Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Mitchell, Joseph C.

English

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyEarth and Planetary Science

Texas ScholarWorks

292.1REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE FARANCIAMAP. Shadedareaindicatescompositerangeof bothspecies.StarsindicatePleistoceneand/orRecentfossillocalities.FaranciaGrayMudandrainbowsnakesCatalogueof AmericanAmphibiansandReptiles.MITCHELL,JOSEPHC. 1982. FaranciaLITERATURECITEDAnderson,Paul. 1965. The reptilesofMissouri.Univ.MissouriPress,Columbia.xxiii +330p.Auffenberg,Walter. 1963. The fossilsnakesofFlorida.TulaneStud.Zool.10(3):131-216.Baird,Irvin L. 1970. The anatomyof thereptilianear,p. 193-275.In Carl GansandThomasS. Parsons(eds.),BiologyoftheReptilia,vol.2. MorphologyB. AcademicPress,LondonandNewYork.hemipenesfor F. abacura and F. erytrogramma.Blanchard(1931)discussedsexualdimorphismin scutellation.• ILLUSTRATIONS.Cope(1900)providedschematicdrawingsof the head,midbodysegment,anal region,and hemipenesofbothspecies.Linedrawingsand/orblackandwhitephotosappearin Ditmars(1907,1936,1939),Carr (1940),Schmidtand Davis(1941),WrightandWright(1957),andMount(1975).Colorplatesor photographsarein Holbrook(1836,1842),CochranandGoin(1970),Leviton (1972),Mitchell (1974),Conant (1975),Gans(1975),andBehlerandKing (1979).Underwood(1970)illustratedvisualcells. Neill (1964a)illustratedaberrantspecimensof F.abacuraandtheoptimumhabitatfor bothspecies.Other illus-trationsof F. abacuraarein Parker(1937),Smith(1938),Gold-stein(1941),Davis(1948),Etheridge(1950),Smith(1961),Ander-son(1965),andBarbour(1971)andofF. erytrogrammain SchmidtandDavis(1941),Neill (1964a)andBreen(1974).• DISTRIBUTION. The genusrangesfrom Charles County,MarylandsouthtopeninsularFlorida,westtosoutheasternOkla-homaandeasternTexas,andnorthin theMississippiRiverVal-leyto southernIllinoisandsouthwesternIndiana.Membersof thisgenusaresemiaquaticandinhabitcoastalplain habitatsrangingfrom swampsand rivers to springsandsandyfieldsnearmarshes(WrightandWright,1957;Neill, 1964a;Conant,1975;Mount,1975).• FOSSILRECORD. Accordingto Neill (l964a),fossilsof thisgenuscannotbeidentifiedto species.Pleistoceneand/orRecentFarancia fossilshavebeenfoundin severalcountiesof centraland northernFlorida (Hay, 1917;Gilmore, 1938;Brattstrom,1953;Auffenburg,1963;Holman,1959).• PERTINENTLITERATURE. Smith (1938)reviewedthe sys-tematicstatusandhistoryof thegenusandvariationin F. aba-cura.Neill (1964a)discussedtherelationshipsofthetwospecies,providedphotographsof preferredhabitats,andsummarizedthenaturalhistoryandzoogeographyof F. erytrogramma.Blanchard(1931)discussedsexualdimorphism.Baird(1970)studiedthein-ternalearandDessauer(1967)mentionedplasmaenzymes.Fitch(1970)summarizedreproductivecharacteristics.Neill (1958)dis-cussedoccurrencein saltwaterhabitatsand(l964b)mentionednestinghabits.Otherreferencesdiscussaspectsof habitat,foodandfeedingbehavior,andseasonalactivityof bothspecies(Dit-mars,1912;WrightandBishop,1915;Corrington,1929;GilmoreandCochran,1930;Carr, 1940;Carr andGoin, 1955;Freeman,1955;Oliver, 1955;WrightandWright, 1957;Smith, 1961;An-derson, 1965;Sanders, 1966;Barbour, 1971;Musick, 1972;Mount,1975;Gibbons,1977;GibbonsandPatterson,1978).Taub(1967)studiedthehistologyof Duvernoy'sgland.Willard (1977)describedconstrictingbehaviorand Carpenterand Ferguson(1978)summarizedknownstereotypicbehaviors.Russ(1973)ana-lyzedthestatusof bothspeciesin Virginia.