Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Anderson, James D.

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Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyEarth and Planetary Science

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AMPHIBIA: CAUDATA: AMBYSTOMATIDAE76.1DICAMPTODOND. ENSATUSMAP. Distributionof Dicamptodonensatus.Circles indicatelocalityrecords;the type-localityis not definiteenoughto beplotted.The starmarksthe Pliocenefossil (trackway).....,...\.,i'-',\".,.-.lqo 290 MI.100 200 360 4boKM•-,jI,-j,.1.1!!IIDAHO~ro! -.-.-.--,-.-.-~.---.-----.-.-.--- . ..:.-.---. 0 \)n 8OREGONthe vocal apparatusand voice. Dethlefsen(1948) describedeggsand nests; Bishop (1943), Myers (1943) and Stebbins(1951)describedlarvae.• ILLUSTRATIONS.Storer (1925), Bishop (1943) and Steb-bins (1951,1954,1966)illustratedadults; Bishop (1943),andStebbins (1951) illustrated larvae. Cope (1889) provideddrawingsof head,mouthand feet. Gordon (1939), Stebbins(1951)and Regal (1966) illustratedtooth arrangementandRegal (1966) diagrammedtooth replacement.The hyoid wasillustratedby Eschscholtz(1833) and Cope (1887); throatmusculatureby Eschscholtz(1833); larynx and tracheabyHilton (1952)and Maslin (1950); capillariesof the palatebyCzopek(1962).Tiben (1958)illustratedtheteethandtheskullandEschscboltz(1833)theskull, limbs,girdles,andvertebrae.Monath (1965) illustratedthe opercularapparatus.Dethlefsen(1948)gavephotographsof eggsand nestsite.Bogert (1960)provideda soundspectrogramof the voice. Peabody (1959)-illustratedtracks and trackwaysof living and possiblefossilDicamptodonand the relatedfossilAmbystomichnus.• DISTRIBUTION.SouthwesternBritish Columbia to SantaCruzComity,California,primarilyin humidcoastalforests,andin theRockyMountainsof IdahoandMontana.Savage(1952) discusseddistributioneast of the CascadeMountains; Gordon (1939), Logier and Toner (1961), andSlater (1955)gaveregionallocalityrecords.• FOSSILRECORD.Seegenericaccount.• PERTINENTLITERATURE.Cope(1887),Eaton(1934),Tihen(1958)andRegal (1966)discussedrelationshipsandphylogeny.Saltbe (1965)and Saltheand Kaplan (1966)usedthe lacticdehydrogenaseenzymeof Dicamptodonin studieson amphibianenzymeactivityand evolution.Brattstrom(1963) gavebodytemperaturesof adultsandlarvae.Bishop (1943)and Stebbins(1951) providedsummarieson natural history.Two clutchesDicamptodon StrauchGiant salamanderDicamptodon ensatus(Eschscholtz)Pacific giant salamanderTriton ensatusEschscholtz,1833:6.Type-locality,vicinity ofthe Bay of San Francisco.The typespecimen,not knownto exist,wascollectedin Novemberby Eschscholtz.AmblystomatenebrosumBaird and Girard, 1852:174.Typelocality,"Oregon."Holotype,U. S. Natl. Mus.4710.Xiphonuratenebrosa:Girard, 1858:14.Newcombination.AmblystomaaterrimumCope,1867:201.Type locality,"NorthRocky Mtns." Holotype,U.S. Natl. Mus. 5242:collector,Lt. Mullen.Dicamptodonensatus: Strauch, 1870:68.Transfer to newgenus.Chondrotustenebrosus:Cope, 1887:88.See genericaccount.Ambystomaensatum:GrinnellandCamp,1917:139.Ambystomatenebrosum:StejnegerandBarbour,1917:11.• CONTENT.No subspecieshavebeendescribed.• DEFINITION. Sameas for the genus.