The International Symposia on Nonlinear Acoustics, now referred to as ISNA, have convened regularly since 1968, bringing together scientists and engineers to report and discuss the latest developments in this branch of nonlinear physics. The fact that this series of symposia is still going strong after more than four decades is testimony that nonlinear acoustics has established itself as a distinct, important, and vibrant field of research. In this paper we take a look back at the early years of ISNA to recall how it all began and trace the evolution of the symposia into their current form.Applied Research Laboratorie

Blackstock, D. T.

Hamilton, M. F.

Muir, T. G.

English

Mark F. Hamilton

Thomas G. Muir

David T. Blackstock

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Early history of ISNA

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Early history of ISNAMark F. Hamilton, Thomas G. Muir, and David T. Blackstock  Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1474, 11 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.4749291 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4749291 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/1474?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing  Articles you may be interested in Early history of cosmic rays at Chicago AIP Conf. Proc. 1516, 37 (2013); 10.1063/1.4792537  17th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA17) including the International Sonic Boom Forum J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, 1822 (2007); 10.1121/1.2537173  Histories electromagnetism J. Math. Phys. 45, 2153 (2004); 10.1063/1.1723702  The History and Fate of the Universe: Phys. Teach. 41, 146 (2003); 10.1119/1.1557502  Evolution of the Journal: Early history and overview J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 1195 (1999); 10.1121/1.427173   This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18Early History of ISNAMark F. Hamilton, Thomas G. Muir and David T. BlackstockApplied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78713–8029Abstract. The International Symposia on Nonlinear Acoustics, now referred to as ISNA, haveconvened regularly since 1968, bringing together scientists and engineers to report and discuss thelatest developments in this branch of nonlinear physics. The fact that this series of symposia is stillgoing strong after more than four decades is testimony that nonlinear acoustics has established itselfas a distinct, important, and vibrant field of research. In this paper we take a look back at the earlyyears of ISNA to recall how it all began and trace the evolution of the symposia into their currentform.Keywords: ISNA, historyPACS: 43.05.DrINTRODUCTIONThe International Symposia on Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA) is a series of internationalmeetings on nonlinear acoustics that began in 1968. The symposia have evolved inde-pendently of any particular acoustical society or other professional affiliation. While theISNA receive various levels of financial support from scientific organizations, they areorganized entirely by local researchers in nonlinear acoustics where the symposium isheld. Overall administration is limited to an International Organizing Committee, madeup primarily of chairs of previous ISNA. Its principal function over the years has beento select future venues for ISNA.This article is about initiation of the series, its early growth, and eventual emergencein the once-every-three-years format in place today. Also presented are statistics on thesize of the symposia.THE BEGINNINGSTo place in context the motivation for holding what is now recognized as the first In-ternational Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics in 1968, one must consider the stateof nonlinear acoustics in the years leading up to this meeting. Prior to 1950, researchin nonlinear acoustics was primarily theoretical and apart from a few investigations ofspherical waves, the analyses were usually restricted to plane waves. Euler, Poisson, Rie-mann, and Earnshaw pioneered the development of exact solutions for waveform distor-tion in ideal fluids, while Rankine, Hugoniot, Stokes, Rayleigh, and Taylor attacked theproblem of describing shocks. Not until the 1950s were serious attempts made to modelnonlinear beams of sound. The development that was initially most consequential formodeling nonlinear sound beams was Sir James Lighthill’s exact reformulation of thethree-dimensional equations of motion for an ideal fluid. Although derived to describethe generation of sound by turbulence, Lighthill’s equation was seized upon by PeterWestervelt to model the nonlinear interaction of two intersecting sound beams.A watershed moment in nonlinear acoustics came in June 1960 when two papers werepresented back-to-back at the spring meeting of the Acoustical Society of America inNONLINEAR ACOUSTICS State-of-the-Art and PerspectivesAIP Conf. Proc. 1474, 