• REMARKS. The speciesof thisgenusarereferredto in theHoopSnakeandStingingSnakemyths(Brimley,1909;Schmidt,1925;Cochran,1954;Oliver, 1955).• KEY TOSPECIES.One internasal;eightinfralabials;uniformblack to purplishgraydorsally;pinktoredventerwithtworowsof darkspotswhichareconnectedtodorsalpigment;ventralcolorextendsassegregateblotchesto aboutscalerow3 n F. abacura.Two internasals;seven infralabials;three longitudinalredstripeson blackdorsum,redventerwithtwolateralrowsofblackspotsandusuallya shortenedmidventralrow, yellowonscalerows1-2_nnnn_nnnnnnn F. erytrogramma(293).• ETYMOLOGY. The genericnameFarancia is New Latinandis a coinedname;its referenceis unknown..r-/'I; i....,----·--":"--i-o 100 200 300 400 MI.I , , , I6 200 400 600 KM.-.-. -1,i"'IIIFarancia Gray, 1842:68.Type species,Farancia drummondiiGray,1842[=F. abacuraHolbrook],byoriginaldesignation.AbastorGray, 1849:78.Type species,ColubererytrogrammusPalisotde Beauvois(in SonniniandLatreille),1801[=Fa-ranciaerytrogramma],bymonotypy.CallopismaDumeril,1853:454.Type species,Colubererythro-grammusPalisotdeBeauvois(in SonniniandLatreille),1801[=Faranciaerytrogramma],by subsequentdesignation.• CONTENT. Two speciesare recognized:F. abacura(twosubspecies)andF. erytrogramma(twosubspecies).• DEFINITION. A colubridsnakegenuscharacterizedby:nor-malheadscutellationconsistingof a broadrostral,followedby1-2 internasals,twoprefrontals,twosupraoculars,onefrontal,twoparietals,a singlegroovednasal,oneloreal,no preoculars,twopostoculars,nosuboculars,usually1 +2temporals,usually7supralabialswiththethirdandfourthenteringorbit,infralabials7-8 with4-5 in contactwithchin shields;dorsalscalessmoothexceptabovetheanalregionwheretheymaybeslightlykeeled,scalerowsusually21anteriorly,19at midbody,and17-18pos-teriorly;ventrals158to 208;analplateusuallydividedbut oc-casionallysingle;subcaudals31 to 55, paired;maximumtotallength2057mm;maxillaryteethequalin size;hemipeneslightlybilobedwitha bifurcatesulcusspermaticus,eachorgancovereddistallyby serrateor dentatecalyces,middleof organwithfewto numeroussubequalspines,baseof organnaked.Adults areiridescentin colorandof twopatterns-uniformlyblackdorsumwithdorsalencroachmentof thered ventersuggestinga rowofventrolateralredblotches(F. abacura),or threelongitudinalredstripeson blackdorsum,withredscalesborderedbyyellowlat-erally(F. erytrogramma).Thereis noontogeneticpatternchange.Tail tipsofjuvenilesaresharperthanthoseof adults.The tongueis shortandslender,andthebodyis stoutwiththeheadandneckof equalwidth.• DESCRIPTIONS.Descriptionof color,patternand/orscutel-lation of both speciesare in Holbrook(1838,1842),Garman(1892),Cope(1900),Ditmars(1907,1936,1939),SchmidtandDa-vis(1941),CarrandGoin(1955),WrightandWright(1957),Coch-ran and Goin (1970),Leviton(1972),and Mount (1975).Otherimportantdescriptionsarethoseof Smith(1938)on F. abacuraandNeill (l964a)onF. erytrogramma.Cope(1900)describedtheBarbour,Roger. 1971. Amphibiansandreptilesof Kentucky.Univ. of KentuckyPress,Lexington.x +334p.Behler,John L., andF. WayneKing. 1979. The AudubonSo-cietyfieldguidetoNorthAmericanreptilesandamphibians.AlfredA. Knopf,NewYork. 719p.Blanchard,FrankN. 1931. Secondarysexcharactersofcertainsnakes.Bull. AntiveninInst. Amer.4(4):95-104.Brattstrom,BayardH. 