Multiple LED Photographic Curing (MPC) has proven capable of drawing cross sections of
three-dimensional objects like printing a sheet of paper. Using raster scanning, however, simultaneously exposing a photopolymer with 1,024 beams of light involves various unknown issues. The
aim of this research work was to examine the formation of individual strings and the connecting
mechanisms between strings and layers. At light power ranging from 19.0 to 30.3flW and at various scan speeds, string formation perpendicular to scan direction differs greatly from that in scan
direction. Curing of plane layers happens by curing strings side-by-side with a constant spacing of
62.5flm.Mechanical Engineerin

Loose, Kai

Nakagawa, Takeo

Niino, Toshiki

English

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Effective MechanisUls ofMultiple LED Photographic CuringKai Loose, Toshiki NiinoThe Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN)Takeo NakagawaInstitute of Industrial Science, University of TokyoAbstractMultiple LED Photographic Curing (MPC) has proven capable of drawing cross sections ofthree-dimensional objects like printing a sheet of paper. Using raster scanning, however, simulta-neously exposing a photopolymer with 1,024 beams of light involves various unknown issues. Theaim of this research work was to examine the formation of individual strings and the connectingmechanisms between strings and layers. At light power ranging from 19.0 to 30.3flW and at vari-ous scan speeds, string formation perpendicular to scan direction differs greatly from that in scandirection. Curing of plane layers happens by curing strings side-by-side with a constant spacing of62.5flm.1 IntroductionMultiple LED photographic curing (MPC) is based on the concept of exposing a liquidphotopolymer through multiple beams of light simultaneously. Unlike Laser Stereolithography(SL), MPC uses light-emitting diodes (LED) as light sources (Loose et aI., 1997). Exposure hap-pens through an array of 1,024 beams of light which expose the surface of the liquid resin whileusing raster scanning. Similar concepts for multiple-spot exposure have been proposed byOht-subo et al. (1997) and Marutani et al. (1998). All concepts have successfully shown their practicalapplicability.Nevertheless, very little is known about the effective mechanisnls in multi-spot exposure. Inspite of seemingly principal compatibility between MPC and SL-both processes are essentiallyan exposure of a liquid photosensitive resin leading to polymerisation, thus to solidobjects-··thereis a number of challenges to be met considering the unique characteristics of the exposure pattern.It can be said that the research on MPC is at the developmental stage, and large.number of nleas-urements are required to improve the design. For example, the effective mechanisms when ex-posing the photopolymer resin surface are unknown. If they are understood to some extent, MPCcan be improved to become applicable· for rapid concept Inodelling.This paper describes the results of the experiluental examination of the curing process inMPC. Not only the curing of single strings but also the formation of layers and three-dimensional177objects is studied. Consequently, the authors propose a means to generate an equal cure depththrough multiple beams of light and investigate it theoretically and experimentally. In the follo~­ing, experimental results are presented and the envisaged application explained. The results of thisresearch indicate thatMPC is a successful method for faithfully generating three-dimensional ob-jects, and has the potential to aid design evaluation.2 Background of the ExaminationsToday, there is a growing demand for cheap and fast concept modelling. Research on MPCcarried out at RIKEN aims at combining this application with the unique characteristics ofStereolithography parts, such as transparency. Using inexpensive technology, MPC is an attrac-tive technique to process photopolymers into various shapes.In the frame of the following examination, the decisive process-technological parameters ofinfluence shall be investigated. Figure 1 explains that the following examinations focus on thefeatures which are characteristic of the MPC process. Together with an adjusted control software,the way how energy is absorbed in the resin surface is of utmost importance regarding the achiev-able accuracy to form and shape.