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?????? 11? 2009?? 3? 207- 215?, ??阶段式的句法推导*邓思颖 香港理工大学??  ??????????????????????????????????????,??????, ??????????????????????????????????????, ??????????????????, ?????????????  ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????1. ????????????????? ??  ( phase)??? , ??????????????????????????? ( language facu lty )??? ( Chom sky 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005,2007, 2008) , ????????????????????, ????????????????????, ?????????? ( lex ical array)????????????????, ??????????????????????, ????????????????, ??????????, ???????????????????????????????????, ????? ( derivat ion by phase)? ?? ???????:??????, ???????, ????????????? ( argum ent)?????????????????????, ???????????? ( complement izer phrase,?? CP)??????????????, ????, ?????????????????????, ???????, ????????????????, ???????????????????????????????, ?????????? ???207????: http: / /www. ddyyx. com*????????????????????????????  ???? ?????????????  (?? 05JJD740184)???????????????????? ??????  ( 2006? 9? )??????????????? ?????????  ( 2006? 12? )????Chom sky???????????????, ???? Legate????????????,????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????????????????, ??????????????????????????????? ( 1997)???????????, ???????Phase??, ??? ( 2000 )???? ( 2002 )???? ( 2002 )??? ?? , ??? ( 2002, 2003 )????( 2002 )??? ?? , ??? ( 2003 )?? ?? ????????, ?? ??????? d iscou rse, segm ent, ? ?? ??? h ierarchy, level???????, ???? ?? ????? Chom sky????????????, ?????, ????????????????????, ?????? ( 2005)???????A rgum ent????? ?? , ?? ?? ??  ( edge feature) ?????????????????? (????? )?????, ????????????????, ?????????????, ???????????????, ???????????????, ??????? ( cleft)????? ( pseudo-c left)???( fronting)??? ( extraposit ion)???????????????????? V???????????, ????? v???? T???? C, ?? ( 1)???????, ???????????: ????? vP?????? CP??? C??????????????????????????????????????? v* , ??????? v??????????????????, ???????????????, ????? ( unaccusat ive)??????????, ?? CP? v* P?, ????? (? TP???? /???? vP?VP? )??????????( 1)2. ?????????????, ????????????, ??????????????????????????? ( 2)?????????????( 2) ????????????? ( 2)???? ?????????? ???v* ?T?C?????????; ???? ( root clause)???, ??? ??? v* ?T?C?????????? ( 2), ???????????, ??????????????? ( 3)??????? ( 3a)? ( 3c)????????, ?? ( 3b)? ( 3d)?????????? ( 3b)? T?C?????, ?? ( 3d)? T?C???????( 3) a. ???, ??, v* , ??b. T, Cc. ??, v* , ??d. T, C???????? ( 3a) , ????????? ( 4) , ?? v* P, ????????( 4) [ v* P?? [ v* [ VP?? ??? ] ] ]???????? ( 3b), ? T? C??? ( 4)???T??? ?? ???, ????208 ????????? ? Chom sky( 2005, 2007, 2008 )???, ???????????? ????  ( periph ery featu re)( Ch om sky 2000: fn 50 )? ????????  ( EPP feature, Chom sky 2001)? ????  ( occu rren ce /OCC feature)( Ch om sky 2004)?C hom sky( 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008 )?????? ?? ??? ????  ( in ternal m erge) , ???? ?? ( m erge)???? ????  ( external m erge)?????????????, ??????????????: ??????????????, ???????????, ?????? ??????  ( Chom sky 1995 )???????, ????? ?? ???( 5) ?? ( 5)???????, ??? v* P? CP?Chomsky( 2001: 13 4)??, ????????????????????????????? v* P??????, ???? CP??????? CP???, v* P(??????? )?????????????, ?????,???????? ?? ( transfer) ???????, ?????????????? ( 3c)?? ??? v* ??? ??????????, ??? ( 6)???, ? ( 6)? CP(??????? )??????? v* P???, ?????????????????, ? ( 3d)???, T??? ?? ???, ???? ( 7 )?? ( 7)? v* P?? CP???, ?????????????????????? CP, ????????????????????????????, ?????????????, ?????????????