Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Hoffman, Richard L.

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Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyEarth and Planetary Science

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234.1AMPHIBIA: SALIENTIA: HYLIDAE PSEUDACRIS BRACHYPHONA•• ETYMOLOGY.The nameis derivedfromtheGreekbrachys(short)andphone(voice),in allusiontotheabbreviatedtrill char-acteristicof this species.FIGURE. Audiospectrogramof call of Pseudacrisbrachyphona:Little WalkerCreek,Pulaski County,Virginia,29 March 1975;notemperatureor voucherspecimen.2.01.8-~,.~-'~.""'H'jp.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6TIME IN SECONDS.6.4.22o•dimensionsis summarizedfor Kentuckyspecimensby Barbour(1958).DistributionalrecordsarepresentedbyBarbour(1958,1971),Bayless(1971),CraddockandMinckley(1964),Ferguson(1961),Gentry(1955),Green(1949),Harris(1975),Hoffman(1955),Mar-tofandHumphries(1955),Mount(1975),Neill (1954,1957),Net-ting(1949),Schwartz(1955),Sinclair(1957),Viosca(1938),Walk-er (1946),andYoder (1940).Essentialallopatryof P. triseriataandP. brachyphonain thenorthernpartof thelatter'srangehasbeennotedby SmithandSmith(1952)andin northGeorgiabyMartofandHumphries(1955),andis knownalsofor southwesternVirginia;the occurrenceof bothspeciesat thesamelocalityismentionedby Wilson(1945)andimpliedby Crenshaw(1958).Habitatpreferences(andcontrastwith thoseof triseriata)aresummarizedfor KentuckybyBarbour(1958),whoseremarksapplypreciselyto southwestVirginiaaswell, andfor WestVir-giniabyGreen(1938)andBayless(1971).Informationonbreedingsites,matingbehavior,oviposition,andbreedingseason(Decem-ber to April in Alabama,MarchthroughJuly in thecentralAp-palachians)is givenby Green(1938)for WestVirginia,Barbour(1958)for Kentucky,Walker(1946)for Ohio, andMount(1975)for Alabama.Barbour(1958)accountseightspeciesof anuransfoundin breedingsiteswithbrachyphona.EggsaredescribedbyGreen(1936)andkeyedby LivezeyandWright(1947),tadpolesby Green(1938)andkeyedbyAltig (1970).Postembryonicgrowthin WestVirginiapopulationsis dis-cussedby Green(1964)andthephenotypicratioof patternvari-antsby thesameauthor(1969).Skeletalcharacteristicsarede-scribedbyChantell(1968)andmaxillarydentitionbyGoin(1958).Responseof adultspecimensto light intensityis notedbyJaegerandHailman(1973).Physicalcharacteristicsof thematingcall are summarized(for Georgiamaterial)by ThompsonandMartof(1957),and brachyphonais includedby Martof(1961)ina discussionof callsas isolatingmechanismsin frogs.PredationonbrachyphonabyRana catesbeianais recordedbyBarbour(1958).COMMENTGeographicreplacementofP. brachyphonandP. triseriatais evidentfrom distributionalmaps(Conant,1975;Wright andWright,1949)andoccasionalcommentin theliterature.The twospeciesoverlapbroadlyin KentuckyandAlabamabut maybeecologicallyseparatedthere.Along theeasternperipheryof itsrange(e.g.,northGeorgia,westernVirginia, West Virginia)P.brachyphonais sharplysetoff fromtriseriataferiarumalthoughthe two havebeenfoundtogetherat one site in West Virginia(Wilson,1945)andseveralin southwesternVirginia(unpublisheddata).WrightandWright(1949)notedsimilaritiesof