1953. Recordsof PleistocenereptilesandamphibiansfromFlorida. Quart.J. FloridaAcad. Sci.16(4):243-248.Breen,John F. 1974. Encyclopediaof reptilesandamphibians.T. F. H. Publ., Inc., NeptuneCity, NewJersey.576p.Brimley,ClementS. 1909. Somenotesonthezoologyof LakeEllis, CravenCounty,NorthCarolina,withspecialreferenceto herpetology.Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington22:129-138.Carpenter,CharlesC., andGaryW. Ferguson. 1978. Variationandevolutionofstereotypedbehaviorin reptiles,p.335-354.In Carl GansandDonaldW. Tinkle (eds.),Biologyof theReptilia,vol. 7. EcologyandbehaviorA. AcademicPress,London,NewYork, andSanFrancisco.Carr, ArchieF., Jr. 1940. A contributionto theherpetologyofFlorida.Univ.FloridaPubl. BioI. Sci. Ser.3(1):1-118.-, andC. J. Coin. 1955. Guideto the reptiles,amphibiansandfreshwaterfishesofFlorida.Univ.FloridaPress,Gaines-ville. ix +341p.Cochran,Doris M. 1954. Our snakefriendsand foes. Nat.Geogr.Mag. 106(3):334-364.-, andColemanJ. Coin. 1970. The newfieldbookof reptilesand amphibians.G. P. Putnam'sSons, New York. xxii +359p.Conant,Roger. 1975. A fieldguideto reptilesandamphibiansof easternand central North America. Second edition.HoughtonMifflin Co., Boston.xviii +429p.Cope,EdwardD. 1900. The crocodilians,lizardsandsnakesof NorthAmerica.Rep. UnitedStatesNat. Mus. 1898:153-1294.Corrington,Julian P. 1929. Herpetologyof the Columbia,SouthCarolina,region.Copeia(172):58--83.Davis,D. D. 1948. Flash displayof aposematicolorsin Fa-ranciaandothersnakes.Copeia1948(3):208-211.Dessauer,HerbertC. 1967. Molecularapproachto thetaxon-omyof colubridsnakes.Herpetologica.23(2):148-155.Ditmars,RaymondL. 1907. Thereptilebook.Doubleday,PageandCo., NewYork. xxxii+472p.1912. The feedinghabitsof serpents.Zoologica1(11):197-238.1936. ThereptilesofNorthAmerica.Doubleday,DoranandCo., GardenCity, NewYork. xvi +476p.1939. A fieldbookof NorthAmericansnakes.Doubleday,DoranandCo., GardenCity, NewYork. xii +305p.Dumeril,AndreM. C. 1853. Prodromedela classificationdesreptilesophidiens.Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. France23:399-536.Etheridge,Richard. 1950. Color variantsin snakesfrom thesoutheasternUnitedStates.Copeia1950(4):321.Fitch, Henry S. 1970. Reproductivecycles in lizards andsnakes.Univ. KansasMus. Natur.Hist. Misc. Publ. (52):1-247.Freeman,Harry W. 1955. The amphibiaand reptilesof theSavannahRiver Project Area. 2. Chelonia.3. Crocodilia,Sauria and Serpentes.Univ. South CarolinaPubl. BioI.1(5):275-291.Gans,Carl. 1975. Reptilesof theworld.BantamBooks,NewYork. 159p.Garman,Harrison. 1892. A synopsisof the reptilesandam-phibiansof Illinois. Bull. Illinois St. Lab. Natur. Hist.3(13):215-385.Gibbons,J. Whitfield. 1977. Snakesof the SavannahRiverPlantwithinformationaboutsnakebitepreventionandtreat-ment.SavannahRiver Oper.-NERP-1.26p.-, andK. K. Patterson. 1978. ThereptilesandamphibiansoftheSavannahRiver Plant. SavannahRiver Oper.-NERP-2.24p.Gilmore,CharlesW. 1938. Fossil snakesof North America.Geol.Soc.Amer., Spec.Pap. (9):1-96.-, and Doris M. Cochran. 1930. Cold-bloodedvertebrates.SmithsonianSci. Ser. 8(2-3):160-359.Goldstein,R. C. 1941. Noteson the mud snakein Florida.Copeia1941(1):49-50.292.2Gray,John E. 1842. Zoologicalmiscellany.London.- 1849. Catalogueofthespecimensofsnakesin thecollectionof theBritishMuseum,London.xv + 125p.Hay,OliverP. 