( 7) [CPC [TP?? [ T [v* P??   [ v* [VP???? ????????????, ?????????????????????,????????, ????????????? ( 8)???????????, ????????????????????, ??????, ??????????????, ????????????????( 8)      ??                 ??  ??  ??  ??                 ??3. ??????????????????????, ???? ??  ( locality )????Chomsky( 2000,2001, 2004)??? ??????? ( phase impenetrability condit ion, ?? PIC ) ???????????????????????, ????????, ???????????????????? ( 9)??????, ?????????????, ???????2092009?? 3???????, ? ( 4- 5)????????????????????????  ??  ( sp el-l ou t, C hom sky 1995, 2000 )? ?? ???? ?? ????( Ch om sky 2004, 2007, 2008)?C hom sky( 2004: fn 17 ) ?? N issenbaum ??????????????? R oss????  ??? ( perform at ive) , ??????, ??????????????????, Chom sky????????????, ?????????, ??????????????PIC???? ???????  (??? 2002)? ????????  (??? 2002)?????????????? ?  ( dom ain)??? ( 10a)? ( 10b)?????? ( 10a)?????? v* P, ?? ( 11)?????????( 9) ???, ??????( 10) a. ???, ??, ?, v* , ??b. T, C( 11) [ v* P?? [ v* [ VP??? ??? ] ] ]??????? ( 10b)? T? C??? ( 11)?T??? ?????, ??? ( 12)?( 12) [CPC [TP?? [ T [v* P??   [ v* [VP??? ??? ] ] ] ] ] ]?? C????????????, ? ????? C???, ????, ??, ??????????????? C???, ?? ( 13)????( 13) [ CP??? [ C [T P?? [ T [ v* P??   [ v* [ VP??????    ] ] ] ] ] ] ]??? ?? ( 13)??????????, ???????????, ?? v* P????, ????????????????????????, ?? v*??????? ???, ???? C????????, ? ( 13)?????????????? ( 9)????, ??? ??? T? C????????, ?? v* ?????, ?? ( 14)?( 14) [ v* P??? [?? [ v* [ VP??? ???    ] ] ] ]???? T? C??, ?????????? ?? ? ??? ???, ???( 15) , ?????????????( 15) [ CP??? [ C [T P?? [ T [ v* P ???    [??   [ v* [ VP??? ???    ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]??? ( 13)? ( 15)?????????????, ?????????????????? ?????????? ( 13)?? ???? , ????? ( 15)???????????????, ?????????????????????, ?????????,?????????????????, ?????, ??????????????????, ???????????, ??????????????????????????????, ?????????4. ???????????????????????, ??????????????????, ??? T??????? ?????????, T??????????????, ??????????? C???????? T?? C???, ????????????, T?????210 ??????? ? ???????????????????, ??? ??? ??????????????????????? C?????, ??? T????? ( Chom sky 2008 ), ????? C??? T????????? ( Chom sky 2007)????, C????????C??????, ? T??? C???????? ( Chomsky 2008)?????????????????, ??????????????????? ( 16)??, ??? C? T??, ??? who???? v* P??, ?? ( 17a)????? C? T??, ?????????????????????? who????, ? who??????? CP? TP, ??( 17b)?( 16) W ho saw John?( 17) a. [ v* P w ho [ v* [ VP see John ] ] ]    b. [ CP w hoi [ C [ TP whoj [ T [ v* P w hok [ v* [ VP see John ] ] ] ] ] ] ]? T?????????????????? ???  (A-cha in) : ? whoj? whok????????? C??????????????????, ? whoi????????????, ?? ( 17b)????, ???? whoi???, ?? ?? ?? ( operator-variab le)?????????? ( Chom sky 1995)???, ??????? (? whoi ), ???????? (? whoj? whok )???? (?????? ) , ???? ( 17a)????????????, ??????????, ??????? ( A-position) ; ?????????????? ( A-position)?????????????????, ????????????????, ????????? ( b lock ing )???????????? ( 15)?????, C? T???? ??? ? ?? ??????????????, ????????; ?????????????, ????????????????????, ???????????????? ( island)??, ??????????????????? ( 18)????? PP?????????, ?? ( 19)????????????????( 18) O f wh ich car d id they find the driver?( 19) * O f w hich car did the driver cause a scanda?lChomsky( 2008)??, ? ( 18)???????????? v* P???, ????? CP???, ?? ( 20)?