Number of Pages: 2Place of Publication: Bethesda, MarylandIntegrative BiologyGeological Science

Neill, Wilfred T.

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Number of Pages: 2Place of Publication: Bethesda, MarylandIntegrative BiologyEarth and Planetary Science

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AMPWBIA: CAUDATA: PLETHODONTIDAENEILL, WILFREDT. 1968. Hemidactyliumscutatum,p. 2. In W. J. Riemer (ed.), Catalogueof AmericanAmphibiansand eptiles. AmericanSocietyof Ichthy-ologistsand Herpetologists,Bethesda,Maryland.Hemidactyliumscutatum(Schlegel)Four-toed salamanderSalam.[andra]scutataSchlegelin Temminck,Schlegel,& de Haan [1883-1850],1838:119.Type-locality"Nashville, Tenn." [=Nashville, DavidsonCounty,Tennessee]. Holotype not known to exist. Col-lectorunknown.Hemidactyliumscutatum:Tschudi,1838:59.Transferof S. scutataSchlegel[etc.] to Hemidactylium.Desmodactyluscutatus:Dumeril,Bibron, & Dumeril,1854:118.Transfer of S. scutataSchlegel[etc.]toDesmodactylus.Batrachosepsscutatus: Boulenger,1882:59.Transferof S. BcutataSchlegel[etc.]to Batrachoseps.SalamandramelanostictaGibbes, 1884:89, plate 10.Type-locality"Abbeville, S. C." [=Abbeville, Ab-beville County, South Carolina]. Holotype notknown to exist. Collectorunknown. Junior syno-nymof S. scutataSchlegel[etc.]DesmodactyluBmelanostictus:Dumeril,Bibron, & Du-meril, 1854:119.Transfer of S. melanostictaGibbesto Desmodactylus.• CONTENT.No subspeciesarerecognizedat present.• DEFINITION. Adult females about 75, and adultmales about 65 mm in total length. Costal groovesnumber13 or 14. The dorsumis reddish-brown,be-cominggrayish laterally; the venter is bluish-white(notunpigmented),with distinct,irregular,blackflecks.• DESCRIPTIONS.Mature eggs and nesting habitshavebeendescribedby Bishop(1920,1943:309),Blanch-ard (1922,1923,1934c,1936),Dunn (1926:196),andWood (19,53,1955);larvaeby Bishop (1920,1943:309-310),Blanchard(1923),andDunn (1926:47,61);adultsby Bishop (1920,1943:306-309),lmd Dunn (1926:22,31,40,45,197-199).There is needfor a detailedcomparisonof the lar-vaeof Hemidactylium,ManculuB,andStereochilus,theonly plethodontidsin which the larval tail fin extendsontothedorsumof thebody.• ILLUSTRATIONS.SeeBishop (1920,variouslife his-tory stages;1943:fig.87, dorsal and ventral views ofadult, also femalewith eggs), Cochran (1961:fig.17,femalewith eggs, in color), and Noble (1931:59,92,larva and adult respectively).• DISTRIBUTION.The rangeof this speciesis egregi-ously discontinuous.Distributionis fairly continuousfrom extremesouthernMaine, extremesouthernQue-bec,extremesouthernOntario,andnorthernWisconsin,southwardto the Fall Line in North Carolina,SouthCarolina, Georgia,Alabama,and Tennessee;presum-ably disjunct populationsoccur in Nova ScotIa,Mis-souri, Arkansas, Louisiana,Georgia,and Florida.For somespecificlocalities see Bleakney& Cook(1957,Nova Scotia),Conant(1945,"Del-Mar-Va" Pen-insula), Dowling (1957, Arkansas), Fowler (1942,Maine), Logier & Toner (1961,Canada),Neill (1957a,Georgia),Stevenson(1958,Florida), Suzuki (1951,Wis-consin),andWood(1955,Virginia). Also seelocalitiesor referencesin Dunn (1918:459,1926:203-204).A record for Charleston,South Carolina (Baird,1849;Dunn, 1918:459)generallyhas