1917. VertebratamostlyfromstratumNo.3 atVero, Florida;togetherwith descriptionsof a newspecies.Ann. Rep.FloridaGeol.Surv.9:43-68.Holbrook,John E. 1838. North Americanherpetology;or adescriptionof the reptiles inhabitingthe United States.Vol. 1.First edition.J. DobsonandSon,Philadelphia,vi +120p.1842. NorthAmericanherpetology;or a descriptionof thereptilesinhabitingtheUnitedStates.Secondedition.Vol. 3.J. Dobson,Philadelphia.ii, 7-128p.Holman,1. Alan. 1959. A PleistoceneherpetofaunanearOr-angeLake, Florida.Herpetologica15(3):121-125.Leviton,Alan. 1972. Reptilesandamphibiansof NorthAmer-. ica. DoubledayandCo., NewYork. 252p.Mitchell,J. C. 1974. Thesnakesof Virginia,Part II: Harmlesssnakesthatbenefitman.VirginiaWildlife35(4):12-15.Mount,RobertH. 1975. The reptilesandamphibiansof Ala-bama.Auburn Univ., Agr. Exp. Sta., Auburn, Alabama.vii +347p.Musick, J. A. 1972. Herptilesof the Marylandand Virginiacoastalplain,p. 213-242.In MarvinL. Wass et al. (eds.),A checklistof thebiotaof lowerChesapeakeBay. VirginiaInst. Mar. Sci. Spec.Sci. Rep. (65):x+290.Neill, WilfredT. 1958. Theoccurrenceofamphibiansandrep-tilesin saltwaterareas,andabibliography.Bull. MarineSci.Gulf andCaribbean8(1):1-97.1964a. Taxonomy,naturalhistoryandzoogeographyof therainbowsnake,Farancia erytrogramma(Palisotde Beau-vois).Amer.MidlandNatur.71(2):257-295.1964b. Viviparityin snakes:someecologicaland zoogeo-graphicconsiderations.Amer.Natur.98(898):35-55.Oliver,JamesA. 1955. The naturalhistoryof NorthAmericanamphibiansandreptiles.D. VanNostrandCo., Inc. Prince-ton,NewJersey.ix +359p.Parker,MalcolmV. 1937. SomeamphibiansandreptilesfromReelfootLake. J. TennesseeAcad. Sci. 12(1):60-86.Russ, W. P. 1973. The rareandendangeredterrestrialverte-bratesof Virginia. M.S. thesis,Virginia PolytechnicInst.andSt. Univ.,Blacksburg.338p.Sanders,A. E. 1966. The reptilesof Columbia,S. C. andvi-cinity.ColumbiaSci. Mus. Quart.1966:1-36.Schmidt,Karl P. 1925. The hoopsnakestory,withsomethe-oriesof its origin.Natur.Hist. 25(1):76-80.-, andD. D. Davis. 1941. Field bookof snakesof theUnitedStatesandCanada.G. P. Putnam'sSons,NewYork. xiii +365p.Smith,H. M. 1938. A reviewof the snakegenusFarancia.Copeia1938(3):110-117.Smith,Philip W. 1961. The amphibiansandreptilesof Illinois.IllinoisNatur.Hist. Surv.Bull. 28(1):1-298.Sonninide Manoncourt,C. N. S., andP. A. Latreille. 1801.Histoirenaturelledesreptiles,avecfiguresdessineesd'apresnature.ChezDeterville,Paris, Vol. 3. 335p.Taub,AaronM. 1967. ComparativehistologicalstudiesonDu-vernoy'sglandof colubridsnakes.Bull. Amer.Mus. Natur.Hist. 138(1):1-50.Underwood,Garth. 1970. The eye,p. 1-97.In Carl GansandThomasS. Parsons(eds.),Biologyof the Reptilia, vol. 2.MorphologyB. AcademicPress,LondonandNewYork.Willard, D. E. 1977. Constrictingmethodsof snakes.Copeia1977(2):379-382.Wright,AlbertH., andShermanC. Bishop. 1915. Snakes,p.139-192.In A biologicalreconnaisanceof the OkefinokeeSwampin Georgia.Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci., Philadelphia,67,pt. I. 92p.-, and Anna A. Wright. 1957. Handbookof snakesof theUnitedStatesandCanada.ComstockPubl. Assoc., Ithaca,NewYork. 2 vols.xxvii + 1105p.JOSEPHC. MITCHELL,UNIVERSITYOF RICHMOND,RICHMOND,VIRGINIA23173.Primaryeditorfor thisaccount,Larry DavidWilson.Published11February1982andCopyright1982by theSOCIETYFORTHESTUDYOFAMPHIBIANSANDREPTILES.

Farancia

https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/45209/1/0292_Farancia.pdf

Farancia

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Texas ScholarWorks