2011-2012 > Academic research: refereed > Refereed conference paperOther Versio

Wong, TS

Yap, FH

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From Classifier to Stance Marker: On the Diachronic Development of Cantonese go³WONG, Tak-Sum 黃得森 & YAP Foong Ha 葉鳳霞The Hong Kong Polytechnic University CLD 2012General Classifier 個• Cantonese: go³ [k]• Mandarin: gè [kɤ]• 一 個 人Jat1  go3 jan4(1)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 2Yī gè rénone CL person‘one person’• 个/箇/個Research Questions• How did the general classifier 個 go3 develop diachronically and acquire other functions (including stance marking) in Cantonese?• Is there an etymological relation between the Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP classifier 個 go3 and adnominal marker 嘅 ge3 in Cantonese?Previous Studies• Shí (2002) and Wāng (2008) explores the inter-relation among the classifier, demonstrative and genitive marker among the southern dialects.• Yao (2009) identifies similar inter-related Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP functions of 個 in Hakka.• Sio (2012) explores the usage and properties of the Cantonese adnominal marker and SFP 嘅ge3.•箇• Radical: ? = 竹 bambooEtymology of 个/箇/個(2)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 《史記》卷129〈貨殖列傳〉W. Han, 1st c. B.C.5As a Measure Word(3)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 6• ──《國語》 (Warring States, ca 5th c. B.C.)As a Demonstrative• 德正徑造坐席，連索熊白。之才謂坐者曰：「箇人諱底？」眾莫知。之才曰：「生不為人所知，死不為人所諱，此何足問？」──《北齊書》卷三十三：列傳第二十五 (NSD, 6th c.)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 7• 箇 人 諱 底 ？DEM person name what‘What is this/that person’s name?’Lit. ‘This/that person names what?’(4)As a Adnominalizer?•──《祖堂集．丹霞和尚》(Five Dynasties, 10th c.)(5)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 8• Potential source: 好一个人家男女 > 好个人家男女 ?• Classifier > adnominalizer (also known as modification marker, association marker, genitive marker or relativizer)Cantonese historical documents used in this study• 《花箋記》, Anonymous, 17th c.• 《二荷花史》, Anonymous, 17th /18th c.• 《粵謳》, by 招子庸 Chiw Tsz-yung, 1828• Vocabulary of the Cantonese Dialect, by Morrison, 1828Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP • Cantonese Made Easy, by Ball, 1888Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP As a Classifier, Demonstrative in Cantonese• 《花箋記》(late Ming, 17th c., opera lyrics)• Classifier DemonstrativeThoms 1824Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 11As a Adnominalizer(?) in Cantonese• 好個?䗫懵大仙，你休兩眠睜睜將姐看，唔止倚花人懵望天孫，算起數來該五注，快斟令酒請嬌完。──《二荷花史》(17th/18th c., opera lyrics )(6)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 12• ‘What a Haam-Ma Silly god!’• 好一個?䗫懵大仙 > 好個?䗫懵大仙 ?• cf.好一个人家男女 > 好个人家男女 ?As an Adverbializer in Cantonese• 紫玉即時抽個氣：“講奴真個好傷心，我係姓秦年十七，世家原係北京人。”──《二荷花史》(17th/18th c. )• 講 奴 真 好 傷心(7)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 13個talk 1SG real GE very heartbraking‘Talking about me, it is really heartbreaking!’• Cf.Mandarin 講奴真的好傷心As a Nominalizer in Cantonese• 你睇池畔這雙穿白個，唔止月中飛下兩雲仙！──《二荷花史》(17th/18th c. )• ‘Look at these two who dress in white in the (8)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP poolside…’• 穿 白 個dress white GE‘the ones who dress in white’(9)As a Nominalizer in Cantonese• Cantonese• 穿 白 個• Mandarin• *穿白個• possible in Early Mandarin??• 穿 白 的(10) (11)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP dress white GE‘the ones who dress in white’dress white NMZ‘the one who dress in white’15Sentence Final Particle (SFP)• 但係娶老婆呢種福，我哋唔可以同享個喎！‘But for the fortune of getting a wife, we have no way to share it!’──《難兄難弟》(a HK film produced in 1960)(12)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP • 個喎: affirmative and reminding function• *我哋唔可以同享個！