Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Uzzell, Thomas

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Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyEarth and Planetary Science

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AMPmBIA: CAUDATA: AMBYSTOMATIDAE47.1AMBYSTOMA JEFFERSONIANUMCatalogueof AmericanAmphibiansand Reptiles.UZZELL,THOMAS. 1967. Ambystomajeffersonianum...4mbystomajelJersonianum(Green)Jefferson salamanderSalamandrajeffersoniana Green, 1827: 4. Type locality,"Near Chartier'screekin the vicinityof JeffersonCollege[formerly] at Cannonsburg,[WashingtonCounty, Penn-sylvania]". Type materialprobablyincludedU. S. Natl.Museum No. 3968. Type material collectedby JacobGreen. Date of collectionunknown.Ambystomajeffersoniana: Baird, 1849: 283. Transfer ofSalamandrajeffersonianato Ambystoma.Ambystomafuscum Hallowell, 1858: 355. Type locality"Indiana, near Hanover College [at Hanover, JeffersonCo.]." HolotypeAcad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia No. 1379.Collectedby "Prof. King." Date of collectionunknown.Junior synonymof SalamandrajeffersonianaGreen.AmblystomajeffersonianumBaird: Cope,1867:195.Emend-ation of genericname; recognitionof A. fuscumand A.lateraleas varieties.Ambystoma jeffersonianum: Minton, 1954: 174; Uzzell,1964:292.Presentusage.• CONTENT.No subspeciesare recognized.• DEFINITIONAND DIAGNOSIS.A bisexual, diploid species(2n=28) of the Ambystomajeffersonianumcomplex. Fe-malesare generallysimilar to femalesof A. platineum.Thedigits are long. The plicae of the tongueradiate from theposteriormarginof the tongue.The maxillaryand premaxil-lary teethform a single row, and are bifid but not hooked.The vomerineteethform a singlerow posteriorto the internalnares,usually separatedinto three groupsby breaksbehindthenares.The dorsumof adults is brownish-gray,darker than theventer. In living individuals,thereare often small scatteredbluish flecks, mainly on the limbs and lower sides of thebody; theseoften fade in preservative.The areaaroundthevent is usually gray. Mature malesare 62 to 95 mID snoutto vent,110to 186mm in total length. Mature femalesare76 to 101mIDsnoutto vent,129to 196mm in total length.The distancebetweenthe externalnaresis 5.0 to 6.2 mm inmaturemales,5.2to 6.3mmin maturefemales.The adpressedlimbs of maturemalesoverlapby as manyas five (smallerindividuals) to as few as one (larger individuals) costalfolds. The enlargedovarianeggsnumber147to 288.• DESCRIPTIONS.Egg masseshavebeendescribedby Smith(1911); supplementaldatawereaddedby Uzzell (1964). Themassesare about2 to 3.5cm in diameterand2 to 5 cm long,and contain 1 to 35, mean 14, eggs. They are laid alongslendertwigs,andarenot attachedto debrison the bottomofthe pond. The eggsthemselveshavenot beendescribed.The larvae of Ambrstomajeffersonianumwere describedby Brandon (1961). Adults weredescribedby Smith (1911),Minton (1954),and Uzzell (1964). Courtshipwas describedby Mohr (1930,1931).• ILLUSTRATIONS.Egg ma.'lseswm-e figured by Smith(1911); larvae,by Brandon (1961); adults,by Smith (1911),Minton (1954), Conant (1958), and Uzzell (1964).• DISTRIBUTION.Ambystomajeffersonianumis found fromsouthernIndianaandcentralKentuckynortheastwardthroughmost of Ohio to the southernhalf of New York, southernVermont, western Massachusetts,northwesternNew Jersey,and south throughthe ridge and valleyprovinceof Virginiato the New River in Virginia and West Virginia. In thewesternpart of its range,mostrecordsare from southof theWisconsinglacial border; in the easternhalf of the range,many recordsare from well to the north of the maximumextentof Wisconsinglaciation.All recordsarefromtheeasterndeciduousforest formation. At somelocalities,north of theWisconsin glacial border, and at two localities (HamiltonCounty, Ohio) just south of it, Ambystomajeffersonianumoccurs with the very similar triploid species,Ambrstomaplatineum.• FOSSILRECORD.None.