- Building a part layer-by-Iayer- Selective curing of resin bymultiple-dot exposure usingvisible light- Raster scanningEnergy supply- Multi-spot exposure- Multimode intensity distributionin a single beam of light- Presence of multiple beams oflight simultaneously exposingthe photopolymerControl software- Selective curing of a bitmapimage representing a part'scross-section- Exposure pattern is controlled by_ applying a dotmap image• c _ Observation of part buildingprocess through analysis of theII printing II programSubjects- Forming of strings- Connecting mechanisms betweenstrings- Connecting mechanisms betweenlayers- Influence of exposure time onprocess qualityInfluence of light power onprocess qualityImproved part building throughoptimised process layoutFigure 1: Concept of investigating the effective mechanisms of MPCBesides process technological parameters of influence, the machine is of particular interest.Essentially, the kinematic accuracy of the linear guides and the temperature dependent behaviourof the entire machine must be given in particular. Here, only the motion of the projector scanningthe resin surface has direct effect on the exposure quality. Therefore, the influence of the accuracyof the scanner guides is of great importance. The scanner, driven by a step motor, moves with an178accuracy of 70Jlm per 90mm distance. In the direction perpendicular to the scan direction, thepositioning accuracy is 20Jlm.The influence of the material on accuracy to form and size, also regarding geometric long-term stability, is often underestimated. The two groups of photopolymers, acrylate- and epoxy-based resins, have some very different characteristics (Jacobs, 1992, Xu, 1997/1). In this context,the influence of the material is not further followed up. These aspects are not a particular charac-teristic of MPC but they are mentioned here because of their relevance for MPC.3 Experiments into Effective Mechanisms of the ProcessFor the experiments, all test samples were built using a test facility which has been developedfor Multiple LED photographic curing at RIKEN. The material is an experimental acrylate-basedphotopolymer resin, HSX-V-2 (by Asahi Denka). At a constant vat temperature of 30°C, the resinhas a viscosity of 11 =3 x I0-5Ns!cm2• At the resin surface, the output power in each beam of lightis PL,v =29.2JlW. The experiments aid the investigation of the characteristic features when curinga photopolymer using multiple beams of light.3.1 String FormationThe design of MPC necessitates simultaneous exposure of plane areas and thinnest stringswith the same constant scan velocity and LED power. Therefore, in a computer-supportedmathematical contemplation the exposure during curing using various numbers of beams of lightfor the exposure has been calculated. As a result, when exposing a plane area and a thinnest stringat the same time, to ensure equal cure depth, the energy of at least five beams of light is necessaryfor exposing a single string. In this way, an equal level of exposure through superposition of sin-gle exposures in one layer is always guaranteed. Only under these conditions, a thin string can becreated while a plane area is cured at the same time without overcuring.For the initial experiments, single strings-exposed by five beam of light-have been chosenfor investigating the curing phenomena. A single string is of particular interest because of boththeir well..:known general importance when analysing the exposure process in Stereolithography ingeneral, and investigating the characteristics of MPC in particular. At scan velocities ranging from0.1 to 1.6mm/s, each string has been exposed by one (LI) to five (L5) beams of light at a fixedhatch distance of 62.5Jlm. The beam diameter isO.5mm.Dimensions were measured using anoptical microscope and a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. A comparison of the line widthsin scan direction and perpendicular to it at various scan velocities is shown in Figure 2. At con-stant light power at the vat, PL,v =29.2JlW, it can be seen, that in general, the observed linewidths decrease with increasing scan velocity. The graphs show, that in X-direction, the same linewidth can be achieved at higher scan speeds. Besides, perpendicular to scan direction line widthsare slightly greater than they are in scan direction. The reason for that may be.a not correctly ad-justed timer for turning on and off theLEDs. A change in the software should solve this issue.The influence of the different number of beams of light used for exposure is considerable. At fivebeams of light, thinnest strings can be cured to up to 1.5mm/s and 1.3mm/s, respectively.179E..sJ..c....."0.~IIIc;::::::iIn X-direction0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6Scan velocity Vs [mm/s]In V-direction1.21.0E..s 0.8Jii 0.6"0.~III 0.4c;::::::i0.20.00.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6Scan velocity Vs [mm/s]Figure 2: Line width in X- and Y- direction at light power PL,v = 29.20IlWPerpendicular to the scan direction (Y-direction), at a scan speed of more than 1.3mm/s, nocuring occurs. Compared to the exposure in scan direction, to start the polymerisation perpen-dicular to the scan direction, the scan velocity must be reduced, thus providing more exposure.The lower levels of curing found during exposure in Y-direction may be due to the exposure pat-tern. Across the scan direction, curing happens gradually and closely spaced. Initially, dots at adistance of O.5mm are exposed. The energy, however, is not sufficient to connect these individualdots on the resin surface. The next row of beams of light are, therefore, not able to expose theresin anywhere near the previously cured dots. As a result, no strings can be formed at all.Vs = 0.5mm/sVs = 1.0mm/sVs = 1.5mm/sStrings attached at one endCured$trings- Lines are created bY drawing asingle line with five beams of light- Line