This research examines the impact of election systems on African-American and Hispanic representation for city councils and employs two hypotheses:
HI Ward elections will produce more equitable minority representation than do at-large election systems, independent of the effect of the state\u27s political culture, minority populations, overall population size, and region.
H2 Mixed cities, those with both ward and at-large elections, will represent minorities less equitably than in ward cities but more equitably than at-large cities, independent of the effect of the state\u27s political culture, minority populations, overall population size, and
region