brachyphonawithspeciesof the triseriata-groupbutplacedit nearP. ornatain theirkey.On thebasisof skeletalcharacters,Chantell(1968)placedtriseriata,nigrita, brimleyi,and brachyphonatogether,anallocationsubstantiatedbymatingexperimentsperformedbyMecham(1965)whoconsidereda crossingof brachyphonaandbrimleyito be highlysuccessful.Neill (1954,1957)reportedthepresencein westFlorida(Lib-ertyandOkaloosacounties)of populationsof frogsimpliedto beCatalogueof AmericanAmphibiansand Reptiles.Pseudacrisbrachyphona(Cope)MountainchorusfrogC[horophilus].feriarumbrachyphonusCope,1889:341.Type-lo-cality,"in westPennsylvania,neartheKiskiminitasRiver."(This river forms the boundarybetweenArmstrongandWestmorelandcounties;it is notcertainin whichCopeob-tainedhis material.)Typespecimennotknownto exist,ev-identlycollectedbyE. D. Cope.Pseudacrisbrachyphona:Walker(1932:379).First useof combi-nation.HOFFMAN,RICHARDL. 1980.Pseudacrisbrachyphona.• CONTENT.No subspecieshavebeenrecognized.• DEFINITIONAND DIAGNOSIS.Adult lengthto 35 mm. Astocky,long-leggedspecies(tibia50-60%of bodylength),withprominenttarsalpads;colorationvariable,light brownor tan,light gray,or olive-gray;venterlighter,upperlip with distinctwhiteline to tympanum;a darkgrayor browntriangularinter-orbitalspotnormallypresent;nomediandorsaldarkband,para-medianstripesconvergent("reverseparentheses"),oftenbroadlyin contactforminganX andH-shapedmarking;paramedianandlateraldark stripessharplydefined,continuedontofemoraandtibiaewhenlegsareflexed;undersidesofhindlegswithsuffusionof brightyellow.Tadpoleto maximumlengthof 35 mm,tail fin endingpos-teriorto spiracle;dorsalcolorgenerallybrassywithoutdistinctmarkings,throatand venterunpigmented,a whitesupralabialstripepresent;medianspaceof toothrow A-2 narrow,thegapratio2 or more;toothrowsP-l and P-2 subequal,sometimesconvergentat lateralends.Eggslaidin smallmassesof 10-50(totalcomplementto300)attachedto submergedetritus;vitellinesheath1.2to 1.4mm,vitellus1.6mm,envelope6.0to 8.5mm.Pseudacrisbrachyphonadiffersfromothermembersof thetriseriataspecies-groupin colorpatternof theadult(absenceofmediandorsalstripeandconvergenceofparamedianstripes),andfromtriseriataandnigritabytheabsenceof thelateralhumeralepicondyle(thischaractersharedwithP. brimleyi).The matingcall is distinctiveamongPseudacrisin its extremebrevity(300-• 500millisecondsin duration).• DESCRIPTIONS.Generaldescriptionsare givenby WrightandWright(1949),Green(1938),Mount(1975),andConant(1975);immaturestagesaredescribedbyGreen(1938).• ILLUSTRATIONS.Blackandwhitephotographsof adultsaregivenby WrightandWright(1949),Barbour(1971),andMount(1975);coloredillustrationoftheadultbyConant(1975);drawingsof eggsandtadpolesbyGreen(1938).• DISTRIBUTION.Central westernPennsylvania(ClearfieldandJeffersoncounties)southwestwardchieflyin theAppalachianPlateauphysiographicprovinceto Alabama,southwesternGeor-gia, andnortheasternMississippi.Localitiesin Ohio andPenn-sylvanialie southof the line of maximumglaciation.Isolatedpopulationsoccurin theIronMountains,Virginia(atnearly1,300meters),in centralnorthernGeorgiaandadjacentpartsof NorthCarolinaandTennessee,theeasternpanhandleofWestVirginia,andwesternFlorida(seeComment).The speciesappearsnottooccurin theTennesseeValleybetweenBristolandChattanooganorin theGreatSmokyMountains,anddetailsof its occurrencein centralTennesseeareveryinadequatelydocumented.Pseu-dacrisbrachyphonais theonlyspeciesof anuranendemictotheAppalachianregion.