Fiber is an important component of high-strength reinforcing composite materials. Everyone knows that nano-tubular crystals of chrysotile have unique physical and mechanical properties, but not everyone knows that chrysotile has little studied structural (isomorphic) analogues. The purpose of this work is to determine the optimal parameters of synthesis and base properties of nano-tubular crystals Mg-Ni chrysotiles. The optimal temperature ranges and pressure for the synthesis of nano-tubular crystals all synthesed chrysotile 473–673 °K, 19.6–98.1 MPa at the time of isothermal exposure from 10 to 15 h

Beresnev, V.M.

Pavlenko, V.I.

Smolikov, A.A.

Solokcha, A.S.

Turbin, P.V.

Vezentsev, A.I.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 3 No 2, 02NNSA10(3pp) (2014)   2304-1862/2014/3(2)02NNSA10(3) 02NNSA10-1  2014 Sumy State University Properties of Isomorphs Analogs of Chrysotile  A.A. Smolikov1, A.I. Vezentsev2, V.M. Beresnev3, V.I. Pavlenko1, A.S. Solokcha1, P.V. Turbin3,4  1 Belgorod Shukhov State Technological University, 308 012 Belgorod, Russia 2 National-Research University – Belgorod State University, 308 015 Belgorod, Russia 3 V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine 4 Scientific Centre of Physical Tecnologies of MES & NAS of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine  (Received 14 July 2014; published online 29 August 2014)  Fiber is an important component of high-strength reinforcing composite materials. Everyone knows that nano-tubular crystals of chrysotile have unique physical and mechanical properties, but not everyone knows that chrysotile has little studied structural (isomorphic) analogues. The purpose of this work is to determine the optimal parameters of synthesis and base properties of nano-tubular crystals Mg-Ni chrysotiles. The optimal temperature ranges and pressure for the synthesis of nano-tubular crystals all synthesed chrysotile 473-673 K, 19.6-98.1 MPa at the time of isothermal exposure from 10 to 15 h.  Keywords: Chrysotile nanotubes, Reinforcing component of nano-composites, Nano-tubes of Mg-Ni-chrysotiles, Synthesis, Optimal parameters, Properties.   PACS number: 61.46.Fg   1. INTRODUCTION  Fiber-composites – the most promising type of advanced high strength composite materials. Reinforcement of nano-fibers increases the elastic modulus of the composite, hinders the formation, development and facilitates the fusion of microcracks in the matrix. The mechanism of inhibition is expressed by the development of microcracks in the formation of bonds of high strength fibers in zones of stress concentration at the edges of the cracks, and to reduce stress concentration by reducing the fracture dimensions and curvature of the edges. Thus, blocking the microcracks, liquefying the probability of germination in their destructive defect shifting realization of this probability to higher strain the fiber component increases the ultimate elongation of the matrix and thus increases the limits of both components working together. Quality composite materials determined by the type and properties of the components used, including special role belongs to chrysotile, which is effective and inexpen-sive nano-reinforcing filler composite materials for dif-ferent purposes [1-5]. Nano-chrysotile fibers increase the flexural strength and elongation (tensile strength of chrysotile fibers reaches 3000 MPa), heat resistance, thermal stability of shape and size, reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion and the cost of products. Workability composite mixtures depends not only on the type of filler, its size and shape of particles, but the surface reaction activity. Chrysotile in the compo-site is active filler due to the presence on the surface of the nano-fibers a large amount of reactive hydroxyl groups, by which the introduction of chrysotile in a technological mixture process technological properties may be controlled primarily fluidity and thixotropy. To give the desired composition thixotropic enough to en-ter nano-chrysotile into it from 0.5 to 2 %. Due to the high reinforcing ability asbestos has long used in composite materials, but their properties vary not only depending on the deposits, but even within one ore deposit. The chemical composition of asbestos depends on geochemical conditions of its formation. Composition of commercial chrysotile asbestos unstable. It contains vari-ous impurities – the host rocks, magnesium hydroxide, magnetite, which due to their high dispersion, as chryso-tile very, very difficult to remove, so to clean chrysotile from impurities is not feasible economically. Inconstancy of the chemical composition of natural chrysotile and determines the volatility of its properties. Chrysotile various fields differ significantly in thermal, mechanical (tensile strength, elasticity and firmness) and physicochemical properties (size of electro-kinetic potential, pH of aqueous suspensions, the adsorption capacity, etc.). Furthermore, it is known that the physi-cal and mechanical properties of the composite material defined by uniform distribution