• DESCRIPTIONS.Cope (1867,1889), Storer (1925),Bishop(1943)and Stebbins(1951,1966)describedgeneralfeatures,especiallycolor and proportions.Cope (1867) describedthehyoid apparatus;Tihen (1958), osteologyand teeth; Regal(1966),tooth patternand replacement;Eaton (1933,1934),jaw suspension.Eschscholtz(1833) included descriptionsofinternaland externalmorphology,skeletonand teeththatwereprobablyadded by Rathke. Stokely and Holle (1953) gavevertebralcountsandHilton (1946,1951,1952,1953,1956,1957),brief anatomicaldescriptions.The urogenitalsystemwas de-scribedby De Marco (1952).Czopek(1962)describedrespira-torycapillarybeds.Maslin (1950)andBogert(1960)describedCatalogueof AmericanAmphibiansand Reptiles.ANDERSON,JAMFS D. 1969. DicamptodonandD. ensatus.• FOSSILRECORD.Peabody(1959)attributestrackwaysfromthelowerPlioceneof CaliforniatoDicamptodonsp.• PERTINENTLITERATURE.Tihen (1958) and Regal (1966)discussedin detailstructureandrelationshipsandDunn (1920)and Eaton (1934)gavemorelimitedaccounts.• REMARKS. Tihen (1958)placedDicamptodonin themono-typic subfamilyDicamptodontinaeand consideredit the mostprimitivememberof the family. Regal (1966) includedbothRhyacotritonandDicamptodonin thesamesubfamilyandcon-sideredthelatteramoreadvancedgenus.Peabody (1954) suggesteda close relationship betweenDicamptodonand Ambystomichnus,a form known only fromtrackwaysof the Paleocene,and Tihen (1958) placed bothgenerain the Dicamptodontinae.• ETYMOLOGY.Dicamptodon,of masculinegender,is fromtheGreek (di +kamptos+odon),andmeanshavingdoublycurvedteeth.• CONTENT.One species,Dicamptodonensatus.• DEFINITION. A large ambystomatidwith well-developedlungs and ypsiloid cartilage,an independentlacrimal, exoc-cipital,prooticandcolumella.The skull is moresolidandrigidthan in any otherambystomatid.The premaxillaryspinesareshortand broadwith the fontanellealmostor completelyob-literated.The teetharecompressed,blade-likestructures.Threephalangesare presentin the fourthtoe.The colorpatterncon-sists of a dark mottlingon a brown background.The larvaeareof thestreamtypewith reducedgills anddorsalfin.• DESCRIPTIONS,ILLUSTRATIONS,DISTRIBUTION.See speciesaccount.DicamptodonStrauch, 1870:68.Type-speciesTriton ensatusEschscholtz1833,by monotypy.ChondrotusCope 1887:88. Type-speciesAmblystomatenebro-susBaird andGirard 1852=T. ensatusEschscholtz1833.of eggshave been describedby Dethlefsen(1948) and byHenry and Twitty (1940). Kessel and Kessel (1943a,1943b,1944) studied growth and metamorphosisof larvae. Fitch(1936), Schonberger(1944) and Metter (1963) gave foodhabitsof larvae.Reed (1949),De Marco (1952),and Schuierer(1958) dis-cussedneoteny.Stebbins(1955) indicatedhabitatsegregationbetweenlarvae of Rhyacotritonand Dicamptodon.Dearolf(1956)and Rodgers(1962)reportedtheoccurrenceof larvaein caves.• REMARKS.Eggsdescribedandillustratedby Storer(1925)are of Ambystomagracile and not Dicamptodon(Henry andTwitty,1940;Stebbins,1951).• ETYMOLOGY.The specific name ensatus (Latin ensis,meaningsword) apparentlyrefersto thepointedteeth.LITERATURECITEDBaird, SpencerF., and CharlesGirard. 1852. Characteristicsof somenew reptilesin the Museumof the SmithsonianInstitution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 6:68-70, 174.Bishop, ShermanC. 