( 20) [ CP PP [ C [ TP they [ T [ v* P PP [ v* [ VP V the dr iv er o f w hich ca r? ( 19)? the driver o f wh ich car??? v* P??, ?? T??????????, ???????, ?? T???? (?? ( 21)? DP)???, of w h ich car?????? v* P?????, ????????, ?? ( 20)??????????????????, C?2112009?? 3?T??????? C hom sky( 2007)??? ?????????  ( un in terpretab le in flect ional feature)?W hoi? whoj????????????????????: ( whoj, w hok )? (w hok )???????????,???????, ??? Chom sky( 1995)?????????????????????, ???? ( 19)????????( 21) [ CP C [ TP DP [ T [ v* P the drive r of wh ich car [ v* [ VP V ??????????, ???????? ( 19)??????? T??????? T??????, ??????, ??, ???? o f wh ich car??????????????, ?? TP?????, ?? ( 22)??, ????? CP????????, ? ( 19)?????????? T????????????( 22) * [CPC [TPPP [ DP [ T [v* Pthe drive r of wh ich car [ v* [ VP V ??, ?????????????? ( Chom sky 2008: 147), ?? ( 23)? of wh ich car??????????( 23) O f wh ich car w as the driver aw arded a prize???????????????????? v, ? ( 23)????????? ( 24 )( Chom sky 2008)??????? the driver of wh ich car????????, T????????????????? (?? 24? DP)?????, C????????????????????????????? ( 24)? T? v?????, C???????????????????????????????( 24) [ CP PP [ C [ TP DP [ T [ vP v [ VP V the dr iver o f w h ich car?????, ??? ( 25)???? o f w hich car???, ?? the driver o f w h ich car?? of w hich car??????????, ??????????, ???? ( 23)?( 25) [ of w hich] car was [ the driv er of wh ich car ] aw arded a prizeChomsky( 2008)??????? ( adjunct island)???????????????????????? ( Chomsky 2004) , ???? ( 8)??????????, ?????????????, ??????????????, ????? ??? ( late- insertion)??? ( Lebeaux 1988 )??, ? ( 26)? who???????, ????????? ( Huang1982: 487)??????? before I had a chance to talk to who???????????, ???????????????????????????, ????? who???????????, ???????????????, ???? ( 26)????????????( 26) * Who d id John com e back [ be fore I had a chance to talk to t]?212 ??????? ( 21)?, ???? (??? )?????????? v* P?????, ??????????? v* ? ???  ( search dom ain )??????????????, ??????????????????????? H uang( 1982)???? ?????? ( cond it ion on extract ion dom ain, ??? CED )???????????????? ( 27)???????: ? ( 27)? he???? John,????? B ill????, o f B ill? picture????, ????????????? buy??, ?? buy???, he?? B ill??????? C???, ?????????? thatJohn liked?????????, ??????? wh ich picture of B ill??, John????????????, ? B ill??????, he?? John????????????( Chom sky 2004: 117)?( 27) W hich picture of B illi that Johnj liked did he* i / j buy?5. ????: ???????????????????????????, ??????????: ?????? ( successive cyclic movement)???????????????, ???  ( cyclicity)????????????????? Boeckx? Grohm ann( 2007)??, ???????????????????????????, ?????????????????????????????? ????, ???????? ?????????????????????????, ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????, ??????????, ????????, ???? ??????  ( beyond explanatory adequacy, Chomsky2004)? ????? ( strong m in imalist thesis)????????? , ?????????, ???? ?????? ?????????????????: ???????,???????????????????, ???????????????????????????????: ???????????????????????????, ???????? ( Chomsky 2005)????????????????, ?????????????????????????, ????????, ??????????????????, ??????????????????, ?????????????????????, ??????????, ???????, ???????????????????????????????????????????,????????????? ???????????????, ??????????????? ?????? Chomsky( 2007)??? ???????????????????? ( approaching UG from be low )???????????????????????????????, ??????????????????, ??????????????????????, ?????????????????????, ?????????????????????, ??????2132009?? 3?C hom sky( 2000, 2001 )?????????, ?????? ???????  ( the strongest m in ima list thesis)???????????????????????????? ( Chom sky 2007 ) , ????????? ( recu rs ion )????????? (H au ser, et a.l 2002)??????????????????????????????, ?????? ?????? ???, ????????????????????? ( Chomsky 2005)???? 1990??????????????????? ??, ?????????????????, ???????, ??, ???????????, ?????????????? ?? , ???????????????????, ?????????????????, ????????? ?? ???????????Boeckx, C. and K. K. G rohm ann. 2007. Putting phases in perspective. Syntax 10, 2: 204- 22.Cheng, L isa L. -S (??? ). 1991. On the typo logy of wh-questions. Ph. D. diss. , M IT.Chom sky, N. 1995. The M inimalist P rogram. Cam bridge, MA: The M IT P ress.    . 2000. M inim a list inqu iries: the fram ewo rk. In R. M artin, D. M ichaels, and J. U riag ereka, eds. ,S tep by S tep: E ssay s on M inimalist Syntax in H onor of H ow ard Lasn ik. Cambr idge, MA: The M IT P ress.Pp. 89- 155.    . 2001. Der ivation by phase. In M. Kenstow icz, ed. , K en H ale: A L ife in Language. Cam bridge,MA: The M IT P ress. Pp. 1- 52.    . 2004. Beyond exp lanatory adequacy. In A. Be llett,i ed. , S tructures and Beyond. Ox ford: Oxfo rdUn iversity P ress. Pp. 104- 31.    . 2005. Three factors in language design. L inguistic Inqu iry 36, 1- 22.    . 2007. Approaching UG from be low. In U. Sauer land and H. -M. Grtner, eds. , Interfaces+ Recur sion= Languag e? Chom skys M in im alism and the V iew from Syntax-Semantics. Be rlin /New Yo rk: M outon deG ruy ter. Pp. 1- 29.    . 2008. On phases. In R. F re id in, C. P. O tero, and M. L. Zub izarreta, eds. , Foundational Issues inL inguistic Theory: E ssay s in H onor of Jean-R oger Vergnaud. Cam bridge, MA: The M IT P ress. Pp. 133-66.H ause r, M. D. , N. Chom sky, and W. Tecum seh F itch. 2002. The faculty o f language: What is it, w ho hasit, and how did it evo lve? Science 298, 1569- 79.Huang, C. -T. Jam es (??? ). 1982. Log ica l relations in Ch inese and the theo ry o f gramm ar. Ph. D. diss. ,M IT.Lebeaux, D. 1988. Language acquisition and the form o f the g ramm ar. Ph. D. d iss. , University o fM assachusetts, Amherst.Legate, J. A. 2003. Some interface properties of the phase. L inguistic Inqu iry 34: 506- 14.???, 2002, ????????    ?????????????? 2?, 120- 41?????, 2003, ??????????????: ????????    , 2005, ???????????, ??????, ?????????????: ???????? 106- 22?????, 2000, ?????????????    Chom sky( 1999) ???? ???????? 3?,317- 22???????, ?? ( Dav id Crystal)?, ????, 2000, ??????? ???: ????????:1997. A D ictionary of L ingu istics and Phonetics. O x fo rd: B lackw e l.l214 ????? ???????? ( 2005)?????????????, 2002, ?????????    ????????? ???: ????????????    , 2003, Chom sky???????????????? 1?, 33- 40?????, 2002, Chom sky: Beyond Explanato ry Adequacy?????? 3?, 323- 30?????, 2002, ???????????????? 1? , 35- 47?????????, ?, ??, ?????????????????????: ???????????????:???????????? ??????????????: sw. tang@ po lyu. edu. hkTANG Sze-W ing, m a le, Ph. D. , is an assoc iate professor at the Departm ent of Chinese and B ilingua l S tudies,The H ong Kong Po ly technic Un ive rs ity. H is research interest includes syntax and Ch inese dia lecta l gramm ar.H is m ajor publications are: A P aram etric Theory of Chinese D ialectal Grammar and  E rgativ ization and Chinesepassives. E-ma i:l sw. tang@ po lyu. edu. hk??????:  ?? ?? ?磡 香港理工大学 中文及双语学系???Pondering on P roblem s of A rgumentation????? , ?? Frans H. van Eemeren ?Bart Garssen, 2009?? Springer?????, ???? ISBN: 978 4020 9164  3?????, ???????????????? 