of the reinforcing com-ponent which is dependent on the fiber length, degree of rigidity and fuzz (dispersion), and therefore the proper-ties of finished products reinforced with fibers of natural chrysotile may not be constant, whereby use it for criti-cal purposes is undesirable. Chrysotile synthesized from products that do not contain harmful impurities use better. Furthermore, it is possible to vary the composition of the charge and hence the properties of the synthetic asbestos. Depend-ing on the synthesis conditions can produce fibers of various lengths and morphology. Hollow nanotubes synthetic chrysotile and its analogues have a constant chemical composition and properties. Application of synthetic chrysotile and its structural analogs will pro-vide material with stable properties. The purpose of this work is to determine the opti-mal parameters of synthesis and properties of nano-tubular crystals Mg-Ni-chrysotiles.  2. STRUCTURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRYSOTILE  Anyone interested in asbestos, know that there is a fibrous mineral of serpentine group. Chrysotile fibers are nano-tube with an outer diameter of ~ 30 nm and  A.A. SMOLIKOV, A.I. VEZENTSEV, ET AL. PROC. NAP 3, 02NNSA10 (2014)   02NNSA10-2 the internal – from 5 to 11 nm, [6, 7]. Elementary packet serpentine 0.73 nm thick composed of two layers: the upper brucite-like (octahedral) and bottom of the silicon (tetrahedral). Brucite-like layer of chrysotile such elementary package consists of a layer of magnesium cations and/or nickel, cobalt, iron, located between two layers of hydroxyl groups [8]. Idealized crystal chemical formula of chrysotile has Mg6[(OH)8 | Si4O10]. In natural samples of chrysotile is a deviation from this formula by isomorphic substitution of magnesium iron, nickel and aluminum, and silicon – by aluminum. Theoretical premise it was that the divalent nickel’s cation has ionic radius (rNi+2  6.9 ∙ 10 – 11 m) is equal the same that radius of the magnesium cation (rMg+2  7.2 ∙ 10 – 11 m), therefore, must there nickel magnesium-nickel structural analogues of Mg-chrysotile. The structure of all these fibrous hydro silicates is the same: the first (inner) tetrahedral layers of nano-tubes consist from silicon-oxygen network and the second (external) octahedral layer – net of hydroxide brucite type. Tubing wall of Mg-chrysotile consist of 11 layers and 9 in Ni-chrysotile (garnierite), because the outer diameter of the nickel chrysotile fibers is smaller less than its magnesium analogs.  3. EXPERIMENTAL  We synthesized the following minerals isomorphic series chrysotile – garnierite: pure magnesium chrysotile, and with partial (1/3, 1/2, 2/3) and complete replacement of magnesium by nickel. We syntheses of Mg-Ni-chrysotiles from the precipitation of stoichiometric composition (ratio of (MgO + NiO) : SiO2  3 : 2 as in the chrysotile) obtained from solutions MgSO4, NiSO4, H2SiO3 · nH2O (or Na2SiO3) and NaOH as we used charges from Mg(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 and H2SiO3 · nH2O. Study of precipitatio, obtained from solutions of salts, showed that these sediments are composed of nano-sized X-ray amorphous particles strongly hydrated phase with a layered structure, which at hydrothermal recrystallization transformed into hydro-silicates certain chemical composition and fibrillar morphology. The precipitate was washed from Na2SO4, and 5 g was placed in an autoclave with volume 18 ml, filled calculated amount of distilled water. The resulting slurry was autoclaved at 473-673 °K, 17.62-98.1 MPa and isothermal exposure time from 2 to 48 h. We controlled the formation and growth of fibrils Mg-Ni-chrysotiles by x-ray structural and electron microscopic analyzes.  4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  On the basis of our experiments we identified: optimal parameters of recrystallization the precipitates – there are 673 K, 98.1 MPa and time of isothermal exposure is 15 h. Synthesis product contains 100 % of the tubular fibers. Found that in all the experiments beyond a certain length, ~ up to 2 mkm, the growth of fibrils stops, longer hydrothermal treatment does not increase the length. Energy dispersive analysis of the spectra of samples with ratios of Mg: Ni, ≈ 1: 1 and 2 : 3 shows that these relations Mg: Ni practically maintained for all data samples fibrils. Electron microscopic method showed that on the morphology of the formed tubular Mg-Ni-fibrils as well as on the morphology of the Mg-fibrils affects the pH of the solution: at pH <11, fibrils variable outer diameter (with sleeves) type of the "tube in tube" and of the "cone into cone" with a diameter from 25 to 150 nm with an average length of 1 – 2 mm and cylindrical fibrils in diameter 25 – 35 nm; at higher pH fibrils uniform diameter throughout the length – 26 – 30 nm and a length of 1 – 2 microns. All the fibrils are hollow [9 – 11]. Electron diffraction patterns established spatial disorder tapered individuals chrysotile. Cone fibrils give unusual diffraction pattern, representing mostly the superposition of two diffraction