areas. 2. MULTI-ATTRIBUTE APPROACH TO CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING CONSERVATION STATUS Urban regeneration inherently involves multiple, conflicting, and incommensurate aspects of evaluation of the merit of possible different scenarios and alternatives, depending on the context of the study and the stakeholders involved (resident population and/or house owners, project management entities and technical development teams) [7]. Given the diversity and complexity of the factors that influence these problems, the spatial nature and volume of data involved, and the need for the use of scientific models, a spatial decision support system Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34  3 (SDSS) is important for the study of this type of problems, as it can assist stakeholders in making better-founded decisions in urban regeneration problems. The SDSS used in this research is fully integrated, capable of performing spatial analysis and database management, as well as running optimisation analysis. It is thus an SDSS of level 3, as defined in [8]. To address the foregoing, we present and implement a methodology for analysing building conservation status (CS), within particular urban areas to be intervened. Such evaluation is usually one of the first stages to be considered in the analysis of urban regeneration projects. 2.1. Definition of attributes and their structure Taking into consideration the available data and the aspects to be considered in a multi-attribute analysis, a set of 13 attributes was considered, shown on table 1 below, together with their respective weights, which were set according to the assessment method defined by Portuguese law - Portaria 1192-B/2006.  Categories Attributes Weight Superstructure and facade walls     Conservation of frame/structure 14% Conservation of facade support walls 14% Conservation of wall facade finishes 5% Roof system   Conservation of roof structure 8% Conservation roof coating 3% Interior stairs, wall and ceiling   Conservation of the stairs structure 10% Conservation of interior stairs, wall/partitions and ceiling finishes and windows 6% Building systems and services         Conservation of water installations 9% Conservation of wastewater drainage network infrastructure 6% Conservation of rainwater drainage installations 3% Conservation of electrical installation 9% Conservation of communication installation 5% Fire-Safety Fire-Safety 7% Table 1. Attributes table and respective weights. Six classes of building CS, including refurbishment cost to optimal level (based on the prices for construction of housing per square metre of floor area defined in Portuguese law - Portaria 1172/2010), were defined in order to obtain a convenient building classification, as represented in Table 2. These classes range from “no need of refurbishment” (class 1) to “demolition and new construction” (class 6). Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34  4  Table 2. CS classes and their refurbishment cost to optimal level. Given a particular set of buildings and their scores in each of the 13 attributes, the SDSS yields back the class in which those buildings lie. These classes were defined considering a set of reference profiles, which serve as a model against which the alternatives (in our case, buildings) are to be compared. The SDSS allows the decision maker to customize those profiles, which can represent hypothetical situations or real buildings in the database that can be considered representative of a given profile of the conservation status. In figure 1 below the reference profiles used are presented.   Figure 1. Reference profiles used for defining conservation status classes. Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34  5 2.2. The decision support methods base To operate the SDSS, the multi-attribute ELECTRE TRI method was implemented, due to its intrinsic non-compensatory nature, which incorporates in a natural way the imprecision and uncertainty inherent to Human decision processes. In the framework of ELECTRE TRI, after the definition of the technical parameters required by the methods, such as the weights or the thresholds of indifference, preference and veto, the SDSS classifies the selected alternatives according to the type of assignment, pessimistic or optimistic [9], depending the degree of exigency of the decision maker (DM). The SDSS also allows the DM to perform a sensitivity analysis to identify the influence of variations of the threshold values in the outranking results. This possibility makes ELECTRE TRI method, in the operational framework of this SDSS, more adequate since in this manner the common attitude of DM, which is usually characterized by a gradual transition from the indifference to the preference state, can be better captured. Furthermore, the introduction of thresholds provides a technically sound way to deal with the uncertainties stemming from different sources (not just regarding preferences, but also lack of data precision).  Given all its characteristics, ELECTRE TRI is therefore a natural method for the study of building CS in urban regeneration projects, allowing to define (real or virtual) reference properties (according to current CS), and to group/classify the buildings into classes. The SDSS incorporates a geographical information system (GIS), which enables the results to be visualized on maps, where the buildings under evaluation appear duly located, with colours that represent the respective classification. This feature is really useful for a municipal agency to generate a building CS map for planning and funding purposes, for instance for prioritizing intervention. The methodology was tested with the case study of the Coimbra City historical centre, Portugal, where a large urban regeneration project, addressing about 750 buildings, is being undertaken. The GIS result is shown in the figure 2 below.  Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34  6  Figure 2. Case study GIS output. 3. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of buildings CS is a crucial step in the study of urban regeneration projects. This evaluation involves the analytical and systemic determination of all the factors influencing the CS of a building, supported in clear principles and using well-defined criteria. The SDSS presented in this paper, built on the ELECTRE TRI method, gives the DM a flexible, yet rigorous, analytic tool, based on formal multiple attribute methodologies. The results can then easily be displayed in GIS. The system is flexible enough to be adapted to other applications: with different datasets, the system could be used to evaluate any building stock, and adapted for particular aspects, such as energy efficiency.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been framed under the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra and supported by Energy and Mobility for Sustainable Regions (EMSURE) Project CENTRO-07-0224-FEDER-002004 and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under PEst-C/EEI/UI0308/2011. Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34  7 The authors acknowledge 4D Inc., and particularly Dominique Coste at 4D Inc.-Europe, for the provision of academic licenses of 4D required for the design, development, and use of academic tools, and also the availability of 4D relational database management system (for academic purposes).   REFERENCES [1] Fujiwara A, Zhang J, Lee B and Da Cruz MRM (2005). Evaluating sustainability of urban development in developing countries incorporating dynamic cause–cause–effect relationships over time. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 6: 4349–4364; [2] United Nations (2010). World Urbanization Prospects – The 2009 Revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York, NY, USA. [3] Urge-Vorsatz D and Novikova A (2008). Potentials and costs of carbon dioxide mitigation in the world’s buildings. Energy Policy 36(2): 642–661. [4] D. Farr (2007). Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design With Nature. Wiley, USA. [5] Euroconstruct (2009). Proceedings of 68th Euroconstruct Conference, Zurich, Switzerland 2009 – Country Report. Euroconstruct, Zurich, Switzerland; [6] Breda-Vázquez I (2009). Partnership diversity and governance culture: evidence from urban regeneration policies in Portugal. Urban Studies 46(10): 2213–2238; [7] Kazmierczak AE, Curwell SR and Turner JC (2009). Regeneration of large urban areas: assessment methods. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Municipal Engineer 162 (2): 117–124; [8] Laaribi A., 2000. S.I.G. et analyse multicritère, Hèrmes Science Publications, Paris, pp. 190; [9] Yu W (1992). ELECTRE TRI: Aspects méthodologiques et manuel d’utilisation. Université Paris-Dauphine, Paris, France, Document du Lamsade 74. 