width increases with lowerscanning velocities- On the free surface, curing dot-by-dot requires more energy than atcontinuous exposure- Power PL v = 29.2r.tW- Material: acrylate resin HSX-V-2- Scan direction aVs = 1.3mm/s Vs = 1.0mm/s Vs = 0.5mm/sFigure 3: Formation of strings at various scan velocities vsin scan direction and across to it180In scan (X-) direction, at scan velocities between 0.1 and 1.5mm/s, the shape of the stringsdiffers greatly (Figure 3). As expected, the line width increases with decreasing scan velocity. At1.5mm/s, a string has a width of about 0.1 hnm. Where the string is attached to a frame holding itin position in a right angle, the geometry is unclear. At low exposure, due to the low degree ofpolymerisation and its position free flowing on the resin surface, the string is rather soft and un-stable. Xu et al. (1997/2) found that microscopic flow generated by the process heat could beobserved. It is assumed that, during exposure, flow and probably shrinkage cause the string tomove slightly on the resin surface. Width increases rapidly up to 0.68mm at 0.5mm/s. At 0.5mm/s,the string has been cured more and, therefore, is stronger and more stable. In Y-direction, atl.3mm/s, the string is cured at a width of about 0.31mm. At 0.5mm/s, its width increases to about0.7mm.3.2 Connecting Mechanisms Between StringsThe connections between up to five adjacent lines formation a single string can be observedbest at low scan velocities (Figure 4). The scan velocity is constant at O.lmm/s. When exposingwith just one beam of light, the shape of the cured string reminds a little bit on a string of pearls.With increasing number of beams, the string becomes smoother. At the same time, however, theline width increases only a little.Cured strings- Lines are created by drawing asingle line with one to fivebeams of light- Shape of the line becomessmoother with increasingnumber of beams of light- Light power PL,V =29.21!W- Material: acrylate resin HSX-V-2- When exposing one string withone beam of light, exposurehappens in steps caused by theslightly jerky motion of theprojector which is driven by astep motor- With increasing number ofbeams of light, this effectdisappears- Scan direction I:JExposure by ortebeam of light05mm~Exposure by twobeams of lightExposure by threebeams of lightFigure 4: Simultaneous multi-beam exposure at a scan velocity Vs =O.Imm1s in scan directionUneven curing when exposing at extreme low scan speeds is caused by the motion of theprojector. In scan direction, the curing becomes sensitive to the slightest movements of the pro-jector. The exposure happens in steps caused by the slightly jerky motion of the projector, whichis driven by a step motor. This effect disappears with increasing number of beams of light expos-181ing the string. Each additional beam of light exposes the same string at a slightly shifted time ac-cording to the arrangement of the beam array in the projector. Another observation is, at leastthree beams of light are necessary for curing one single string. Then, the contour of the string issimilar to that of a straight line.3.3 Parameters of Influence "Energy Absorption"The course of the line widths and cure depths at various scan velocities and light power areshownillFigure 5. The data wereopta.ined after curing several strings with three beams of light.In X-girection, line width and cure .~epth increase with increasing light power. The same resultcan be found in Y-direction. However, the line width is in average slightly greater than in X-direction. At scan velocities of 0.3 andO.4mmls, the increase in cure depth in Y-direction isslightl:y(steeper than that in X-direction. The reason for that may be the initially very low degreeof curing at a low exposure dot-by-dot. At higher exposure, the cure depths in X- and in Y-direction are the same.0.018.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0Light power PLv!J,lW]Line width in V-direction1.010.8JO.6~ 0.4Q):.5 0.2Cure depth in V-direction1.0 !T'?T;;;rT'7TI'7;'R!10.8,,]0.6.c0.~ 0.4Q)230.20.018.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0Light power PLV !J,lWj0.018.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0Light power Pev [f.lWlCure depth in X-direction1.010.8u~ 0.6.c0.~ 0.4~3 0.20.018.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0Light power Pev !J,lWlLine width in X-direction1.010.8J 0.6~,,;:0.4Q):.5 0.2Scan velocity: -'-0.3mmls-X-0.4mmls-+-0.5mm/s-.