patterns from the sides of the cone. The electron diffraction patterns from individual tubular fibrils showed that they have a two-layered monoclinic unit cell. Synthesized mono-mineral serpentine phase with characteristic chrysotile 7 Å reflection according to the roentgenometric analysis. It has been established that in the isomorphous series of chrysotile – garnierite with increasing nickel content in the crystal lattice parameter c is reduced from 1.470 to 1.450 nm, and the parameters a and b are increased: a from 0.528 to 0.530 nm; b of from 0.914 to 0.918 nm. Thermal analysis showed that the content of the constitutional water in the studied minerals correspond to the theoretical, mass. %: For chrysotile Mg6[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 13,05; isomorphic serpentines: Mg4Ni2[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 11,57; Mg3Ni3[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 10,95; Mg2Ni4[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 10,39 and garnierite Ni6[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 9,45. Mineral density defined pycnometrically equal: at synthetic chrysotile 2.43 g/cm3, at mineral Mg4Ni2[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 2,86 g/cm3, at Mg3Ni3[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 2 99 g/cm3, at Mg2Ni4[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 3,22 g/cm3, at pure Ni garnierite – 3.85 g/cm3. Specific surface area by adsorption of water vapor respectively amounted: 72.98; 66.01; 62.32; 58.63; 55.35 m2/g. Defined carcinogenic effects of synthetic chrysotile asbestos with different length and thickness of the crystals, as well as its isomorphic analogues versus with natural chrysotile asbestos [12, 13]. It was established that chrysotile synthesized in an alkaline medium, are less pronounced in comparison with natural, carcinogenic activity and synthesized in distilled water do not possess quite. All synthesized chrysotile and their structural analogues studied comprehensively, laboratory tested in various compositions. Most suitable compositions tested in a production environment.  5. CONCLUSIONS  Properties of fiber composites depend on the type and condition of the fibers that are used. Synthetic chrysotiles should be preferred for giving the desired stability properties of composites. From the results of our experiments it is clear that  PROPERTIES OF ISOMORPHS ANALOGS OF CHRYSOTILE PROC. NAP 3, 02NNSA10 (2014)   02NNSA10-3 the temperature of the hydrothermal process is the dominant factor in the process of hydrothermal synthesis. The pressure in the range studied (9.81-245 MPa) has no appreciable effect on the rate of reaction components. Equilibration time in the system depends on the synthesis temperature. The optimal temperature ranges and pressure for the synthesis of nano-tubular crystals Mg-Ni-chrysotile 573-673 K, 19.6-98.1 MPa at the time of isothermal holding from 15 to 24 h. In hydrothermally conditions synthesized minerals isomorphic series of chrysotile – garnierite and identified unlimited isomorphism in this series. It is shown that the magnesium and nickel included in the structure of synthetic minerals in accordance with their original value. Crystallographic characteristics and physiochemical properties of the synthetic minerals vary according to the composition of the octahedral layer of crystals.  The authors thank the employee collective use center BSU (state contract 02.552.11.7017 Federals Center of Shared) D.A. Kolesnikov for help with the X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy studies.   REFERENCES  1. A.A. Smolikov, Concrete & ferroconcrete (Moscow), No 4, 8 (2009). 2. A.A. Smolikov, V.M. Beresnev, A.I. Vezentsev, A.D. Kolesnikov, A.S. Solokha, Proc. Intern. Conf. NAP-2011: 137 (Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine). 3. A.A. Smolikov, V.I. Pavlenko, V.M. Beresnev, A.D. Kolesnikov, A.S. Solokha, Proc. Intern. Conf. NAP-2012: 03AET09 (Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine). 4. Smolikov, A. Vezentsev, V. Beresnev, M. Dolmatovskiy, V. Pavlenko, A. Solokha, J. Mater. Sci. & Eng. A2, No 12, 769 (2012). 5. Smolikov, V. Pavlenko, N. Shapovalov, O. Kuprieva, A. Solokha, Intern. J. Res. in Mechanical Eng. & Technology (Chandigarh, India), 3, Issue 2, 28 (2013). http://www.ijrmet.com/vol32/andrei.pdf. 6. K. Yada, Acta Crystallogr. A27, 659 (1971). 7. K. Yada, Acta Crystallogr. 37, 704 (1976). 8. E. J. W. Whittaker, Chem. & Eng. News 30, 34 (1963). 9. A.I. Vezentsev, A.I. Gorshkov, A.A. Smolikov, A.I. Bakhtin, Yu.L. Dikov, Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geol. Ser. No 8, 146 (1991). 10. A.A. Smolikov, A.I. Vezentsev, Proc. Intern. Scientific Conf.: 2007, 60 (Kharkov, Ukraine, MESYSU and NASU, 2007). 11. Smolikov, A. Vezentsev, V. Beresnev, D. Kolesnikov, A. Solokha, J. Mater. Sci. & Eng. A3, No 8, 523 (2013). 12. L.A. Vasilieva, L.N. Pylev, A.I. Vezentsev, A.A. Smolikov, Experimental Oncol. 11, No 4, 26 (1989). 13. A.I. Vezentsev, L.N. Pylev, L.A. Vasilieva, A.A. Smolikov, J. Ecol. Chem. No 2, 127 (1993).  