1943. Handbookof salamanders:Thesalamandersof theUnitedStates,of Canada,andof LowerCalifornia.ComstockPubl. Co., Ithaca,New York. xiv +555 pp.Bogert,C. M. 1960. The influenceof soundon behaviorofamphibiansand reptiles,pp. 137-320.In W. E. LanyonandW. N. Tavolga(ed.), Animal soundsand communica·tion.Amer. InstituteBioI. Sci. Publ. (7) xiii +443pp.Brattstrom,Bayard H. 1963. A preliminaryreview of thethermal requirementsof amphibians.Ecology 44 (2):238-255.Cope, E. D. 1867. A reviewof the speciesof the Ambly-stomidae.Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (2nd series)19:166-211.1887. The hyoid structurein the Amblystomidsalaman-ders.AmericanNat. 21 (1): 87-88.1889. The Batrachiaof North America.Bull. U. S. Nat.Mus. (34):1-525.Czopek, Juliusz. 1962. Vascularizationof respiratory sur-facesin someCaudata.Copeia1962(3):576-587.Dearolf, K. 1956. Survey of North American cave verte-brates. Proc. PennsylvaniaAcad. ScL 30:201-210.Dethlefsen,Edwin S. 1948. A subterraneanestof the Pa-cific giantsalamander,Dicamptodonensatus(Eschscholtz).WasmannCollector7 (3) :81-84.Dunn,E. R. 1920. Noteson twoPacific coastAmbystomidae.Proc. New EnglandZool.Club 7:55-59.De Marco, M. N. 1952. Neotenyand the urogenitalsystemin thesalamanderDicamptodonensatus.Copeia1962(3):192-193.Eaton,T. H., Jr. 1933. The occurrenceof streptostylyin theAmbystomidae.Univ. California Publ. Zool. 37 (17):521-526.- 1934. The affinities of Dicamptodonand Rhyacotriton.Copeia1934(4) :182.Eschscholtz,Friedr. 1833. ZoologischerAtlas.Part V. Berlin.viii +28 pp.Fitch, Henry S. 1936. Amphibiansand reptilesof the RogueRiver Basin,Oregon.Amer.Midland Nat. 17 (3):634-652.Girard, C. 1858. United Statesexploringexpedition,duringtheyears1838,1839,1840,1841,1842underthe commandof CharlesWilkes, U. S. N. 20.Herpetology.Philadelphia,J. B. Lippincott& Co. xvii +496pp.Gordon, Kenneth. 1939. The Amphibia and Reptilia ofOregon.OregonStateMonogr.Studiesin Zool. (1) :1-82.Grinnell, J., and C. L. Camp. 1917. A distributionallist oftheamphibiansand reptilesof California.Univ. CaliforniaPubI. Zool. 17 (10):127-208.Henrv,W. V., and V. C. Twitty. 1940. Contributionsto thelife histories of Dicamptodonensatusand Ambystomagracile.Copeia1940(4) :247-250.Hilton, W. A.. 1946. A preliminarystudy of skeletonsofAmblystomidae.J Entomol.Zool.38 (2) :29-36.1951. Teethof salamanders.Herpetologica7 (3):133-136.1952. The pulmonaryrespiratorysystemof salamanders.Ibid., 8(3) :87-92..1953. The choroidplexusof thelateralandthirdventriclesof tailedAmphibia.J. CompoNeurol.99:545-559.1956. Eye musclesof salamanders.Herpetologica12 (4):273-276.76.2- 1957. Head musclesof salamanders.Bull. So. CaliforniaAcad.ScL 56 (1) :1-13.Kessel,E. L., and B. B. Kessel. 1943a. The rate of growthof the younglarvaeof the Pacific giant salamander,Di-camptodonensatus.WassmannColI. 5(3) :108-111.1943b. Rate of growthof the older larvaeof the Pacificgiantsalamander,Dicamptodonensatus.Ibid., 5 (4) :141-142.1944. Metamorphosisof the Pacific giant salamander,Dicamptodonensatus(Eschscholtz).Ibid., 6 (2) :38-48.Logier, E. B. S., and G. C. Toner. 1961. Check-listof theamphibiansand reptilesof Canadaand Alaska,a revisionof contributionNo. 