It was found that under wave deformation hardening the state of a generated wave, depending on the
geometry of the workpieces, has a significant impact on the surface layer micro-hardness distribution

Barinov, S.V.

Kirichek, A.V.

Yashin, A.V.

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

JOURNAL OF NANO- AND ELECTRONIC PHYSICS ЖУРНАЛ НАНО- ТА ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ФІЗИКИ 
Vol. 7 No 4, 04019(4pp) (2015) Том 7 № 4, 04019(4cc) (2015) 
 
 
2077-6772/2015/7(4)04019(4) 04019-1  2015 Sumy State University 
The Peculiarities of the Influence of the Finite Sizes of a Detail on the Distribution of the 
Surface Layer Micro-hardness 
 
A.V. Kirichek1, S.V. Barinov2, A.V. Yashin2 
 
1 Bryansk State Technical University, 7, 50 Anniversary of Octyabrya Ave., 241035 Bryansk, Russia 
2 Murom Institute (branch) of Vladimir State University, 23, Orlovskaya St., 602264 Murom, Russia 
 
(Received 28 September 2015; published online 10 December 2015) 
 
It was found that under wave deformation hardening the state of a generated wave, depending on the 
geometry of the workpieces, has a significant impact on the surface layer micro-hardness distribution. 
 
Keywords: Deformation wave, Hardening, Geometric dimensions, Wave processes, Static-pulse treatment. 
 
 PACS numbers: 83.50. – v, 81.40.Cd 
 
 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
In carrying out engineering calculations the 
dimensions of the investigated models are often 
neglected. On the one hand, it can greatly simplify the 
calculation of the plane model, but on the other hand, 
exclude the consideration of the effect of the sample 
geometric dimensions on the process under study. In the 
study of strike systems, which are based on wave 
processes, we should not exclude the influence of the 
finite size of the samples on the process of hardening. 
This is due to the fact that the nature of elasto-plastic 
deformation has got its peculiarities, since hardening is 
performed by the transmission of energy in the form of a 
deformation wave, which is converted on all borders 
with variable acoustic impedance, including borders, 
which are the final dimensions of the test sample. 
Hardening wave deformation was investigated in the 
past, but in those studies the finite size of the sample 
was not taken into account [1, 3]. 
The aim of this work is to identify patterns of 
influence of the finite size of the material on the 
distribution of micro-hardness of the surface layer under 
its wave deformation hardening. 
 
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECT AND 
RESEARCH METHODS 
 
For studies, samples made of steel 45 with various 
ratios of geometrical dimensions: length, width, 
thickness were taken (Table 1). 
These samples were reinforced by wave deformation 
on a static pulse processing installation (plant) (SPP) 
[1]. The peculiarity of the method consists of a periodic 
pulsed impact of the striker on the load-bearing 
environment through a statically loaded waveguide. 
Preliminary waveguide static loading by a single-contact 
indenter in the form of aroller at the end of the rod does 
not allow it to go out of contact with the load bearing 
face after the strike, ensuring the recuperation of 
deformation reflected waves. With the SPP the use of a 
load by controlled shock pulses provides more 
opportunities for the formation of a hardened surface 
layer with a great depth (up to 6-8 mm), high degree (up 
to 6500 MPa) and the required uniformity of hardening 
(with the possibility of receiving heterogeneous 
structure that increases durability) [3-4]. To eliminate 
the influence of the SPP parameters on the investigated 
process a samples hardening process was carried out 
with one and the same treatment: the impact energy of 
25 J; impact frequency of 23.3 Hz; prints overlap factor 
K  0.4; a tool – a cylindrical roller with the width of 
7 mm and a diameter of 10 mm. 
As a result, the deformation wave effects hardness 
and changes the structure of the material. The changes 
in surface layer micro-hardness revealed the influence of 
the finite size of the material on the process of 
hardening. 
To research micro-hardness, hardened samples were 
cut in the longitudinal feed direction (cross section A-A) 
(Fig. 1). 
In order to assess whether the pattern of micro-
hardness distribution changes throughout the 
investigated ZY plane in the longitudinal and transverse 
direction with a pitch of 0.3 mm, several samples were 
completely measured. The result of the measurements 
proved that the pattern of micro-hardness propagation 
repeated across the sample plane. Based on these data, 
it was decided not to carry out research across the whole 
ZY plane, but only on a fragment of the surface of 
15 mm wide, located in the center of the sample (Fig. 1). 
In order to establish the impact of technological 
heredity on micro-hardness distribution diagrams, 
several samples were measured before hardening 
(Fig. 2a, b). 
 