Properties of Isomorphs Analogs of Chrysotile

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  
NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 3 No 2, 02NNSA10(3pp) (2014) 
 
 
2304-1862/2014/3(2)02NNSA10(3) 02NNSA10-1  2014 Sumy State University 
Properties of Isomorphs Analogs of Chrysotile 
 
A.A. Smolikov1, A.I. Vezentsev2, V.M. Beresnev3, V.I. Pavlenko1, A.S. Solokcha1, P.V. Turbin3,4 
 
1 Belgorod Shukhov State Technological University, 308 012 Belgorod, Russia 
2 National-Research University – Belgorod State University, 308 015 Belgorod, Russia 
3 V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine 
4 Scientific Centre of Physical Tecnologies of MES & NAS of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine 
 
(Received 14 July 2014; published online 29 August 2014) 
 
Fiber is an important component of high-strength reinforcing composite materials. Everyone knows 
that nano-tubular crystals of chrysotile have unique physical and mechanical properties, but not everyone 
knows that chrysotile has little studied structural (isomorphic) analogues. The purpose of this work is to 
determine the optimal parameters of synthesis and base properties of nano-tubular crystals Mg-Ni 
chrysotiles. The optimal temperature ranges and pressure for the synthesis of nano-tubular crystals all 
synthesed chrysotile 473-673 K, 19.6-98.1 MPa at the time of isothermal exposure from 10 to 15 h. 
 
Keywords: Chrysotile nanotubes, Reinforcing component of nano-composites, Nano-tubes of Mg-Ni-
chrysotiles, Synthesis, Optimal parameters, Properties. 
 