Multi-attribute classification of housing conservation status in urban regeneration actions

The Repositório Aberto

Energy for Sustainability 2013 
Sustainable Cities: Designing for People and the Planet 
Coimbra, 8 to 10 September 2013 
 
 
MULTI-ATTRIBUTE CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING 
CONSERVATION STATUS IN URBAN REGENERATION ACTIONS 
Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, 
Lino Tralhão3, Nuno Sousa34 
 
1: Professor of Civil Engineering 
Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra - School of Engineering 
Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal 
E-mail: ednativi@isec.pt 
 
2: Full Professor of Civil Engineering 
Department of Civil Engineering-Faculty of Sciences and Technology-University of Coimbra 
Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal 
E-mail: coutinho@dec.uc.pt 
 
3: Researcher at INESC-Coimbra 
Av. Antero Quental 199, 3000-141 Coimbra, Portugal 
http://kreation.dec.uc.pt/projects 
 
4: Invited Assistant Professor at Universidade Aberta 
Delegação de Coimbra da Universidade Aberta, R. Alexandre Herculano 52, 3000-019 Coimbra 
E-mail: nsousa@uab.pt 
 
Keywords: Multi-attribute methods, Urban Regeneration, Energy, Sustainability 
 
Abstract Urban regeneration is more and more a “universal issue” and a crucial factor 
in the new trends of urban planning. It is no longer only an area of study and research; it 
became part of new urban and housing policies. Urban regeneration involves complex 
decisions as a consequence of the multiple dimensions of the problems that include 
special technical requirements, safety concerns, socio-economic, environmental, 
aesthetic, and political impacts, among others. This multi-dimensional nature of urban 
regeneration projects and their large capital investments justify the development and use 
of state-of-the-art decision support methodologies to assist decision makers. 
This research focuses on the development of a multi-attribute approach for the evaluation 
of building conservation status in urban regeneration projects, thus supporting decision 
makers in their analysis of the problem and in the definition of strategies and priorities of 
intervention. The methods presented can be embedded into a Geographical Information 
System for visualization of results. A real-world case study was used to test the 
methodology, whose results are also presented. 
Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34 
 2 
1. INTRODUCTION 
1.1. Sustainable development and buildings 
Modern trends in sustainable development emphasize, along with the economic aspect of the 
problem, other fundamental aspects, like environmental, social, cultural, and political 
dimensions [1]. Success of sustainable development strategies requires adequate translations 
of these concepts into the practical dimensions of the real world. This implies the 
implementation of sustainable development strategies at an urban level [1], given the high 
percentage (75% in 2010) of urban population in the most developed countries [2]. 
Recent literature concerning energy expresses that the building sector is crucial for climate 
change mitigation worldwide [3]. The building sector represents about 32% of the world 
primary energy consumption (http://www.iea.org/stats/) and about 34% of carbon dioxide 
(CO2) emissions [3]. Refurbishment of buildings in existing urban centres has a high potential 
for the increase of efficient energy use because it can significantly improve building thermal 
performance. It can also reduce energy use by bringing people from suburbia to city centres, 
reducing commuting, and is thus an opportunity for promoting more sustainable urban 
transportation modes [4]. 
1.2. Urban regeneration - the Portuguese scenario  
Portugal has one of the highest rates of housing per capita in Europe, at 1.5 dwellings per 
household. However, a large stock of aging housing exists - about 70% are more than 20 
years old. It is estimated that 50% of the older housing stock need repairs. Despite of this 
scenario, Portugal lags behind many its fellow EU states in the development of a more 
“Kyoto friendly” urban environment, particularly in the renovation of existing housing 