11-18 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.4749291©   2012 American Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-1081-7/$30.0011 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18FIGURE 1. Front cover of the proceedings (left) of, and list of non-NUSL attendees (right) at, ISNA-1.Providence, Rhode Island, by two physics professors at Brown University, where themeeting was held. In the first paper, Westervelt presented his theory for the parametricarray [1], and in the second Robert Beyer and his student J. L. S. Bellin, together withWestervelt, presented experimental confirmation of Westervelt’s theory [2]. The firsttruly practical application of nonlinear acoustics had thus appeared on the scene, theproduction of a narrow low-frequency sound beam by the nonlinear interaction of twocollinear high-frequency sound beams. However, despite its remarkable properties, thefar-reaching implications of the parametric array were not fully appreciated in the UnitedStates until the publication of a paper in 1965 in Journal of Sound and Vibration byOrhan Berktay [3], an electrical engineering professor at University of Birmingham inthe United Kingdom.Berktay’s work caught the attention of researchers at the Navy Underwater SoundLaboratory (NUSL) in New London, Connecticut, who were also working on nonlinearacoustics. One of the researchers, Robert Mellen, subsequently organized a seminar thatwas held at the Lighthouse Inn in New London on 27 May 1968, now recognized asthe first International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics (ISNA-1). Mellen wrote inthe preface to the proceedings of this symposium that “Recent developments involvinghigh power sonar transducers...made it evident that it would be highly beneficial to holda symposium to exchange ideas among those active in finite-amplitude research.” Notcounting NUSL employees, 26 scientists and engineers attended the symposium (seeFig. 1). Berktay was the centerpiece of the symposium and the only attendee not thenworking in the United States. Five papers were published in the proceedings of ISNA-1:“Nonlinear Acoustics” by Beyer, “Nonlinear Interactions between Acoustic Waves inLiquids—Possible Applications” by Berktay, “Progress in Nonlinear Acoustics” by BillCook, “Nonlinear Acoustics Research at NUSL” by Mellen and David Browning, and“Two Experiments with Nonlinear Acoustics” by Wysor Marsh. A list of all ISNA pro-ceedings, together with symposium dates, locations and chairs, appears in the Appendix.12 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18In attendance at the New London symposium was Thomas (Tom) Muir, then a grad-uate student working at Applied Research Laboratories (at that time named DefenseResearch Laboratory) at University of Texas at Austin (ARL:UT). Excited by what helearned at the New London symposium, Muir returned to Texas and together with fellowgraduate student Joseph (Joe) Blue conducted experiments on the parametric array at anARL:UT test facility on Lake Travis, located near Austin. The results of these experi-ments were submitted for publication in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America(JASA) [4], and a preprint wound up in the hands of Robert Mellen. Impressed by thework, Mellen contacted Muir and suggested that he convene a second symposium onnonlinear acoustics at ARL:UT. What is now recognized as ISNA-2 was then held inAustin in November 1969, 18 months after ISNA-1.Financial support for ISNA-2 from ONR (Office of Naval Research) and NUSLreflected the continued focus on sonar applications, but the subject matter covered atISNA-2 had broadened beyond what was covered at ISNA-1. While half of the 10 papersin the proceedings are directly related to the parametric array, including the papers byWestervelt and Berktay, the other five cover the history of nonlinear acoustics, simplewaves in multidimensional gas flow, nonlinear waves in ducts, parametric oscillations inan ultrasonic resonator, and scattering of sound by sound. As at ISNA-1, Berktay wasthe only attendee at ISNA-2 not employed in the United States.The symposia became truly international with the meeting now recognized as ISNA-3, which was chaired by Berktay and held at University of Birmingham in April 1971.The countries represented at ISNA-3 were Canada, Denmark, Norway, United Kingdom,and United States. Fourteen papers were published in the proceedings, half of whichwere still on the parametric array. Norway accounted for three of the papers in theproceedings, which was published by the British Acoustical Society.What is now recognized as ISNA-4 was not a symposium in the traditional sense.ISNA-4 was a series of three special sessions on nonlinear acoustics organized by DavidBlackstock at the April 1972 meeting of the Acoustical Society of America in Buffalo,New York. The three sessions were named (preceeded by the words “Nonlinear Acous-tics”) I: General and Air Acoustics (11 presentations), II: Underwater Applications (12presentations), and III: Solids and Liquids (6 presentations). Rather than a proceedings,the archival record of this symposium comprised the 29 oral presentation abstracts pub-lished in the general meeting program as a volume of JASA. Less than half (11) of thepresentations were on the parametric array. Also noteworthy at this symposium was theappearance of nonlinear waves in solids as a distinct topical area of nonlinear acoustics.Numbering of the symposia commenced with what is now recognized as ISNA-5,which was held in Copenhagen in August 1973. The chair of the symposium was LeifBjørnø, who proclaimed in the preface to the proceedings that this symposium was thefifth in a series. Thus only in hindsight were the first four ISNA officially recognized assuch, at least by number if not yet by name. ISNA-5 marked the appearance of cavitationand bubble dynamics as a major topical area within the scope of the symposia; a quarterof the 47 papers in the proceedings were in this area.The modern name of the symposia—International Symposium on NonlinearAcoustics—made its first appearance at ISNA-6, which was held in July 1975 atMoscow State University and chaired by R. V. Khokhlov. The proceedings contains60 papers, and, as noted by Khokhlov in the preface, for the first time a substantialnumber of the papers were on nonlinear waves in solids. As at ISNA-5, cavitation andbubble dynamics appeared prominently. In terms of scope and format, ISNA-6 wasquite similar to modern ISNA. 13 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18LATER YEARSFigure 2 shows the numbers of papers published in the proceedings for each ISNAaccording to the year the symposium was held (as opposed to the date of publication).When the publication of record consists only of a book of extended abstracts, as forISNA-7 (Blacksburg, 1976) and ISNA-9 (Leeds, 1981), or as abstracts at an ASAmeeting, as for ISNA-4 (Buffalo, 1972), these instead were counted. Another caveatis that papers published in the proceedings of ISNA-16 (Moscow, 2002) that wereassociated with two satellite symposia not related to ISNA were excluded from the count.Perhaps most noticeable in Fig. 2 are the two large spikes for ISNA-11 (Novosibirsk,1987) and ISNA-16 (Moscow, 2002), which are the latter two of the three ISNA heldin Russia (or, more accurately prior to 1992, the Soviet Union), the first being ISNA-6(Moscow, 1975). The level of participation reflects the very extensive Russian activityin nonlinear acoustics. However, although it is now known that the parametric array wasbeing developed in the former Soviet Union during the 1960s at the same time it wasbeing developed in the United States and Great Britain, ISNA did not have Russianparticipation until the Copenhagen symposium in 1973, when Khokhlov and V. A.Krasilnikov from Moscow State University attended. Up until the 1990 ISNA in Austin,at which 12 of the 92 papers published in the proceedings had Soviet authors (with nocancellations of the corresponding oral presentations), significant participation by theSoviets had occurred only at ISNA-6 and ISNA-11. It should also be noted that whereas60 papers appeared in the ISNA-6 proceedings, which was published in 1976, and thisis the paper count reflected in Fig. 2, the 1975 meeting program lists 109 scheduled oralpresentations, clearly a record at that time.Figure 2 reveals a roughly linear growth of ISNA participation over the years. Be-ginning with the Paris ISNA in 1978, the symposia have been held at regular three-yearintervals up until the present, Tokyo ISNA in 2012. The latter had to be postponed a yearbecause of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011.1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010050100150200250Year of ISNAPapers PublishedFIGURE 2. Numbers of papers published in proceedings of ISNA by year the symposium was held.When the proceedings consists of only abstracts (1972, 1976, 1981), those were counted instead.14 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18CONCLUSIONThe success and overall continuous growth of ISNA for more than four decades reflectthe importance of nonlinear acoustics as a scientific discipline and the enthusiasm of theresearchers working within this discipline.REFERENCES1. P. J. Westervelt, “Parametric end-fire array,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 934–935 (1960).2. J. L. S. Bellin, P. J. Westervelt, and R. T. Beyer, “Experimental investigation of the parametric end-firearray,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 935 (1960).3. H. O. Berktay, “Possible exploitation of non-linear acoustics in underwater transmitting applications,”J. Sound Vib. 2, 435–461 (1965).4. T. G. Muir and J. E. Blue, “Experiments on the acoustic modulation of large-amplitude waves,”J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 227–232 (1969).APPENDIXDATES, LOCATIONS, AND PROCEEDINGS OF PAST