•• I• PERTINENTLrrERATURE.Many referencesto this specieswerebasedat least in part on othermembersof the Ambys-toma jeffersonianumcomplex (see REMARKS). The follow-ing paperscertainlydeal with the species: Brandon (1961)describedthelarvae.Humphrey(1958)notedthe chromosomenumber. Minton (1954) clearly distinguishedthis speciesfrom A. laterale,and providedmorphologicaldata on bothspecies;Mohr (1930,1931)describedcourtshipin this species.Mohr (1930) and Smith (1911) reportedhigh percentagesof eggdevelopment;Mohr's populationhad moremalesthanfemales.Uzzell (1964) discussedmorphologicalfeatures,sexratio in populations,migrationdatesof sexes,sex ratio ofprogeny,range, triploid hybrids betweenthis species andA. laterale (A. tremblari,A. platineum),courtship,cell size,and spermatophoreproduction. Uzzell & Goldblatt (1967)discussedcertain serumproteins,the origin of the triploidhybridsbetweenthis speciesand A. laterale,and the role ofmatingpreferencein the Ambystomajeffersonianumcomplex.Other referencesare cited in the remainderof the text.• REMARKS. Erythrocytesand erythrocytenuclei probablyhave about two-thirdsthe volumeof erythrocytesand eryth-rocytenuclei of the two triploid speciesof the complex,A.platineumand A. tremblayi,and approximatethe volumeofthoseof A. laterale (Uzzell, 1964).Meiotic and mitoticfiguresfrom testissquasheshowthatn =14 (Humphrey,1958); epidermalcells of larvaeof thisspecieshave2n=28 chromosomes(Uzzell, 1%3).In the laboratory,progenyof A. jeffersonianumfemalesinclude about60 per cent females(Uzzell, 1964).Males of this speciesproduce small numbersof sper-matophoreseachbreedingseason(Uzzell, 1964). In breedingmigrations,the males arrive at the pond relatively earlierthan females,althoughthereis someoverlap (Uzzell, 1964).In populationsthat containonly A. jeffersonianum,the malesoutnumberthe females(Uzzell, 1964). In a populationwithmore males than femalesin Centre County, Pennsylvania,Mohr (1930)found that less than5 per centof the eggsde-posited failed to develop. Smith's (1911) report of highpercentageof egg successin OnondagaCounty,New York,probably representsa similar population; a similar successin eggsof this speciesin DelawareCounty,Ohio and MorganCounty,Indiana,has beenobserved(unpublished).Mating preferencehas been testedby confining, as bi-sexualpairs, variouscombinationsof the two kinds of malesand four kinds of femalesin the Ambystomajeffersonianumcomplexin breedingcages.Measuredby frequencyof deposi-tion of eggsthat develop,A. jeffersonianummalesmatepref·erentiallywith femalesof A. jeffersonianum,but they willMAP. The solid circle marks die type-locality.Hollow sym-bols indicateother localities.•.also court femalesof A. platineumfairly readily (Uzzell &Goldblatt, 1967).Courtship of A. jeffersonianumhas been describedbyMohr (1930,1931)and by Uzzell (1%4). The moststrikingfeaturesare claspingof the femalein the axillary regionbythe male with his forelimbs. The period of clasp varies inlength. As courtshipapproachesa climax, the male relaxeshis grasp slightly, and movesforward, movinghis head toleft and right, thusrubbingthetop of theheadand thesnoutof the femalewith his chin. At the climaxof theseactivities,the malemovesaheadof the femaleand depositsone or twospermatophoresshortlyin front of her snout. Outsideof theAmbystomajeffersonianumcomplex,claspingby the male aspart of courtshipis also knownin Ambystomagracileand A.macrodactylum(Knudsen, 1960; Anderson, 1961), but isunknownin other speciesof the genus.This speciesexhibitsthe tail-wavingdefensedisplaythatRand (954) observedin somespeciesof the Ambystomajeffersonianumcomplex (unpublished).Stable triploid hybrids of this speciesand·Ambystomalateralehavebeendescribed.See accountsof A. platineumand A. tremblayi.