 PACS number: 61.46.Fg 
 
 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
Fiber-composites – the most promising type of 
advanced high strength composite materials. 
Reinforcement of nano-fibers increases the elastic 
modulus of the composite, hinders the formation, 
development and facilitates the fusion of microcracks in 
the matrix. The mechanism of inhibition is expressed 
by the development of microcracks in the formation of 
bonds of high strength fibers in zones of stress 
concentration at the edges of the cracks, and to reduce 
stress concentration by reducing the fracture 
dimensions and curvature of the edges. Thus, blocking 
the microcracks, liquefying the probability of 
germination in their destructive defect shifting 
realization of this probability to higher strain the fiber 
component increases the ultimate elongation of the 
matrix and thus increases the limits of both 
components working together. 
Quality composite materials determined by the type 
and properties of the components used, including special 
role belongs to chrysotile, which is effective and inexpen-
sive nano-reinforcing filler composite materials for dif-
ferent purposes [1-5]. Nano-chrysotile fibers increase the 
flexural strength and elongation (tensile strength of 
chrysotile fibers reaches 3000 MPa), heat resistance, 
thermal stability of shape and size, reduce the coefficient 
of thermal expansion and the cost of products. 
Workability composite mixtures depends not only 
on the type of filler, its size and shape of particles, but 
the surface reaction activity. Chrysotile in the compo-
site is active filler due to the presence on the surface of 
the nano-fibers a large amount of reactive hydroxyl 
groups, by which the introduction of chrysotile in a 
technological mixture process technological properties 
may be controlled primarily fluidity and thixotropy. To 
give the desired composition thixotropic enough to en-
ter nano-chrysotile into it from 0.5 to 2 %. 
Due to the high reinforcing ability asbestos has long 
used in composite materials, but their properties vary not 
only depending on the deposits, but even within one ore 
deposit. The chemical composition of asbestos depends on 
geochemical conditions of its formation. Composition of 
commercial chrysotile asbestos unstable. It contains vari-
ous impurities – the host rocks, magnesium hydroxide, 
magnetite, which due to their high dispersion, as chryso-
tile very, very difficult to remove, so to clean chrysotile 
from impurities is not feasible economically. 
Inconstancy of the chemical composition of natural 
chrysotile and determines the volatility of its properties. 
Chrysotile various fields differ significantly in thermal, 
mechanical (tensile strength, elasticity and firmness) 
and physicochemical properties (size of electro-kinetic 
potential, pH of aqueous suspensions, the adsorption 
capacity, etc.). Furthermore, it is known that the physi-
cal and mechanical properties of the composite material 
defined by uniform distribution of the reinforcing com-
ponent which is dependent on the fiber length, degree of 
rigidity and fuzz (dispersion), and therefore the proper-
ties of finished products reinforced with fibers of natural 
chrysotile may not be constant, whereby use it for criti-
cal purposes is undesirable. 
Chrysotile synthesized from products that do not 
contain harmful impurities use better. Furthermore, it 
is possible to vary the composition of the charge and 
hence the properties of the synthetic asbestos. Depend-
ing on the synthesis conditions can produce fibers of 
various lengths and morphology. Hollow nanotubes 
synthetic chrysotile and its analogues have a constant 
chemical composition and properties. Application of 
synthetic chrysotile and its structural analogs will pro-
vide material with stable properties. 
The purpose of this work is to determine the opti-
mal parameters of synthesis and properties of nano-
tubular crystals Mg-Ni-chrysotiles. 
 
2. STRUCTURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL 
FEATURES OF CHRYSOTILE 
 
Anyone interested in asbestos, know that there is a 
fibrous mineral of serpentine group. Chrysotile fibers 
are nano-tube with an outer diameter of ~ 30 nm and 
 A.A. SMOLIKOV, A.I. VEZENTSEV, ET AL. PROC. NAP 3, 02NNSA10 (2014) 
 
 
02NNSA10-2 
the internal – from 5 to 11 nm, [6, 7]. Elementary 
packet serpentine 0.73 nm thick composed of two 
layers: the upper brucite-like (octahedral) and bottom 
of the silicon (tetrahedral). Brucite-like layer of 
chrysotile such elementary package consists of a layer 
of magnesium cations and/or nickel, cobalt, iron, 
located between two layers of hydroxyl groups [8]. 
Idealized crystal chemical formula of chrysotile has 
Mg6[(OH)8 | Si4O10]. In natural samples of chrysotile is 
a deviation from this formula by isomorphic 
substitution of magnesium iron, nickel and aluminum, 
and silicon – by aluminum. 
Theoretical premise it was that the divalent nickel’s 
cation has ionic radius (rNi+2  6.9 ∙ 10 – 11 m) is equal 
the same that radius of the magnesium cation (rMg+2  
7.2 ∙ 10 – 11 m), therefore, must there nickel magnesium-
nickel structural analogues of Mg-chrysotile. The 
structure of all these fibrous hydro silicates is the 
same: the first (inner) tetrahedral layers of nano-tubes 
consist from silicon-oxygen network and the second 
(external) octahedral layer – net of hydroxide brucite 
type. Tubing wall of Mg-chrysotile consist of 11 layers 
and 9 in Ni-chrysotile (garnierite), because the outer 
diameter of the nickel chrysotile fibers is smaller less 
than its magnesium analogs. 
 