Таble 1 – Geometrical dimensions of samples, mm 
 
Length Width Thickness Length  Width  Thickness  Length  Width  Thickness  
50 20 10 100 20 10 150 20 10 
50 40 10 100 40 10 150 40 10 
50 40 20 100 40 20 150 40 20 
 A.V. KIRICHEK, S.V. BARINOV, A.V. YASHIN J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 7, 04019 (2015) 
 
 
04019-2 
 
 
Fig. 1 – Investigated sample scheme 
 
 
 
Fig. 2 – Diagrams of micro-hardness distribution in the unreinforced samples (a and b); metal macrostructure after pressure 
treatment (c) [2] 
 
The measurement results showed that the areas 
with a hardness N  1800 MPa (N  1728-1761 MPa) 
prevail. These values should be considered the initial 
hardness. Areas of high hardness Н  2000 МPa are 
located mainly on the edges (Fig. 2а, б), as well as 
randomly – fragmentarily across the surface of the 
samples. In Fig. 2b areas of increased hardness relative 
to the initial 200 MPa, are arranged in the form of 
several horizontal bars (macrostructures fiber) 
extending through the entire cross section of the sample 
under consideration. The appearance of these areas is a 
result of technological heredity from previous operations 
at the production stage of the starting material samples. 
An example of a similar metal macrostructure obtained 
after pressure treatment is presented in [2], Fig. 2b. 
 
3. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 
 
The diagrams obtained due to the measurements of 
the distribution of micro-hardness of the reinforced 
samples (Table 1) are shown in Fig. 3. The analysis 
showed that the diagrams are of a different nature of 
micro-hardness distribution despite the fact that they 
were reinforced with the same SPP mode. This indicates 
that the final dimensions of the reinforced material 
influence the process of deformation wave propagation. 
Comparing the diagrams in Fig. 2 and 3, it can be 
concluded that technological heredity has no noticeable 
effect on micro-hardness distribution at hardening. 
For the samples with different geometric dimensions, 
but the same volume (for example, the volume of the 
sample 50  40  20 and 100  40  10 is 40000 mm3), 
different pictures of micro-hardness distribution were 
set (Fig. 3). This fact is another confirmation of the 
significant influence of the material geometric 
dimensions on micro-hardness distribution at wave 
deformation hardening. 
The comparative analysis of the diagrams of micro-
hardness distribution in the surface layer allowed us to 
establish the following patterns of material finite size 
influence on the surface layer micro-hardness 
distribution when the layer is hardened by a 
deformation wave of deformation hardening. Thus, when 
the length was doubled (up to 100 mm), the samples 
100  40  20; 100  40  10; 100  20  10 showed a 
decrease in maximum attainable hardness by 7.2 %, 
7.1 % and 5.9 % respectively (Fig. 3). In the samples 
100  40  20 and 100  20  10 there was a through-
hardening, minimum attainable hardness was 
2400 MPa. When the length was increased (up to 
100 mm) the depth of hardening of the sample 
100  40  10, as compared with 50  40  10, decreased 
by 3.2 times. 
After tripling the length (up to 150 mm) of the 
samples 150  40  20; 150  40  10; 150  20  10 
maximum attainable hardness decreased by 7.2 %, 7.1 % 
and 5.9 % respectively and amounted to 3000 MPa, 
2600 MPa and 3200 MPa respectively (Fig. 3). In the 
samples of 150  40  20 and 150  20  10 there is a 
through-hardening, the minimum attainable hardness 
was almost unchanged and amounted to 2400 MPa and 
Sample 
 
Hardened 
area Z 
Y 
X 
0 
А 
А 
А-А 
15 
mm 
Tool stroke marks 
Researched 
area 
ZY 
0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 
а b c 
 THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE FINITE SIZES… J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 7, 04019 (2015) 
 
 
04019-3 
2200 MPa respectively. When the length was increased 
to up to 150 mm, the depth of hardening of the sample 
150  40  10, as compared with the sample 50  40  10, 
decreased by 3.4 times. 
After doubling the thickness (up to 20 mm) of the 
examined samples 50  40  20; 100  40  20; 
150  40  20, maximum hardness increased by 12.5 %, 
13.3 % and 13.3 % respectively. Also, with increase of 
thickness of the samples 50  40  20; 100  40  20; 
150  40  20, the appearance of continuous surface 
layer hardening was noted, the lowest attainable 
hardness was 2200 MPa, 2400 MPa and 2400 MPa 
respectively. 
After a double increase (up to 40 mm) of the width of 
the samples 50  40  10; 100  40  10; 150  40  10, 
maximum achievable hardness decreased by 17.6 %, 
18.7 % and 18.7 % respectively and constituted 
2800 MPa, 2600 MPa and 2600 MPa respectively. 
Increasing the width to 40 mm in the samples 
50  40  10; 100  40  10; 150  40  10 also led to a 
decrease in the depth of hardening by 52 %, 85 % and 
86 % respectively. 
The above mentioned features of the hardened 
surface layer formation by wave deformation due to the 
change of its geometric parameters are of a complex 
nature, the detailed study of which may be important in 
practical terms. 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – Diagrams of micro-hardness distribution in the investigated samples 
 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
 
