This paper describes the current work on a laser cutting and welding system for
the fabrication of prototype parts in mild and .. stainless steels. The relationship
to other rapid prototyping systems and to laminated tool production techniques is
discussed, the progress to date is described. Difficulties with current welding
procedures are outlined and alternative joining techniques are considered.Mechanical Engineerin

Pridham, M.S.

Thomson, G.

English

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PART FABRICATION USING LASER MACHINING AND WELDINGM S Pridham and G ThomsonDepartment of Applied Physics and Electronic and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of. DundeeDundeeDD14HNUKAbstractThis paper describes the current work on a laser cutting and welding system forthe fabrication of prototype parts in mild and .. stainless steels. The relationshipto other rapid prototyping systems and to laminated tool production techniques isdiscussed, the progress to date is described. Difficulties with current weldingprocedures are outlined and alternative joining techniques are considered.IntroductionDespite the tremendous progress made in the whole field of rapid prototyping andthe development of processes, the majority of systems remain concentrated on nonmetals. However work is now being carried out on laser sintering of mild steel andstainless steel powders as well as on 3-D welding processes (1,2). Success in thesedevelopments will expand on the current prototype possibilities by enabling thedirect production of prototypes in metal, when this is required. This will offerbenefits in certain situations, cutting out the need for secondary processing ofplastic or wax prototypes, such as in producing investment casting moulds.Laminate ProcessesWork at Dundee has centered on using a laser machining centre to cut andfabricate components in mild and stainless steels, using layer cutting procedures andjoining techniques. Work in a similar area is also being undertaken by a Europeanconsortium under the BRITE initiative.There has been considerable work in the field of laminating laser or EDM cutsheet and plate to form tooling such as injection mould cavities (3), drawing dies(4) and blanking tools (5,6). These tools have then been exploited in a number ofways for various applications. The motives for the undertaking of this type of workhave been varied, and not all in prototyping, but in all cases reductions inproduction or development times and costs have been realised.A recent paper by Glover and Brevick (3) argues that whilst current commercialrapid prototyping systems such as Stereolithography, Selective Laser SinteringLaminated Object Manufacture and Fused Deposition Modelling, have their place in theearly stages of design, they rarely provide a full range of pre-productioninformation. For example the prototype material is rarely the same as the requiredpart, production processes, and therefore mechanical and physical properties of theprototype, differ from those intended for production, and prototype tolerances andsurface finishes are not usually representative of those obtainable by the eventualproduction processes.74Many of these points are substantive· and undoubtedly there are applications andpotential for the further exploitation of laminated tool manufacture in a variety ofareas.The drawback, if it can be called that, is that much as the "conventional" rapidprototyping techniques require secondary processes to produce a metal part, thelaminated tool production processes by their very nature do not result in a partuntil the tool is then used in a production situation. Thus most of theapplications of lamination have meant using at least one additional process in thecreation of the part.However the process is very useful when the tool is required for a provenprocess and product design, perhaps replacing and old or worn tool, but clearly itis not so advantageous at providing a fIrst stage prototype part. A process whichcould produce parts or tooling as required, directly in metal, would generateconsiderable interest.Part Fabrication by LaminationAs previously stated work at Dundee is aiming towards metal prototype partproduction, in a direct process, in a similar way to the 3-D welding work, but hereusing lamination and fabrication techniques.The objective is to produce parts in a layer by layer manner where each layer iscut in tum from plate or sheet by laser machining, and the layers are then joined bylaser welding. In respect of the joining technique, the process differssignificantly from most laminated tool processes. Laminated tool techniques almostall use mechanical locations and fIxtures to hold the assembly together. Clearlywhen dealing with tooling this is a sensible and straight forward approach. Mosttool systems allow for this type of fastening by having a significant "flange" areaaround the tool or cavity, as indicated in Figure 1, to allow bolts or fasteningscrews to be used. The fastenings being located such that they do not interferewith the operation of the tool./Fixing/"/MouldCavityLaminationsFigure 1. Typical arrangement for holding/fIxing laminated tooling.75This approach could also be acceptable in prototyping of large solid parts butit is not suitable for fabricating parts with complex geometries, thin walls or websor hollow sections.Laser CuttingThe laser used in the work to date is a "Ferranti MFK 1000" 1000W CO2 gas laser.Cutting proftles are currently being programmed using an Anorad control system.The laser machining centre is .shown in· Figure 2.Figure 2. Ferranti MFK 1000 CO2 laserTo date the materials used have been 18 % Cr 8% Ni ASI 304 stainless and mediumcarbon mild steel, in thicknesses of up to 2mm. A full investigation of thelimiting values of cutting speeds possible for a variety of sheet thicknesses andmaterial types is yet to be carried out, but cutting