3. EXPERIMENTAL 
 
We synthesized the following minerals isomorphic 
series chrysotile – garnierite: pure magnesium 
chrysotile, and with partial (1/3, 1/2, 2/3) and complete 
replacement of magnesium by nickel. 
We syntheses of Mg-Ni-chrysotiles from the 
precipitation of stoichiometric composition (ratio of 
(MgO + NiO) : SiO2  3 : 2 as in the chrysotile) obtained 
from solutions MgSO4, NiSO4, H2SiO3 · nH2O (or 
Na2SiO3) and NaOH as we used charges from Mg(OH)2 
Ni(OH)2 and H2SiO3 · nH2O. Study of precipitatio, 
obtained from solutions of salts, showed that these 
sediments are composed of nano-sized X-ray amorphous 
particles strongly hydrated phase with a layered 
structure, which at hydrothermal recrystallization 
transformed into hydro-silicates certain chemical 
composition and fibrillar morphology. 
The precipitate was washed from Na2SO4, and 5 g 
was placed in an autoclave with volume 18 ml, filled 
calculated amount of distilled water. The resulting 
slurry was autoclaved at 473-673 °K, 17.62-98.1 MPa 
and isothermal exposure time from 2 to 48 h. 
We controlled the formation and growth of fibrils 
Mg-Ni-chrysotiles by x-ray structural and electron 
microscopic analyzes. 
 
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
On the basis of our experiments we identified: 
optimal parameters of recrystallization the precipitates 
– there are 673 K, 98.1 MPa and time of isothermal 
exposure is 15 h. Synthesis product contains 100 % of 
the tubular fibers. Found that in all the experiments 
beyond a certain length, ~ up to 2 mkm, the growth of 
fibrils stops, longer hydrothermal treatment does not 
increase the length. 
Energy dispersive analysis of the spectra of samples 
with ratios of Mg: Ni, ≈ 1: 1 and 2 : 3 shows that these 
relations Mg: Ni practically maintained for all data 
samples fibrils. 
Electron microscopic method showed that on the 
morphology of the formed tubular Mg-Ni-fibrils as well 
as on the morphology of the Mg-fibrils affects the pH of 
the solution: at pH <11, fibrils variable outer diameter 
(with sleeves) type of the "tube in tube" and of the "cone 
into cone" with a diameter from 25 to 150 nm with an 
average length of 1 – 2 mm and cylindrical fibrils in 
diameter 25 – 35 nm; at higher pH fibrils uniform 
diameter throughout the length – 26 – 30 nm and a 
length of 1 – 2 microns. All the fibrils are hollow [9 – 
11]. 
Electron diffraction patterns established spatial 
disorder tapered individuals chrysotile. Cone fibrils 
give unusual diffraction pattern, representing mostly 
the superposition of two diffraction patterns from the 
sides of the cone. The electron diffraction patterns from 
individual tubular fibrils showed that they have a two-
layered monoclinic unit cell. 
Synthesized mono-mineral serpentine phase with 
characteristic chrysotile 7 Å reflection according to the 
roentgenometric analysis. It has been established that 
in the isomorphous series of chrysotile – garnierite with 
increasing nickel content in the crystal lattice 
parameter c is reduced from 1.470 to 1.450 nm, and the 
parameters a and b are increased: a from 0.528 to 0.530 
nm; b of from 0.914 to 0.918 nm. 
Thermal analysis showed that the content of the 
constitutional water in the studied minerals correspond 
to the theoretical, mass. %: For chrysotile Mg6[(OH)8 | 
Si4O10] – 13,05; isomorphic serpentines: Mg4Ni2[(OH)8 | 
Si4O10] – 11,57; Mg3Ni3[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 10,95; 
Mg2Ni4[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 10,39 and garnierite 
Ni6[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 9,45. 
Mineral density defined pycnometrically equal: at 
synthetic chrysotile 2.43 g/cm3, at mineral 
Mg4Ni2[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 2,86 g/cm3, at Mg3Ni3[(OH)8 | 
Si4O10] – 2 99 g/cm3, at Mg2Ni4[(OH)8 | Si4O10] – 3,22 
g/cm3, at pure Ni garnierite – 3.85 g/cm3. 
Specific surface area by adsorption of water vapor 
respectively amounted: 72.98; 66.01; 62.32; 58.63; 55.35 
m2/g. 
Defined carcinogenic effects of synthetic chrysotile 
asbestos with different length and thickness of the 
crystals, as well as its isomorphic analogues versus 
with natural chrysotile asbestos [12, 13]. It was 
established that chrysotile synthesized in an alkaline 
medium, are less pronounced in comparison with 
natural, carcinogenic activity and synthesized in 
distilled water do not possess quite. 
All synthesized chrysotile and their structural 
analogues studied comprehensively, laboratory tested 
in various compositions. Most suitable compositions 
tested in a production environment. 
 