stock to meet minimum energy performance requirements adapted to the local climate. 
The housing renovation and maintenance (R&M) sector has a relatively low importance in 
total residential output (about 23% - source: www.ine.pt) in comparison with other 
Euroconstruct countries where the R&M markets represent about 60% of the total 
residential market [5]. 
Nevertheless, regeneration has become in the past few years an important issue in the 
Portuguese public and governmental agendas [6], and a higher conscience related to the 
importance of urban regeneration seems to exist now, especially in historic areas. 
2. MULTI-ATTRIBUTE APPROACH TO CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING 
CONSERVATION STATUS 
Urban regeneration inherently involves multiple, conflicting, and incommensurate aspects of 
evaluation of the merit of possible different scenarios and alternatives, depending on the 
context of the study and the stakeholders involved (resident population and/or house owners, 
project management entities and technical development teams) [7]. Given the diversity and 
complexity of the factors that influence these problems, the spatial nature and volume of data 
involved, and the need for the use of scientific models, a spatial decision support system 
Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34 
 3 
(SDSS) is important for the study of this type of problems, as it can assist stakeholders in 
making better-founded decisions in urban regeneration problems. The SDSS used in this 
research is fully integrated, capable of performing spatial analysis and database management, 
as well as running optimisation analysis. It is thus an SDSS of level 3, as defined in [8]. 
To address the foregoing, we present and implement a methodology for analysing building 
conservation status (CS), within particular urban areas to be intervened. Such evaluation is 
usually one of the first stages to be considered in the analysis of urban regeneration projects. 
2.1. Definition of attributes and their structure 
Taking into consideration the available data and the aspects to be considered in a multi-
attribute analysis, a set of 13 attributes was considered, shown on table 1 below, together with 
their respective weights, which were set according to the assessment method defined by 
Portuguese law - Portaria 1192-B/2006. 
 
Categories Attributes Weight 
Superstructure and 
facade walls 
  
  
Conservation of frame/structure 14% 
Conservation of facade support walls 14% 
Conservation of wall facade finishes 5% 
Roof system 
  
Conservation of roof structure 8% 
Conservation roof coating 3% 
Interior stairs, wall 
and ceiling 
  
Conservation of the stairs structure 10% 
Conservation of interior stairs, wall/partitions and ceiling 
finishes and windows 6% 
Building systems 
and services 
  
  
  
  
Conservation of water installations 9% 
Conservation of wastewater drainage network infrastructure 6% 
Conservation of rainwater drainage installations 3% 
Conservation of electrical installation 9% 
Conservation of communication installation 5% 
Fire-Safety Fire-Safety 7% 
Table 1. Attributes table and respective weights. 
Six classes of building CS, including refurbishment cost to optimal level (based on the prices 
for construction of housing per square metre of floor area defined in Portuguese law - Portaria 
1172/2010), were defined in order to obtain a convenient building classification, as 
represented in Table 2. These classes range from “no need of refurbishment” (class 1) to 
“demolition and new construction” (class 6). 
Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34 
 4 
 
Table 2. CS classes and their refurbishment cost to optimal level. 
Given a particular set of buildings and their scores in each of the 13 attributes, the SDSS 
yields back the class in which those buildings lie. 
These classes were defined considering a set of reference profiles, which serve as a model 
against which the alternatives (in our case, buildings) are to be compared. The SDSS allows 
the decision maker to customize those profiles, which can represent hypothetical situations or 
real buildings in the database that can be considered representative of a given profile of the 
conservation status. In figure 1 below the reference profiles used are presented. 
 