• FOSSILRECORD.None.• PERTINENTLITERATURE. Relationshipsand comparisonswith otherspeciesare mentionedby WrightandWright(1949)and the results of cross-breedingexperimentswith relatedspeciesgivenbyMecham(1965).Hybridizationbetweenbrachy-phona and triseriatain Ohio has beenreportedby Crenshaw(1958).Geographicvariationin numberof vomerineteethis sug-gestedby datagivenby Goin (1958).Variationin severalbodyi..-.-.-.( .-.-.-.,.jMAP. Solidcirclemarksthetype-locality,opencirclesindicateotherrecords.a subspeciesof brachyphona,or a closelyalliedsiblingspecies,saidto havea distinctivecall somewhatlike thatof Hyla squi-rella. CrenshawandBlair(1959)expressedtheviewthatthecallsin questionwerenotgreatlydifferentfromthoseofP. t.feriarum,to whichnametheyproposedto refertheFloridianpopulationsin question.The recordfor Clark County,Georgia,publishedbyNeill (1954)invitesconfirmation.Dr. R. W. Barbour(in litt.)be-lievesthatthepopulationsof centralKentucky,heremappedasdisjunct,arein fact continuouswith themainpartof the rangeto theeastalongrivervalleys.LITERATURECITEDAltig, Ronald. 1970.A key to the tadpolesof the continentalUnitedStatesandCanada.Herpetologica26(2):180-207.Barbour,RogerW. 1958.Observationsonthemountainchorusfrog Pseudacrisbrachyphona(Cope)in Kentucky.Amer.MidlandNatur.57:125-128.- 1971.AmphibiansandreptilesofKentucky.Univ.KentuckyPress, Lexington.x +334p.Bayless,LawrenceE. 1971.New recordsof amphibiansandreptilesfor southernWest Virginia. Proc. West VirginiaAcad. Sci. 43:123-125.Chantell,CharlesJ. 1968.The osteologyof Pseudacris(Am-phibia:Hylidae).Amer.MidlandNatur.80(2):381-391.Conant,Roger. 1975.A fieldguideto reptilesandamphibiansof easternand central North America. Second edition.HoughtonMifflin Co., Boston.xviii +429p.Cope,EdwardD. 1889.The Batrachiaof NorthAmerica.U.S.Nat. Mus. Bull. (34):1-525.Craddock,James E., and W. L. Minckley. 1969.Amphibiansand reptilesfrom Meade Co., Kentucky.Amer. MidlandNatur.71:382-391.Crenshaw,John W., Jr. 1958.The roleof hybridizationin thedevelopmentof biological(species)reproductivebarrierswithspecialreferencetotheAmphibiaandReptilia.Yearb.Amer.Phil. Soc. 1958:250-252.-, andW. F. Blair. 1959.Relationshipsin thePseudacrisni-grita complexin southwesternGeorgia.Copeia1959(3):215-222.Ferguson,DenzelE. 1961. The herpetofaunaof TishomingoCounty,Mississippi,with commentson its zoogeographicaffinities.Copeia1961(4):391-396.234.2Gentry,Glenn. 1955.An annotatedchecklistof theamphibiansand reptilesof Tennessee.J. TennesseeAcad. Sci. 30(2):168-176.Goin,ColemanJ. 