ISNAISNA-1 27 May 1968New London, Connecticut, USAR. H. Mellen, ChairApplication of Finite-Amplitude Acoustics to Underwater Sound, Proceedings ofa Seminar at Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory on 27 May 1968, edited by R.H. Mellen (Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory, New London, Connecticut, 1970)(AD 707 721, NUSL Report No. 1084, USAG Report No. 69-6).ISNA-2 10–11 November 1969Austin, Texas, USAT. G. Muir, ChairNonlinear Acoustics, Proceedings of a Conference Held at Applied ResearchLaboratories, The University of Texas at Austin 10–11 November 1969, edited byT. G. Muir (Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin,Austin, Texas, 1970) (AD 719 936).ISNA-3 1–2 April 1971Birmingham, UKH. O. Berktay, ChairProceedings of Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics Held at the University ofBirmingham on 1st and 2nd April 1971 (British Acoustical Society, London,1972). 15 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18ISNA-4 18–19 April 1972Buffalo, New York, USAD. T. Blackstock, ChairProgram of the 83rd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Journal of theAcoustical Society of America, Vol. 52, pp. 114–116 (Session B), pp. 121–123(Session F), pp. 144–145 (Session R) (1972).ISNA-5 20–22 August 1973Copenhagen, DenmarkL. Bjørnø, ChairFinite-Amplitude Wave Effects in Fluids, Proceedings of the 1973 Symposium,edited by L. Bjørnø (IPC Science and Technology Press Ltd, Guildford, Surrey,England, 1974).ISNA-6 8–10 July 1975Moscow, USSRR. V. Khokhlov, ChairProceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics, Vols. 1and 2, edited by R. V. Khokhlov (Moscow State University, Moscow, 1976).ISNA-7 19–21 August 1976Blacksburg, Virginia, USAA. H. Nayfeh, ChairAbstracts of Papers Submitted to Seventh International Symposium on NonlinearAcoustics, edited by A. H. Nayfeh and J. E. Kaiser (Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 1976).ISNA-8 3–6 July 1978Paris, FranceA. Zarembowitch, Chair8th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics, Journal de Physique, Col-loque C8, Supplément au No. 11, Tome 41 (1979).ISNA-9 20–24 July 1981Leeds, UKD. G. Crighton, ChairNinth International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics, Book of Abstracts (Uni-versity of Leeds, UK, 1981). 16 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18ISNA-10 24–28 July 1984Kobe, JapanA. Nakamura, ChairProceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics, editedby A. Nakamura (Teikohsha Press, Kadoma, Japan, 1984).ISNA-11 24–28 August 1987Novosibirsk, USSRV. K. Kedrinskii, ChairProblems of Nonlinear Acoustics, Proceedings of IUPAP, IUTAM Symposium onNonlinear Acoustics, Parts I and II, edited by V. K. Kedrinskii (Siberian Divisionof the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk, 1987).ISNA-12 27–31 August 1990Austin, Texas, USAM. F. Hamilton and D. T. Blackstock, CochairsFrontiers of Nonlinear Acoustics, 12th ISNA, edited by M. F. Hamilton and D.T. Blackstock (Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York, 1990), ISBN1-85166-537-4.ISNA-13 28 June – 2 July 1993Bergen, NorwayH. Hobæk, ChairAdvances in Nonlinear Acoustics, edited by H. Hobæk (World Scientific, Singa-pore, 1993), ISBN 981-02-1477-4.ISNA-14 17–21 June 1996Nanjing, ChinaR. J. Wei, ChairNonlinear Acoustics in Perspective, edited by R. J. Wei (Nanjing University Press,Nanjing, 1996), ISBN 7-305-02943-2.ISNA-15 1–4 September 1999Göttingen, GermanyW. Lauterborn, ChairNonlinear Acoustics at the Turn of the Millennium, edited by W. Lauterborn andT. Kurz, AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 524 (American Institute of Physics,Melville, 2000), ISBN 1-56396-945-9.17 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18ISNA-16 19–23 August 2002Moscow, RussiaO. V. Rudenko and O. A. Sapozhnikov, CochairsNonlinear Acoustics at the Beginning of the 21st Century, edited by O. V. Rudenkoand O. A. Sapozhnikov, Vols. 1 and 2 (Moscow State University, Moscow, 2002),ISBN 5-8279-0034-6 (Vol. 1), 5-8279-0035-4 (Vol. 2).ISNA-17 18–22 July 2005State College, Pennsylvania, USAA. A. Atchley, ChairInnovations in Nonlinear Acoustics (including the International Sonic BoomForum), edited by A. A. Atchley, V. W. Sparrow, and R. M. Keolian, AIP Confer-ence Proceedings Vol. 838 (American Institute of Physics, Melville, 2006), ISBN0-7354-0330-9.ISNA-18 7–10 July 2008Stockholm, SwedenB. O. Enflo, ChairNonlinear Acoustics—Fundamentals and Applications, edited by B. O. Enflo,C. M. Hedberg, and L. Kari, AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 1022 (AmericanInstitute of Physics, Melville, 2008), ISBN 978-0-7354-0544-8.18 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to  IP:128.83.205.78 On: Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:28:18

Early History Of ISNA

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Early History Of ISNA

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