(modern Cantonese)Ball 1888: Cantonese Made EasyNominalizer as Sentence Final Particle• Southern Dialects• Cantonese• 個-type SFP• 的 is not used in colloquial Cantonese• Northern Dialects• Mandarin• *個-type SFP• 的-type SFP• “不是這樣子的！”Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP • “唔係咁樣嘅！”• Cantonese use go3 (attested in the 19th century) and 嘅 ge3 (attested from the 20thcentury).Frequency Usage of 個 in 17th to 19th c.個 classi-fierdemon-strativeadver-bializernomi-nalizerclassifier ~ adnominalizerSFP Σ花箋記(17th c.)40 17 / / / / 57二荷花史 111 7 10 8 3 / 139Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP (17th/18th c.)粵謳 (1-52)(1828)16 12 / / / / 28Bridgman (1844)152 93 / / / / 245Contemporary Cantonese go2 * * * ge3Contemporary Cantonese• 兩個• *個邊 /go3 bin1/• *真個好傷心• *穿白個• 嗰邊 /go2 bin1/• 真係好傷心• 着白衫嘅Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP • *我哋唔可以同享個！ • 我哋唔可以同享嘅！ 嘅: functional counterpart of Mandarin 的嘅 in Cantonese• Nominalizer: 着白衫嘅 ‘one dressing in white’• Adnominzlier– Relativizer: 我做嘅事 ‘the thing that I do’– Associative marker:我嘅叔叔 ‘My uncle’ – Genitive marker: 我嘅蘋果 ‘My apple’Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 20• Modification marker: 好嘅貓 ‘good cat’• Sentence final particle: 我哋唔可以同享嘅！• Pronunciation:– Stressed [k˧]– Unstressed [kə˧]Earliest Examples of 嘅Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP relativizernominalizerGenitive markerEarliest Examples of  嘅Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 22Morrison 1828Associative markerAdjective suffixWhy 嘅 can be a SFP?• Morrison (1828): VCD• 或者係咁旣• 歷來都係咁旣• 上下係咁旣• Nominalizer ~ SFPSam WONG & Foong Ha YAP • 應理係咁旣• 係咁旣• 有咁旣• 本性天生旣，不是學來旣• Adjective suffix?? ~ SFPWhy 嘅 can be a SFP?• 或者 係 咁 既waak6ze2  hai6  gom2  ge3perhaps     COP DEM   NMZ~SFP‘May be it’s like this.’(13)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP • In Cantonese, we virtually utterance every sentence with SFP, the sentence-final nominalizer was reanalyzed as a stance marker with affirmative/emphatic meaning.Source of 嘅?Ball 1888Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP • 個 go3 versus 嘅 ge3: very similar in pronunciation• 我哋唔可以同享個喎 ≡ 我哋唔可以同享嘅喎• SFP: 個 > 嘅• What about the nominalizer and adnominalizer?個 > 嘅• 尋日 嘅 蛋糕 呢？ ≡ 尋日 個 蛋糕 呢？Yesterday GE cake Q yesterday GO cake Q‘Where is yesterday’s cake?’ Lit. ‘Yesterday’s cake [Q] ?’• : zero marker for adnominal marker(14)Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 26• N +  + 個 + N: CL 個 looks like adnominal usage• 渠個花園（花箋記）、你個家翁（二荷花史）• Mandarin– 好的人 ‘good [’s] person’– Adj + 的 + N: 的 looks like an associative marker個 > 嘅• 尋日 嘅 蛋糕 呢？ ≡ 尋日 個 蛋糕呢？• Function words tend to be unstressed over time– English: of  /	v/ > /əv/– Mandarin: 的 [ti] > [tə]• 嘅: Stressed [k˧] Unstressed [kə˧]Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 27• Hypothesis– 個 frequently appears in N + CL + N context ⇒ reanalyzed as a productive adnominal marker– 個 [k] > [k] > [kə] 嘅 (vowel centralized and weakened)– Stressed > unstressed, suggesting greater integration– [kə] > [k] in stressing contextThe family of 嘅 as SFP• 嘅 ke˧ <factal>• 嘅 ke˧ + ↗ > ke <complain; defense; Q>• 嘅 ke˧ + 呀 a˧ > 㗎 ka˧ <factal+mild tone>• 嘅 ke˧ + a > ka <factal+question>Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 28Semantic Map of 個箇 Measure word (of  bamboo?) → general classifier → demonstrative → DEM.distal竹竿萬个 鹿皮四个 箇人諱底 嗰↓adnominal marker? → nominalizer →kə→kɛ 嘅好个人家男女/渠個花園 穿白個 ∖  作書嘅↓ ↓ ↘adverbializer? SFP adj suffixSam WONG & Foong Ha YAP 29講奴真個好傷心 唔可以同享個喎 假嘅│+ a ↓  + 呀ka←──嘅 ──→ 㗎係咁嘅│↓+↗嘅↗Acknowledgement• Thank you Professor Samuel Cheung, and Lau Chun-Fat for providing the historical documents.Sam WONG & Foong Ha YAP Thank you!Q&AContact:cs04wts@alumni.ust.hkwong_taksum@hotmail.com%

From classifier to stance marker : on the diachronic development of Cantonese go³

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