 
Figure 1. Reference profiles used for defining conservation status classes. 
Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34 
 5 
2.2. The decision support methods base 
To operate the SDSS, the multi-attribute ELECTRE TRI method was implemented, due to its 
intrinsic non-compensatory nature, which incorporates in a natural way the imprecision 
and uncertainty inherent to Human decision processes. In the framework of ELECTRE TRI, 
after the definition of the technical parameters required by the methods, such as the weights or 
the thresholds of indifference, preference and veto, the SDSS classifies the selected 
alternatives according to the type of assignment, pessimistic or optimistic [9], depending the 
degree of exigency of the decision maker (DM). 
The SDSS also allows the DM to perform a sensitivity analysis to identify the influence of 
variations of the threshold values in the outranking results. This possibility makes ELECTRE 
TRI method, in the operational framework of this SDSS, more adequate since in this manner 
the common attitude of DM, which is usually characterized by a gradual transition from the 
indifference to the preference state, can be better captured. Furthermore, the introduction of 
thresholds provides a technically sound way to deal with the uncertainties stemming from 
different sources (not just regarding preferences, but also lack of data precision).  
Given all its characteristics, ELECTRE TRI is therefore a natural method for the study of 
building CS in urban regeneration projects, allowing to define (real or virtual) reference 
properties (according to current CS), and to group/classify the buildings into classes. 
The SDSS incorporates a geographical information system (GIS), which enables the results to 
be visualized on maps, where the buildings under evaluation appear duly located, with colours 
that represent the respective classification. This feature is really useful for a municipal agency 
to generate a building CS map for planning and funding purposes, for instance for prioritizing 
intervention. 
The methodology was tested with the case study of the Coimbra City historical centre, 
Portugal, where a large urban regeneration project, addressing about 750 buildings, is 
being undertaken. The GIS result is shown in the figure 2 below. 
 
Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34 
 6 
 
Figure 2. Case study GIS output. 
3. CONCLUSIONS 
The evaluation of buildings CS is a crucial step in the study of urban regeneration projects. 
This evaluation involves the analytical and systemic determination of all the factors 
influencing the CS of a building, supported in clear principles and using well-defined 
criteria. The SDSS presented in this paper, built on the ELECTRE TRI method, gives the 
DM a flexible, yet rigorous, analytic tool, based on formal multiple attribute 
methodologies. The results can then easily be displayed in GIS. 
The system is flexible enough to be adapted to other applications: with different datasets, 
the system could be used to evaluate any building stock, and adapted for particular 
aspects, such as energy efficiency. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
This work has been framed under the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University 
of Coimbra and supported by Energy and Mobility for Sustainable Regions (EMSURE) 
Project CENTRO-07-0224-FEDER-002004 and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 
(FCT) under PEst-C/EEI/UI0308/2011. 
Eduardo Natividade-Jesus13*, João Coutinho-Rodrigues23, Lino Tralhão3 and Nuno Sousa34 
 7 
The authors acknowledge 4D Inc., and particularly Dominique Coste at 4D Inc.-Europe, 
for the provision of academic licenses of 4D required for the design, development, and use 
of academic tools, and also the availability of 4D relational database management system 
(for academic purposes).  
 
REFERENCES 
[1] Fujiwara A, Zhang J, Lee B and Da Cruz MRM (2005). Evaluating sustainability of 
urban development in developing countries incorporating dynamic cause–cause–effect 
relationships over time. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation 
Studies 6: 4349–4364; 
[2] United Nations (2010). World Urbanization Prospects – The 2009 Revision. United 
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New 
York, NY, USA. 
[3] Urge-Vorsatz D and Novikova A (2008). Potentials and costs of carbon dioxide 
mitigation in the world’s buildings. Energy Policy 36(2): 642–661. 
[4] D. Farr (2007). Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design With Nature. Wiley, USA. 
[5] Euroconstruct (2009). Proceedings of 68th Euroconstruct Conference, Zurich, 
Switzerland 2009 – Country Report. Euroconstruct, Zurich, Switzerland; 
[6] Breda-Vázquez I (2009). Partnership diversity and governance culture: evidence 
from urban regeneration policies in Portugal. Urban Studies 46(10): 2213–2238; 
[7] Kazmierczak AE, Curwell SR and Turner JC (2009). Regeneration of large urban 
areas: assessment methods. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – 
Municipal Engineer 162 (2): 117–124; 
[8] Laaribi A., 2000. S.I.G. et analyse multicritère, Hèrmes Science Publications, Paris, 
pp. 190; 
[9] Yu W (1992). ELECTRE TRI: Aspects méthodologiques et manuel d’utilisation. 
Université Paris-Dauphine, Paris, France, Document du Lamsade 74. 


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Multi-attribute classification of housing conservation status in urban regeneration actions

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