-0.6mmls-0.7mm/s-·-0.8mm/sCured strings- Data obtained using an opticalmicroscope and CCD camera- Strings were cured using 3-beamexposure- In average, line width in scandirection is slightly less thanperpendicular to scan direction- In average, cure depth in scandirection is slightly highter thanperpendicular to scan direction- To get the highest scan velocityprocess can be operated at apower of 29.2 and 30.311WFigure 5: Parameters and their influence on curing3.4 Parameter of Influence "Part Geometry"The process parameters were varied over a wide range to find the optimum combinationyielding good surface quality, fine detail, and sharp contours. The tests were carried out using theexperimental resin HSX-V-2. The explanations in Figure 6 focus on the results achieved whenbuilding simple geometric objects. A mesh can be build with walls as thin as 0.2mm and in goodaccuracy in X-and Y-direction as well as at various angles. The effect of multi-spot exposure is182clearly visible in the vertical and the sloping elements. Part quality depends in the part orientationin the X-Y-plane. The vertical surfaces are smooth. It is one characteristic of MPC that stringswhich form layers lie exactly one above the other. This can not be changed since the arrangementof the lenses in the projector is fixed. MPC is successful for the process parameters for LEDpower and scan speed which were found above. A top view of the test part's surface shows thatthe lines from the exposure are clearly visible, even with the naked eye.Material- Acrylate resin H5X-V-2- Resin viscosity 11 =3 x 10·sNs/cm2Process parameters- LED power PLY = 29.20/-lW- Wavelength 'A. = 470nm- Scan velocity v, =O.75mm/sTest part- Size 45 x 45 x 9mm 3- Build time t B = 81 minMesh, top viewWall andsurlace, topv.iewLayers, side viewCorner, top viewFigure 6: Influence of part geometry on surface texture and part quality4 DiscussionThe curing process in Multiple LED photographic curing (MPC) was experimentally exam-ined. The effects of the parameters of influence on curing of single strings an formation of layersand three-dimensional objects were studied. Previously, theoretical investigations have shown thatfor the generation of equal cure depths in thin strings and plane areas, the exposure of at least fivebeams of light is necessary.The data reported in this paper show that strings can be accurately cured at low light power.Line widths increase at lower scan speeds. In scan direction, strings could be polymerised at avelocity of up to 1.5rnrn1s. At high scan velocities, the strings are unstable and the geometry issometimes unclear. One reason could be that microscopic flow causes the strings to move on thefree resin surface. Besides, shrinkage may cause the strings to move. Across the scan direction,only up to 1.3rnrn1s strings could be created. These results can be explained by assuming thatgradually and closely spaced exposure is not sufficient for polymerisation. At lower speeds, how-183ever, the exposed dots stick together and start formation strings. At extremely low scan velocity,the process becomes sensitive to slightest jerky movements of the projector when exposing withone beam of light. A jerky motion of the projector creates a line which looks like a string of pearlsrather than a continuous line. Adding at least two beams leads to a smoother shape of the string.At high velocities, this effect disappears completely.Due to the general characteristic of these investigations-strings were examined on a freeresin surface-thisstudy·is limited to the basic curing process in MPC. It is the basis for furtherstudieson the generation of three-dimensional objects, such as thin walls and other geometricshapes. The heatgeneration as the assumed reason for moves of the strings on the resin surfacehas notbeen examined and is subject of future examinations. The results of this study have impli-cations/on further developments of the process and the design of the machine itself.ThIs study couldlead to new important findings about the MPC process. The results of thisresearchindicate thatMPCis a successful method for faithfullYigenerating three-dimensional ob-jects,andhasthepotentialto aid design evaluation. Clearly, this technique has promise as a toolto fabricate three-dimensional objects in design evaluation. Future steps will thus include im-provements in the light sources to increase process speed and accuracy of Multiple LED photo-graphic curing.5 R.eferencesJacobs, P.F. (1992) RapidPrototyping and Manufacturing-Fundamentals ofStereolithography,Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), Dearborn, MILoose, K., Nakagawa, T., Niino, T. (1997) "Concept modelling using multiple LED photographiccuring",proceedings, 13th Rapid Prototyping Symposium, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 35-40, No-vember 1997.Marutani, Y., Kamitani, T. (1996) "Stereolithography system using multiple spot exposure", Sev-enth Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, The University of Texas at Austin, TX,pp.321-326.Ohtsubo, Y., Yamamoto, M., Takamori, T., Tadokoro, S. (1997) "Development of microstructu-ree using Stereolithogaphy" (in Japanese), proceedings, 1t h Rapid Prototyping Symposium,Osaka, Japan, pp. 40-45, May 1997.Xu, Y. (1997/1) Studies on curing process ofphotopolymer in Stereolithography, Doctoral The-sis, Institute of Industrial Science, University of TokyoXu, Y., Imamura, M., Nakagawa, T. (1997/2) "Microscopic flow observation of photopolymer byUV-Iaser beam exposure", Eighth Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, The University ofTexas at Austin, TX, pp. 177-184.184

Effective Mechanisms of Multiple LED Photographic Curing

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Effective Mechanisms of Multiple LED Photographic Curing

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