1958.Notesonthemaxillarydentitionofsomehylidfrogs.Herpetologica14(2):117-121.Green,N. Bayard.1938.Thebreedinghabitsof Pseudacrisbra-chyphona(Cope)witha descriptionof theeggsandtadpole.Copeia1938(1):79-82.1949.The herpetologicalcollectionsof the West VirginiaBiologicalSurvey.Proc. WestVirginiaAcad. Sci. 20:57-64.1964.Postmetamorphicgrowthin themountainchorusfrog,Pseudacrisbrachyphona(Cope).Ibid. 36:34-38.1969.The ratioof crescentandcruciformpatternsin pop-ulationsof the mountainchorusfrog, Pseudacrisbrachy-phona, in WestVirginia.Ibid. 41:142-144.Harris, HerbertS., Jr. 1975.Distributionalsurvey(Amphibia!Reptilia):MarylandandtheDistrictofColumbia.Bull. Mary-landHerpetol.Soc. 11(3):73-170.Hoffman,RichardL. 1955.On theoccurrenceof twospeciesofhylidfrogsin Virginia.Herpetologica11(1):30-32.Jaeger,R. G., andJ. P. Hailman. 1973.Effectsof intensityonthe phototacticresponsesof adult anuranamphibians:acomparativestudy.Z. Tierpsychol.33:352-407.Livezey,RobertL., andAlbertH. Wright. 1947.A synoptickeyto the salientianeggsof theUnitedStates.Amer. MidlandNatur.37(1):179-222.Martof,Bernard. 1961.Vocalizationasan isolatingmechanismin frogs.Amer.MidlandNatur.65:118-126.-, andR. L. Humphries.1955.Observationsonsomeamphib-iansfromGeorgia.Copeia1955(3):245-248.Mecham,John S. 1965.Geneticrelationshipsandreproductiveisolationin southeasternfrogsof thegeneraPseudacrisandHyla. Amer.MidlandNatur.74:269-308.Mount,R. H. 1975.The reptilesandamphibiansof Alabama.AuburnUniv.Agr.Exp.Stat.,Auburn,Alabama.vii +347p.Neill, W. T. 1954.Rangesandtaxonomicallocationsof amphib-ians and reptilesin the southeasternUnited States.Publ.Res. Div. RossAllen'sReptileInst. 1(7):75-96.1957.DistributionalnotesonGeorgiaamphibians,andsomecorrections.Copeia1957(1):43-47.Netting,M. Graham. 1949. The amphibiansand reptiles ofPennsylvania.PennsylvaniaStateFish andGameCommis-sion,Harrisburg.29p.Schwartz,Albert. 1955.The chorusfrog Pseudacrisbrachy-phonain NorthCarolina.Copeia1955(2):138.Sinclair,Ralph. 1957.Cricket, tree,andchorusfrogsof Ten-nessee.TennesseeConserv.23:12-13,22(reprintedin Am-phibiansand reptilesof Tennessee,TennesseeFish andGameComm.,1965).Smith,Philip W., andDorothyM. Smith. 1952.The relation-shipsof the chorusfrogsPseudacrisnigritaferiarum andPseudacrisnigritatriseriata.Amer.MidlandNatur.48(1):165-180.Thompson,Eric F., andBernardMartof. 1957.A comparisonofthephysicalcharacteristicsof frogcalls(Pseudacris).Phys-iol. Zool.30(4):328-341.Viosca,Percy, Jr. 1938.Noteson thewinterfrogsof Alabama.Copeia1938(4):201.Walker,CharlesF. 1932.Pseudacrisbrachyphona(Cope)a validspecies.OhioJ. Sci. 32(4):379-384.- 1946.The amphibiansof Ohio.Part I. The frogsandtoads(OrderSalientia).OhioStateMus. Sci. Bull. 1(3):1-109.Wilson,L. Wayne. 1945.Amphibiansof DroopMountainStatePark. Proc. WestVirginiaAcad. Sci. 16:39-41.Wright, Albert H., and Anna A. Wright. 1949.Handbookoffrogsand toadsof the UnitedStatesand Canada.3rd ed.ComstockPubl. Co., Ithaca,NewYork. xii +640p.Yoder,H. D. 1940.TheamphibiansofBlairCounty.Proc. Penn-sylvaniaAcad. Sci. 14:90-92.RICHARDL. HOFFMAN,RADFORDUNIVERSITY,RADFORD,VIR-GINIA24142.Primaryeditorfor thisaccount,RichardG. Zweifel.Published25January1980andCopyright1980by the SOCIETYFORTHESTUDYOFAMPHIBIANSANDREPTILES.

Pseudacris brachyphona

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Pseudacris brachyphona

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