5. CONCLUSIONS 
 
Properties of fiber composites depend on the type 
and condition of the fibers that are used. Synthetic 
chrysotiles should be preferred for giving the desired 
stability properties of composites. 
From the results of our experiments it is clear that 
 PROPERTIES OF ISOMORPHS ANALOGS OF CHRYSOTILE PROC. NAP 3, 02NNSA10 (2014) 
 
 
02NNSA10-3 
the temperature of the hydrothermal process is the 
dominant factor in the process of hydrothermal 
synthesis. The pressure in the range studied (9.81-245 
MPa) has no appreciable effect on the rate of reaction 
components. Equilibration time in the system depends 
on the synthesis temperature. The optimal temperature 
ranges and pressure for the synthesis of nano-tubular 
crystals Mg-Ni-chrysotile 573-673 K, 19.6-98.1 MPa at 
the time of isothermal holding from 15 to 24 h. 
In hydrothermally conditions synthesized minerals 
isomorphic series of chrysotile – garnierite and 
identified unlimited isomorphism in this series. 
It is shown that the magnesium and nickel included 
in the structure of synthetic minerals in accordance 
with their original value. 
Crystallographic characteristics and physiochemical 
properties of the synthetic minerals vary according to 
the composition of the octahedral layer of crystals. 
 
The authors thank the employee collective use 
center BSU (state contract 02.552.11.7017 Federals 
Center of Shared) D.A. Kolesnikov for help with the X-
ray diffraction and electron microscopy studies. 
 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. A.A. Smolikov, Concrete & ferroconcrete (Moscow), No 4, 8 
(2009). 
2. A.A. Smolikov, V.M. Beresnev, A.I. Vezentsev, 
A.D. Kolesnikov, A.S. Solokha, Proc. Intern. Conf. NAP-
2011: 137 (Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine). 
3. A.A. Smolikov, V.I. Pavlenko, V.M. Beresnev, 
A.D. Kolesnikov, A.S. Solokha, Proc. Intern. Conf. NAP-
2012: 03AET09 (Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine). 
4. Smolikov, A. Vezentsev, V. Beresnev, M. Dolmatovskiy, 
V. Pavlenko, A. Solokha, J. Mater. Sci. & Eng. A2, No 12, 
769 (2012). 
5. Smolikov, V. Pavlenko, N. Shapovalov, O. Kuprieva, A. 
Solokha, Intern. J. Res. in Mechanical Eng. & Technology 
(Chandigarh, India), 3, Issue 2, 28 (2013). 
http://www.ijrmet.com/vol32/andrei.pdf. 
6. K. Yada, Acta Crystallogr. A27, 659 (1971). 
7. K. Yada, Acta Crystallogr. 37, 704 (1976). 
8. E. J. W. Whittaker, Chem. & Eng. News 30, 34 (1963). 
9. A.I. Vezentsev, A.I. Gorshkov, A.A. Smolikov, 
A.I. Bakhtin, Yu.L. Dikov, Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geol. 
Ser. No 8, 146 (1991). 
10. A.A. Smolikov, A.I. Vezentsev, Proc. Intern. Scientific Conf.: 
2007, 60 (Kharkov, Ukraine, MESYSU and NASU, 2007). 
11. Smolikov, A. Vezentsev, V. Beresnev, D. Kolesnikov, A. 
Solokha, J. Mater. Sci. & Eng. A3, No 8, 523 (2013). 
12. L.A. Vasilieva, L.N. Pylev, A.I. Vezentsev, A.A. Smolikov, 
Experimental Oncol. 11, No 4, 26 (1989). 
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Properties of Isomorphs Analogs of Chrysotile

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