41. Royal OntarioMus., Contrib. No.53,viii +92 pp.Maslin, T. P. 1950. The productionof sound in caudateAmphibia.Univ. ColoradoStudiesBioI. (1) :2945.Metter, Dean. 1963. Stomachcontentsof Idaho larval Di-camptodon.Copeia1963(2):435-436.Monath,Thomas. 1965. The opercularapparatusof salaman-ders.J. Morphol.115 (2) :149-170.Myers, G. S. 1943. Notes on RhyacotritonolympicusandAscaphustruei in Humboldt County, California. Copeia1943 (2):125-126.Peabody,F. E. 1954. Trackwaysof an ambystomidsalaman-der fromthePaleoceneof Montana.J. Paleontol.28:79-83.- 1959. Trackwaysof living and fossil salamanders.Univ.CaliforniaPubl. Zool.63 (1) :1-72.Reed, CharlesA. 1949. The problemof metamorphosisinthe westernmarbled salamander,Dicamptodonensatus.Copeia1949 (1):81.Regal,Philip J. 1966. Feedingspecializationsand the classi-ficationof terrestrialsalamanders.Evolution20 (3) :392-407.Rodgers,Thomas L. 1962. Report of giant salamanderinCalifornia.Copeia1962(3) :646-647.Salthe,S. N. 1965. Comparativecatalyticstudiesof lacticdehydrogenasesin the Amphibia: environmentalandphysiologicalcorrelations.CompoBiochem.Physiol. 16:393-408..-, and N. O. Kaplan. 1966. Immunologyand ratesof en·zymeevolutionin the Amphibiain relationto the originsof certaintaxa. Evolution20 (4) :603--616.Savage,J. M. 1952. The distributionof the Pacific giantsalamander,Dicamptodonensatus,east of the CascadeMountains.Copeia1952(3) :183.Schonberger,C. F. 1944. Food of salamandersin the north-westernUnitedStates.Copeia1944(4) :257.Schuierer,F. W. 1958. Factorsaffectingneotenyin the sala-mander,Dicamptodonensatus (Eschscholtz).Bull. So.California Acad. Sci. 57:119-121.Slater, J. R. 1955. Distributionof Washingtonamphibians.Occ. PapersDept.BioI. ColI. Puget Sound 16:122-154.Stebbins, Robert C. 1951. Amphibians of western NorthAmerica.Univ. CaliforniaPress,Berkeley.ix +539pp.1954. Amphibiansandreptilesof westernNorth America.McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. xxiv +528pp.1955. Southernoccurrenceof the Olympic salamanderRhyacotritonolympicus.Herpetologica11 (4) :238-239.1966. A field guideto westernreptilesand amphibians.HoughtonMifflin Co.,Bostonxiv +279pp.Stejneger,Leonhard,andThomasBarbour. 1917. A checklistof NorthAmericanamphibiansandreptiles.HarvardUniv.Press,Cambridge,Massachusetts.iv +125pp.Stokely,Paul S., and Paul A. Holle. 1953. Variation in thevertebralaxis of the Ambystomidae.Herpetologica9 (2):133-138.Storer,Tracy I. 1925. A synopsisof the Amphibia of Cali-fornia. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 27:1-342.Strauch,Alexander. 1870. Revision der Salamandriden-Gat-tungen nebst beschreibungeiniger neuen oder wenigerbekanntenarten dieser familie. Mem. Acad. ImperialeScL St.Petersbourg16(4) :1-109.Tihen,J. A. 1958. Commentson theosteologyandphylogenyof ambystomatidsalamanders.Bull. Florida State Mus.3 (1):1-50J. D. ANDERSON,RUTGERSUNIVERSITY,NEWARK,NEW JERSEY07102.Published20 June 1969by the AmericanSocietyof Ichthyol-ogistsandHerpetologists.Publicationis supportedby NationalScienceFoundationgrant G24231.Primaryeditorfor this account,RichardG. Zweifel.

Dicamptodon and D. ensatus

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Dicamptodon and D. ensatus

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