beendiscreditedbut mayprovevalid. A recordfor just north of Chat-tahoochee,GadsdenCounty,Florida (Grobman,1954:11) is actuallyfrom DecaturCounty,Georgia. A rec-ord for Riceboro,Liberty County,Georgia(Cope,1889:132)is in error; the specimens(U.S. Nat!. Mus.4090)are Notophthalmus. A recordof Hemidactyliumfor"Texas" (Dunn, 1918:459)has not beenverified.Thenonbreedingadultlivesunderstones,logs,woodslabs,leaf litter, or mossin beechand maple,yellowbirchandmaple,andotherhardwoodforests,lessoftenin coniferouswoods;but thelarval life is spentin pools,bogs,or slowbogstreamswith an abundanceof sphag-num,othermosses,hepatics,andsedges. Thereforethe'" I2.1HEMIDACTYUUM SCUTATUMdistributionis limited to areasthat provideboth hab-itats in closeproximity.SeeConant(1960),Neill (1957b),andSmith (1957)on the possiblebiogeographicsignificanceof the dis-junct populations.• FOSSILRECORD.None.• PERTINENTLITERATURE.This is one of the beststudiedof all plethodontids.In additionto the refer-encesabove,at least 110other papersdealwholly orin part with the species. Only a few of thesecan becitedhere. SeeBlanchard(1933a,spermatophoresandmatingseason;1933b,natural history; 1934a,late au-tumn collectingand hibernation;1934b,spring migra-tion; 1934d,dates of oviposition; 1935,sex ratio),Blanchard & Blanchard (1931,size groups), Branin(1935,courtshipand extraseasonalovulatIon),Dieck-mann (1927,clo ca and sp rmatheca),Gra t (1955,territoriality), and Walton ([ 11947],parasites).The papersof Bishopand of Blanchardcollectivelyprovidea well-roundedaccountof the species.• NOMENCLATURALHISTORY. Schlegel'sspecificnameBcuta.tahas beengenerallyusedsinceits proposal,andmostoftenin thecombinationHemidactyliumscutatum.Gibbes'sspecific name melanoBtictahas rarely ap-pearedin the literature.• REMARKS. Tschudi's1838preprint has beencon-fusedwith his 1840journal article. Tschudi'sdescrip-ti()ll1of Hemidactylium8cutatum,and Schlegel'sofSalam. Bcutata,both appearedprobablyin September1838. However,Tschudi, in a letter written no laterthanAugust1837(printedin Leonard& Bronn'sNeuesJahrbuch fur Mineralogie,etc., 1837,pt. 5, Sept.,pp.545-547),indicatesthat he had alreadyseen(perhapsin proof1) thework in whichSchlegel'sdescriptionap-peared(part III of the "Reptilia" volumeof the FaunaJaponica). Thus Tschudiin 1838was not erectingthespecificnameBcutatum,but was merely transferringSchlegel'sS. Bcutatato the newgenusHemidactylium.Cope (1869:99)gavethe following reference:"Sal-amandraBcutataSchlegel,Mus. LeydenAbbildungen,t. 40,f. 4, 6, 1837." This impliesa usageof the nameearlierthanthat in the Fauna Japonica. However,theaforesaidAbbildungactually appearedin 1839.• ETYMOLOGY.The specificname8cutatumsignifies"eoveredwith shieldlikeplates," from Latin Bcutatus,MAP. The solidcirclemarksthetype-locality. Hollowcircles representother selectedlocalities. The encir-cledquestionmark indicatesa doubtfullocality. OtherquestiOnmarks indicateunknowndistributi()ll1albound-aries. After GoodeBaseMap 202,©Universityof Chi-cago1937."armedwitha shield"(Latin8cutum,"a shield").Thesalamander'scostalgroovesproducea superficialre-semblanceto overlappingplates.COMMENTTheexistenceof subspeciationhasnotbeenreported.Georgiaspecimenshaverelativelylargeblackspotson theventer,as comparedwithmorenortherlyma-terial.LITERATURE CITEDBaird,SpencerF. 