speeds are entirely satisfactorywithout pushing the system to anywhere near its limits. Typically a cutting speedof 1 metre per minute is used with a pulsed beam of 20 x 10-5 s. on and 20 x 10-5 s.off, with oxygen assist gas at a back pressure of 2 bar. Figure 3 showsrepresentative examples of laser cut geometries, in this case 1mm thick stainlesssteel.76Figure 3. Laser cut parts in stainless steelLaser WeldingThe laser welding aspect of this technique is now the main focus of attentionsince weld performance and quality are not yet at a level to make the laser cuttingand welding route viable as a process. Conventional keyhole laser weldingprocedures have proved difficult due to the focused beam tending to cut rather thanweld. Also the narrow beam means that multiple weld tracks are required to join thelayers uniformly. Complete section welding is also desirable to take advantage ofobtaining homogeneous or near homogeneous material properties throughout theartifact. Excessive oxidation also resulted in some trials largely due to usingcompressed as the assist gas, this should be considerably reduced by using heliumgas.Welding trials were also conducted using a much broader defocused beam, in anattempt to produce a uniform broad conduction weld across the wall section of theparts. This technique shows promise trials,using a straight weld on largesheet, with the be.am focused 50mm off the job,afeed rate of 150mm/minute and 20/20pulsing it was highly successful. However it ·was less successful, when usingsmaller finer laminae, due to problems associated with work holding, heat dissipationand distortion.Experimentation with welding parameters and development ofa system are ongoingand in additionalternativejoiningmethodssuchasisoldering, brazing and structuraladhesives are being explored. Figures 4, 5 •• and 6.illustrate some test pieces whichhave been laser cut and adhesively bonded together.Figure 4 shows an approximation ofa 60mmdiameter sphere fabricated usingcircular layers of2mm thick mild steel sheet. • This specimen is made up of somethirty layers. The "stepping" observed in the polar regions indicates that for asphere of this diameter the 2mm thick material is substantially too thick to give asmooth curvature in these zones.A further stage of development of this system would be to have variousthicknesses of sheet available to optimise the build. For example vertical sections77could be cut from relatively thick material thus minimising the number of layers andtherefore the number of welding/joining operations necessary, whilst complexgeometries and tight radii could be better and more accurately built using thinnerlayers.Figure 5 shows a square based hollow pyramid section built from thirty fourlayers of Imm thick stainless steel. The sides of each layer are Imm shorter thanthe previous layers. The total cutting time for this part was approximately 10minutes.Figure 4. Sphere, produced in 2mm mild steel.Figure 5. Square based hollow pyramid in Imm78Figure 6. Square to circle transfonnation in Imm thick stainless steel.The section illustrated in Figure 6 is produced in Imm thick stainless steel andhas a wall thickness of Imm. Over a height of 22mm the section transfonns from a22mm side square to a 22mm diameter circle. This section could, for example havebeen produced using thick (e.g 5mm) plate for the square base, thin sheet for thetransfonnation region and then reverting to thick section to build on the circulargeometry.Future DevelopmentsClearly a number of areas in this work require considerable furtherinvestigation. They include:1. Development and understanding of required welding conditions, if this techniqueis to be pursued as the joining method.2. Evaluation of alternative joining methods. Suitability in tenns of strength,ease of production and versatility will dictate possibilities.3. Automation of layer feed, selection and alignment; currt:ntly each layer is cutindividually and when all the layers are prepared they are joined. In a viablesystem the joining operation would be integrated and synchronized with thecutting operations so that each layer is joined immediately after it isproduced.ConclusionLaser cutting and welding offers potential as a means of directly fabricating aprototype part in metal. Further development, particularly in the area of laserwelding is underway. A fully developed system will help service a requirement forprototypes which may need to display high levels of mechanical properties, high79thennal or electrical conductivity or have the weight and feel of the plannedmetallic production material.References1. 3-D Welding: P M Dickens, M S Pridham, R C Cobb, I Gibson and G Dixon.Proceedings of the First European conference on Rapid Prototyping pp 81-93, ISBN0951975900, Nottingham University, UK. 6-7 July 1992.2. Rapid Prototyping Using 3-l)l¥elding:PMDickens, M S Pridham, R C Cobb, IGibson and G Dixon. Procee<iingsofthe. Solid Freefonn Fabrication Symposium1992, pp 280-290, ISSN 1053...2153 University of Texas, Austin, USA. 3-5 August1992.3. Laminate Tooling jor Injection Moulding: G R Glover and J R Brevick.Proceedings of the Institution of .Mechanical Engineers, Vol 207, Part B Journalof Engineering Manufacture, pp 9-14, 1993.4. Development ojLaminatedDrawingDies by Laser Cutting: M Kunieda and T NakagawaBull, Japan, Soc. of Pree. Engg, Vol 18, No 4, December 1984, pp 353-354.5. Laser Cut Blanking Tool: T Nakagawa, K Suzuki and K Sakaue, Bull, Japan, SocPrec Engg, Vol 17, No 1, Mar 1983, pp 45-46.6. Blanking Tools Manufactured by Laminating Laser Cut Steel Sheet: K Gotzsche-Larsen. Second European Conference on Rapid Prototyping, University ofNottingham, July 1993.80

Part Fabrication Using Laser Machining and Welding

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Part Fabrication Using Laser Machining and Welding

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