• ETYMOLOGY.This speciesis dedicatedto Jefferson Col-lege.COMMENTThe applicationof the nameAmbystomajeffersonianumto this speciesis largelya matterof convenience.At present,it seemsunlikely that the triploid speciesAmbystomaplat-ineum occursat the type locality of A. jeffersonianum,nearCannonsburg,Pennsylvania.Cope (867) surmisedthat U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 3968probably come from Green'smaterial,and referred to thisspecimenas the type on this basis. Since the identity ofU. S. Natl. Mus. No. 3968cannotbe determinedat present,designationof it as type of Ambystomajeffersonianumdoesnot stabilizethe name.The holotypeof Ambystomafuscum,a large femalewith-out enlargedovarianeggs,resemblesfemalesof Ambystomajeffersonianum.A. fuscum is considereda synonymof A.jeffersonianumbecauseit is probablethat A. platineumdoesnot occurat thetypelocality (nearHanoverCollege,Indiana).Although the alleged syntypesof Salamandragranulata(U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 3981) may be specimensof A. jeffer-sonianum,the speciesdescribedby De Kay (842) is not amemberof the family Ambystomatidae.Among preservedspecimensthat resembleA. jefferson-ianum,malescan almostcertainlybe assignedto A. jefferson-ianum rather than A. platineum. Somefemalescan be ten-tativelyidentifiedbecausetheycomefrom areasthatprobablyareoutsidetherangeof A. platineum(seemapof thatspecies).Wherebothformsoccurtogether,eggnumberrelativeto bodylength and snoutwidth relativeto body length may provideclues for identification(cf. Uzzell, 1964:figs. 9, 10).Living individualsare morereadily identified. Ploidy canbe determinedby examinationof erythrocytes.Erythrocytesof A. jeffersonianum,suspendedin isotonicsaline,are two-thirds theareain opticalsectionthroughthe two longeraxes,of erythrocytesof A. platineum.Many specimensidentifiedby cell size are preservedatthe Universityof Michigan Museumof Zoology,Ann Arbor.•• I47.2LITERATURECITEDAnderson,JamesD. 1961.The courtshipbehaviorof Ambys-tomamacrodactylumcroceum.Copeia1961(2): 132-139.Baird, SpencerF. 1849. Revision of the North AmericanTailed-Batrachia,with descriptionsof new genera andspecies. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 1:281-294.Brandon,RonaldA. 1961.A comparisonof the larvaeof fivenortheasternspeciesof Ambystoma(Amphibia,Caudata).Copeia1961(4): 377-383.Conant,Roger. 1958.A field guide to reptilesand amphib-ians of the United Statesand Canadaeastof the loothmeridian.HoughtonMifflin Co., Boston,xv+366pp.Cope,E. D. 1867.A reviewof thespeciesof the Amblystomi.dae. Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci. Philadelphia19:166-211.De Kay, J. E. 1842.Zoologyof New-York, or the New-YorkFauna. Part III. Reptilesand Amphibia. W. & A. White& J. Visscher,Albany, N.Y. 1-98 pp., 23 pIs.Green,Jacob. 1827.An accountof somenew speciesof sala-manders.Cont.MaclurianLyc. 1 (1): 3-8.Hallowell, Edward. 1858. On the caducibranchiateurodelebatrachians.J. Acad.Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,Ser.2, 3 (4):337-366.Humphrey,D. G. 1958. New chromosomenumber for theorderCaudata.Science128 (3319):304.Knudsen, Jens W. 1960. The courtship and egg mass ofAmbystomagracileandAmbystomamacrodactylum.Copeia1960(1): 44-46.Minton,ShermanA., Jr. 1954.Salamandersof theAmbystomajeffersonianumcomplexin Indiana. Herpetologica10 (3) :173-179.Mohr, CharlesE. 1930.The ambystomidsalamanderof Penn-sylvania.Proc.PennsylvaniaAcad.Sci.4: 50-55.1931. Observationson the early breeding habits ofAmbystomajeffersonianumin centralPennsylvania.Copeia1931(3): 102-104.Rand, A. Stanley.1954.A defensedisplayin the salamanderAmbystomajeffersonianum.Copeia1954(3) : 223-224.Smith,B. G. 1911.Noteson thenaturalhistoryof Ambystomajeffersonianum,A. punctatum,and A. tigrinum.. Bull.WisconsinNat.Hist. Soc.9 0-2): 14--27.Uzzell,ThomasM., Jr. 1963.Natural triploidy in salamandersrelatedto Ambystomajeffersonianum.Science139(3550):113-115.1964.Relationsof the diploid and triploid speciesof theAmbystomajeffersonianumcomplex(Amphibia,Caudata).Copeia1964(2) : 257-300.Uzzell, ThomasM., Jr., & Sarah M. Goldblatt.1967. Serumproteinsof salamandersof the Ambystomajeffersonianumcomplex,and the origin of the triploid speciesof thisgroup.Evolution21 (2): 345--354.THOMASUZZELL,YALE UNIVERSITY,NEWHAVEN,CONNECTICUT06520.Published 20 November1967by the American Society ofIchthyologistsand Herpetologists.Publication is supportedby National ScienceFoundationgrant G24231.Primary editor for this account,James D. Anderson., •.

Ambystoma jeffersonianum

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Ambystoma jeffersonianum

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