– it was found that the geometrical dimensions of the 
processed material dramatically affect the wave 
deformation hardening process, as at equal volumes of 
the hardened samples and different processing 
conditions different diagrams of the surface layer micro-
hardness distribution were observed; 
– it was found that at wave deformation hardening the 
0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 
20 
15 
0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 
20 
15 
0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 
20 
15 
0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 
№1 (50*40*20) №2 (100*40*20) №3 (150*40*20) 
№4 (50*40*10) №5 (100*40*10) №6 (150*40*10) 
0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 0 
10 
5 
0 
5 10 15 
№7 (50*20*10) №8 (100*20*10) №9 (150*20*10) 
 A.V. KIRICHEK, S.V. BARINOV, A.V. YASHIN J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 7, 04019 (2015) 
 
 
04019-4 
increase of the samples length from 50 to 100 mm leads 
to a reduction in hardness by 6.7 % on average, and the 
depth of hardening by 3.2 times (only for the sample 
100  40  10); 
– it was found that at wave deformation hardening the 
increase of the samples length from 50 to 150 mm on 
average leads to a reduction in their hardness by 6,7 %, 
and the depth of hardening by 3,4 times (only for the 
sample150  40  10); 
– it was found that at wave deformation hardening the 
increase of the samples thickness from 10 to 20 mm 
leads to an  increase in their hardness by 13 % on 
average, and the depth of hardening by 10,3 times; – it 
was found that at wave deformation hardening the 
increase of the samples width from 20 to 40 mm leads to 
an average reduction in hardening by 18,3 %, and the 
depth of hardening by 5,2 times. 
 
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
«The reported study was funded by RFBR according 
to the research project № 14-08-00112 A». 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. A.V. Kirichek, D.L. Solov’iev, A.Yu. Altuhov, J. Nano- 
Electron. Phys. 6 No 3, 03069 (2014). 
2. A.M. Dalsky, Technology of Structural Materials Moscow, 
"Mechanical engineering" (2005). 
3. A.V. Kirichek, S.V. Barinov, Appl. Mechanic. Mater. 756, 
65 (2015). 
4. A.V. Kirichek, S.V. Barinov, Appl. Mechanic. Mater. 756, 
75 (2015). 
 


The Peculiarities of the Influence of the Finite Sizes of a Detail on the Distribution of the Surface Layer Micro-hardness