1849.Revisionof theNorthAmeri-cantailed-batrachia,with descriptionsof newge-neraandspecies.Jour.Acad.Nat.Sci.Philadelphia,2ndser.,1:281-294.Bishop,ShermanC. 1920.Noteson the habitsanddevelopmentof thefour-toedsalamander,Hemidac-tylium8cutatum(Schlegel).Bull.NewYork StateMus.,(219-220):251-282.- 1943.Handbookof salamanders:the salamandersof theUnitedStates,of Canada,andof LowerCali-fornia. ComstockPublishingCo.,Ithaca,NewYork.xiv + 555pp.Blanchard,FrankN. 1922.Discoveryof theeggsofthefour-toedsalamanderin Michigan.Occas.Pa-persMus.Zool.Univ.Michigan,(126):1-3.- 1923.Thelifehistoryof thefour-toedsalamander.Amer.Nat.,57:262-268.- 1933a.Spermatophoresand the matingseasonof thesalamanderHemidactylium8cutatum(Schle-gel). Copeia,1933:40.- 1933b.Natural history of the four-toedsala-mander,Hemidactylium8cutatum(Schlegel).[Ab-stractin] Anat.Rec.(suppl.),57:100-101.- 1934a.Late autumncollectionsand hibernatingsituationsof the salamanderHemidactylium8CU-tatum (Schlegel)in southernMichigan. Copeia,1933:216.[Althoughdated27December1933,thispublicationwasnotdistributeduntil1934.]- 1934b.The spring migrationof the four-toedsalamanderHemidactylium8cutatum. Ibid., 1934:50.- 1934c.Therelationof thefemalefour-toedsala-manderto hernest. Ibid., 1934:137-138.- 1934d.The dateof egg-layingof the four-toedsalamander,Hemidactylium8cutatum(Schlegel),insouthernMichigan. PapersMichiganAcad.Sci.,Arts andLetters,19:571-575.- 1935.The sexratio in the salamanderHemidac-tylium 8cutatum(Schlegel).Copeia,1935:103.- 1936.The numberof eggsproducedandlaid bythefour-toedsalamander,Hemidactylium8cutatum(Schlegel),in southernMichigan.PapersMichiganAcad.Sci.,Arts andLetters,21:567-573.Blanchard,Frank N., & FriedaG. Blanchard.1931.Sizegroupsandtheircharacteristicsin the sala-mander,Hemidactylium8cutatum(Schlegel).Amer.Nat.,65:149-154.Bleakney,Sherman,& Francis Cook. 1957. Addi-tionalrecordsof thefour-toedsalamander,Hemi-dactylium 8cutatum,from Nova Scotia. Copeia,1957:142-143.Boulenger,GeorgeAlbert. 1882. Catalogueof theBatrachiaGradientias. Caudataand BatrachiaApodain the collectionof the British Museum.Secondedition.London.viii + 127pp.,9 plates.Branin,M.Lelyn. 1935.Courtshipactivitiesandextra-seasonalovulationin the four-toedsalamander,Hemidactylium8cutatum(Schlegel).Copeia,1935:172-175.Cochran,DorisM. 1961.Living amphibiansof theworld. Doubleday& Co.,GardenCity,NewYork.199pp.Conant,Roger. 1945.An annotatedchecklist of theamphibiansandreptilesof theDel-Mar-VaPenin-sula. Soc.Nat.Hist.Delaware.8pp.,insidecovers.- 1960.The queensnake,Natrix 8eptemvittata,inthe InteriorHighlandsof ArkansasandMissouri,withcommentsuponsimilardisjunctdistributions.Proc.Acad.Nat. Sci.Philadelphia,112:25-40.Cope,EdwardD. 1869.A reviewof thespeciesofPlethodontidaeand De8mognathidae.Proc.Acad.Nat. Sci.Philadelphia,21:93-118.I< I2.2- 1889.. The :Batrachiaof North America. Bull.U.S.Natl.Museum(34):1-524,plates1-86,Dieckmann,JohannaM. 1927.Thecloacaandsperm-athecaof Hemidactylium8cutatwm.BioI.Bull.,53:281-285.Dowling,HerndonG. 1957.Amphibiansandreptilesin Arkansas.Occas.PapersUniv.ArkansasMus.(3):1-51.Dumeril,Andre-M.