1950?????????????, ???????????????????????????????????????, ??????????????????, ?????Intonational Phonology????? , ? 2?, ?? D. Robert Ladd, ???????2008???, ???? ISBN: 978 0  521 67836 0????, ????????????????????????????, ????????????????????????????(?? )2152009?? 3??????? 11? 2009?? 3? 285- 286?, ??Abstracts of ArticlesWU Fuxiang, A new perspective on grammaticalization: On con tact- inducedgrammaticalizationIt has been suggested that gramm aticalization processes can be induced or m otivated by language-interna l factors as well as language contact. The latter case is termed  contact- inducedgrammaticalizat ion in H e ine and Kuteva ( 2003, 2005, 2006). Based on H eine and Kuteva, thispaper reviews som e critical issues aris ing from contact- induced grammaticalizat ion.K eywords: contact- induced gramm at icalization, grammatical replication, historical lingu istics, contactlinguisticsTANG Sze-W ing, Phasehood in syn tactic derivation s: An introductory surveyThis paper presents an introductory survey of the phase theory. Phases are full clauses and verbphrases w ith fu ll argument structure, which can trigger m ovem ent and are relatively phoneticallyindependent. Syntactic derivations are by phase. The phase theory attempts to account for thecyclicity of language in term s of princ iples of efficient computation, approaching Universal G rammarfrom below.K eywords: phase, phase mi penetrab ility condit ion, cyclicity, m inmi alist program, Un iversalG rammarHE X iaow e,i Som e reflections on generative studies of the double ob ject constructionThe double object construct ion ( DOC) is an issue hotly debated in the generative circle. This papersurveys its ma jor literature. Three m ajor approaches have emerged: ( 1) T he trans form ationalapproach wh ich prescribes that the DOC and the dat ive construction are transformationally related( Larson 1988 and Aoun & L i 1989); ( 2 ) the semantic approach which ho lds that the bas icm eaning expressed by DOC is possess ion ( P esetsky 1995, H arley 2003 and Beck & Johnson 2004) ;and ( 3) the applicat ive approach which argues that APPL construction and DOC have the sam eunderly ing structure ( Pylkknen 2002, Anagnostopoulou 2003, M iyagaw a and T sujioka 2004, andSoh 2005) . It is argued that DOC and the dative construction are not derivationally related, andthat possess ion m eaning may not be representative o f the DOC. It is pointed out that for furtherstudy of DOC in the m inmi alist fram ework proposed by Chom sky, the order o f m erge in DOC, thesyntact ic and sem ant ic characteristics of the construct ion should be taken into account.K eywords: the doub le object construction, the ditrans itive construction, generative gramm ar, syntaxNI Chuanb in and LIU Zh,i First language attrition: The state of the artOver the last seventy years or so research on language attrition ( LA ) has evolved into anindependent discipline, influencing theoretical and applied inguistics, language teaching, andlanguage planning. T his paper attem pts to make a state-o-f the-art review of LA research overseas. Itsfocus is placed on the s ix factors affecting first LA, that is, age and language attrition, thetemporality and language attrition, literacy, the exposure to the first language, level of education,285????: http: / /www. ddyyx. com

Phasehood in syntactic derivations : an introductory survey

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