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

JOURNAL OF NANO- AND ELECTRONIC PHYSICS ЖУРНАЛ НАНО- ТА ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ФІЗИКИ Vol. 7 No 4, 04019(4pp) (2015) Том 7 № 4, 04019(4cc) (2015)   2077-6772/2015/7(4)04019(4) 04019-1  2015 Sumy State University The Peculiarities of the Influence of the Finite Sizes of a Detail on the Distribution of the Surface Layer Micro-hardness  A.V. Kirichek1, S.V. Barinov2, A.V. Yashin2  1 Bryansk State Technical University, 7, 50 Anniversary of Octyabrya Ave., 241035 Bryansk, Russia 2 Murom Institute (branch) of Vladimir State University, 23, Orlovskaya St., 602264 Murom, Russia  (Received 28 September 2015; published online 10 December 2015)  It was found that under wave deformation hardening the state of a generated wave, depending on the geometry of the workpieces, has a significant impact on the surface layer micro-hardness distribution.  Keywords: Deformation wave, Hardening, Geometric dimensions, Wave processes, Static-pulse treatment.   PACS numbers: 83.50. – v, 81.40.Cd   1. INTRODUCTION  In carrying out engineering calculations the dimensions of the investigated models are often neglected. On the one hand, it can greatly simplify the calculation of the plane model, but on the other hand, exclude the consideration of the effect of the sample geometric dimensions on the process under study. In the study of strike systems, which are based on wave processes, we should not exclude the influence of the finite size of the samples on the process of hardening. This is due to the fact that the nature of elasto-plastic deformation has got its peculiarities, since hardening is performed by the transmission of energy in the form of a deformation wave, which is converted on all borders with variable acoustic impedance, including borders, which are the final dimensions of the test sample. Hardening wave deformation was investigated in the past, but in those studies the finite size of the sample was not taken into account [1, 3]. The aim of this work is to identify patterns of influence of the finite size of the material on the distribution of micro-hardness of the surface layer under its wave deformation hardening.  2. DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECT AND RESEARCH METHODS  For studies, samples made of steel 45 with various ratios of geometrical dimensions: length, width, thickness were taken (Table 1). These samples were reinforced by wave deformation on a static pulse processing installation (plant) (SPP) [1]. The peculiarity of the method consists of a periodic pulsed impact of the striker on the load-bearing environment through a statically loaded waveguide. Preliminary waveguide static loading by a single-contact indenter in the form of aroller at the end of the rod does not allow it to go out of contact with the load bearing face after the strike, ensuring the recuperation of deformation reflected waves. With the SPP the use of a load by controlled shock pulses provides more opportunities for the formation of a hardened surface layer with a great depth (up to 6-8 mm), high degree (up to 6500 MPa) and the required uniformity of hardening (with the possibility of receiving heterogeneous structure that increases durability) [3-4]. To eliminate the influence of the SPP parameters on the investigated process a samples hardening process was carried out with one and the same treatment: the impact energy of 25 J; impact frequency of 23.3 Hz; prints overlap factor K  0.4; a tool – a cylindrical roller with the width of 7 mm and a diameter of 10 mm. As a result, the deformation wave effects hardness and changes the structure of the material. The changes in surface layer micro-hardness revealed the influence of the finite size of the material on the process of hardening. To research micro-hardness, hardened samples were cut in the longitudinal feed direction (cross section A-A) (Fig. 1). In order to assess whether the pattern of micro-hardness distribution changes throughout the investigated ZY plane in the longitudinal and transverse direction with a pitch of 0.3 mm, several samples were completely measured. The result of the measurements proved that the pattern of micro-hardness propagation repeated across the sample plane. Based on these data, it was decided not to carry out research across the whole ZY plane, but only on a fragment of the surface of 15 mm wide, located in the center of the sample (Fig. 1). In order to establish the impact of technological heredity on micro-hardness distribution diagrams, several samples were measured before hardening (Fig. 2a, b).  Таble 1 – Geometrical dimensions of samples, mm  Length Width Thickness Length  Width  Thickness  Length  Width  Thickness  50 20 10 100 20 10 150 20 10 50 40 10 100 40 10 150 40 10 50 40 20 100 40 20 150 40 20  A.V. KIRICHEK, S.V. BARINOV, A.V. YASHIN J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 7, 04019 (2015)   04019-2   Fig. 1 – Investigated sample scheme    Fig. 2 – Diagrams of micro-hardness distribution in the unreinforced samples (a and b); metal macrostructure after pressure treatment (c) [2]  The measurement results showed that the areas with a hardness N  1800 MPa (N  1728-1761 MPa) prevail. These values should be considered the initial hardness. Areas of high hardness Н  2000 МPa are located mainly on the edges (Fig. 2а, б), as well as randomly – fragmentarily across the surface of the samples. In Fig. 2b areas of increased hardness relative to the initial 200 MPa, are arranged in the form of several horizontal bars (macrostructures fiber) extending through the entire cross section of the sample under consideration. The appearance of these areas is a result of technological heredity from previous operations at the production stage of the starting material samples. An example of a similar metal macrostructure obtained after pressure treatment is presented in [2], Fig. 2b.  3. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS  The diagrams obtained due to the measurements of the distribution of micro-hardness of the reinforced samples (Table 1) are shown in Fig. 3. The analysis showed that the diagrams are of a different nature of micro-hardness distribution despite the fact that they were reinforced with the same SPP mode. This indicates that the final dimensions of the reinforced material influence the process of deformation wave propagation. Comparing the diagrams in Fig. 2 and 3, it can be concluded that technological heredity has no noticeable effect on micro-hardness distribution at hardening. For the samples with different geometric dimensions, but the same volume (for example, the volume of the sample 50  40  20 and 100  40  10 is 40000 mm3), different pictures of micro-hardness distribution were set (Fig. 3). This fact is another confirmation of the significant influence of the material geometric dimensions on micro-hardness distribution at wave deformation hardening. The comparative analysis of the diagrams of micro-hardness distribution in the surface layer allowed us to establish the following patterns of material finite size influence on the surface layer micro-hardness distribution when the layer is hardened by a deformation wave of deformation hardening. Thus, when the length was doubled (up to 100 mm), the samples 100  40  20; 100  40  10; 100  20  10 showed a decrease in maximum attainable hardness by 7.2 %, 7.1 % and 5.9 % respectively (Fig. 3). In the samples 100  40  20 and 100  20  10 there was a through-hardening, minimum attainable hardness was 2400 MPa. When the length was increased (up to 100 mm) the depth of hardening of the sample 100  40  10, as compared with 50  40  10, decreased by 3.2 times. After tripling the length (up to 150 mm) of the samples 150  40  20; 150  40  10; 150  20  10 maximum attainable hardness decreased by 7.2 %, 7.1 % and 5.9 % respectively and amounted to 3000 MPa, 2600 MPa and 3200 MPa respectively (Fig. 3). In the samples of 150  40  20 and 150  20  10 there is a through-hardening, the minimum attainable hardness was almost unchanged and amounted to 2400 MPa and Sample  Hardened area Z Y X 0 А А А-А 15 mm Tool stroke marks Researched area ZY 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 а b c  THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE FINITE SIZES… J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 7, 04019 (2015)   04019-3 2200 MPa respectively. When the length was increased to up to 150 mm, the depth of hardening of the sample 150  40  10, as compared with the sample 50  40  10, decreased by 3.4 times. After doubling the thickness (up to 20 mm) of the examined samples 50  40  20; 100  40  20; 150  40  20, maximum hardness increased by 12.5 %, 13.3 % and 13.3 % respectively. Also, with increase of thickness of the samples 50  40  20; 100  40  20; 150  40  20, the appearance of continuous surface layer hardening was noted, the lowest attainable hardness was 2200 MPa, 2400 MPa and 2400 MPa respectively. After a double increase (up to 40 mm) of the width of the samples 50  40  10; 100  40  10; 150  40  10, maximum achievable hardness decreased by 17.6 %, 18.7 % and 18.7 % respectively and constituted 2800 MPa, 2600 MPa and 2600 MPa respectively. Increasing the width to 40 mm in the samples 50  40  10; 100  40  10; 150  40  10 also led to a decrease in the depth of hardening by 52 %, 85 % and 86 % respectively. The above mentioned features of the hardened surface layer formation by wave deformation due to the change of its geometric parameters are of a complex nature, the detailed study of which may be important in practical terms.    Fig. 3 – Diagrams of micro-hardness distribution in the investigated samples  4. CONCLUSIONS  – it was found that the geometrical dimensions of the processed material dramatically affect the wave deformation hardening process, as at equal volumes of the hardened samples and different processing conditions different diagrams of the surface layer micro-hardness distribution were observed; – it was found that at wave deformation hardening the 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 15 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 15 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 15 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 №1 (50*40*20) №2 (100*40*20) №3 (150*40*20) №4 (50*40*10) №5 (100*40*10) №6 (150*40*10) 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 №7 (50*20*10) №8 (100*20*10) №9 (150*20*10)  A.V. KIRICHEK, S.V. BARINOV, A.V. YASHIN J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 7, 04019 (2015)   04019-4 increase of the samples length from 50 to 100 mm leads to a reduction in hardness by 6.7 % on average, and the depth of hardening by 3.2 times (only for the sample 100  40  10); – it was found that at wave deformation hardening the increase of the samples length from 50 to 150 mm on average leads to a reduction in their hardness by 6,7 %, and the depth of hardening by 3,4 times (only for the sample150  40  10); – it was found that at wave deformation hardening the increase of the samples thickness from 10 to 20 mm leads to an  increase in their hardness by 13 % on average, and the depth of hardening by 10,3 times; – it was found that at wave deformation hardening the increase of the samples width from 20 to 40 mm leads to an average reduction in hardening by 18,3 %, and the depth of hardening by 5,2 times.  AKNOWLEDGEMENTS  «The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 14-08-00112 A».  REFERENCES  1. A.V. Kirichek, D.L. Solov’iev, A.Yu. Altuhov, J. Nano- Electron. Phys. 6 No 3, 03069 (2014). 2. A.M. Dalsky, Technology of Structural Materials Moscow, "Mechanical engineering" (2005). 3. A.V. Kirichek, S.V. Barinov, Appl. Mechanic. Mater. 756, 65 (2015). 4. A.V. Kirichek, S.V. Barinov, Appl. Mechanic. Mater. 756, 75 (2015).  

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The Peculiarities of the Influence of the Finite Sizes of a Detail on the Distribution of the Surface Layer Micro-hardness

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