-C.,GabrielBibron,& AugusteH. A.Dumeril. 1854. Erpetologiegeneraleou histoirenaturellecompletedesreptiles,vol. 9, xx + 440pp. Paris.Dunn,EmmettR. 1918.Thecollectionof theAm-phibiaCaudataof theMuseumof ComparativeZo-ology. Bull.Mus.CompoZool.,62:443-471.1926.The salamandersof the familyPlethodon-tidae. Smith College50th AnniversaryPubl.,Northampton,Massachusetts.viii +441pp.Fowler,JamesA. 1942.HerpetologicalnotesfromLakeCobbosseeconteeandvicinity,KennebecCounty,Maine. Copeia,1942:185-186.Gibbes,L. R. 1844.Descriptionof a newspeciesofsalamander.Jour. BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.,5:89-90,plate10.Grant,WilliamC., Jr. 1955. Territorialismin twospeciesof salamanders.Science,121(3135):137-138.Grobman,ArnoldB. 1954.FloridaStateMuseum:re-portof theDirectorfor 1953-54.Gainesville,Flor-ida. 12pp.Logier,E. B. S., & G. C. Toner. 1961.ChecklistoftheamphibiansandreptilesofCanadandAlaska.Contrib.Life Sci. Div. Roy. OntarioMus., (53):[i-x] + 1-92.Neill, Wilfred T. 1957a. DistributionalnotesonGeorgiaamphibiansandsomecorrections.Copeia,1957:43-47.- 1957b.Historical biogeographyof present-dayFlorida. Bull. FloridaStateMus.,2:175-220.Noble,G.K. 1931.Thebiologyof theAmphibia.Mc-Graw-HillBookCo.,NewYork. [xiv] + 577pp.Reprintedin 1954byDoverPublications,NewYork.Smith,PhilipW. 1957.An analysisof post-Wisconsinbiogeographyof thePrairiePeninsularegionbasedondistributionalphenomenaamongterrestrialver-tebratepopulations.Ecology,38:205-218.Stevenson,HenryM. 1958.A recordof Hemidacty-lium 8cutatumin Florida. Copeia,1958:49.Suzuki,HowardK. 1951.Recentadditionstotherec-ordsof thedistributionof theamphibiansin Wis-consin.WisconsinAcad.Sci.,Arts andLetters,40:215-234.Temminck,C. J., H. Schlegel,& W. deHaan. 1833-1850.Siebold'sFaunaJaponicasivedescriptioani-malium,quaein itinereper Japoniam... annis1823-30collegit,notis,observationibuset adumbra-tionibusillustravitPh. Fr. de Siebold.ConjunctisstudiisC.J. TemmincketH. SchlegelprovertebratisatqueW.deHaanproinvertebratiselaborata.Lei-den.6vols. [The"Reptilia"of theFaunaJaponicawasissuedin threeparts. Part III Sauriiet Ba-trachii (pp. 85-144,plates1-8),by Temminck&Schlegel,andwhichincludedthelatter'sdescriptionofSalam.8cutata(p.119),wasdatedJanuary1838,],utappearedprobablyin Septemberof thatyear.The volumealso includedprefatoryremarksbyPhilippoF. deSiebold.]Tschudi,J. 1. 1838.Classificationdel'Batrachier,mitBerucksichtigungdel'fossilenThierediesel'Abtei-lungdel'Reptilien. [A preprint,later appearingin] Mem.Soc.Sci.Nat.deNeuchatel,1839[1840]:1-99.Walton,A. C. [11947.]Parasitesof Amphibia(ar-rangedbyhosts).Contrib.BioI.Lab.KnoxCollege,(90-114):[ii] + 1-24. [From abstractsin Anat.Rec.andfromJour. Parasitol.,1943-1946.]Wood,JohnT. 1953.Observationsonthecomplementsof ovaandnestingof thefour-toedsalamanderinVirginia. ArneI'.Nat.,87:77-86.- 1955.The nestingof the four-toedsalamander,Hemidactylium8cutatum (Schlegel),in Virginia.ArneI'.MidlandNat.,53:381-389.Issued31December1963.Publicationis supportedbyNationalScienceFoundationgrantG24231. © Ameri-canSocietyof IchthyologistsandHerpetologists1963.

Hemidactylium scutatum

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Hemidactylium scutatum

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