This study aims to suggest an appropriate road improvement planning for regional exchange, with a view to regard recreational trip as main behavior of regional exchange. We have clarifyied how the facilities which will contribute to regional development influence route choice. This paper reported the results of the evaluation concerning the attractiveness of recreational facilities which influence route choice in case of a recreational trip, by quantification theory I, using the questionnaire data carried out in Fukui Prefectural TAN-NAN region. These results of analysis of attractive factors suggest that the model using the staying time has most applicable interpretation. However, further investigation on the grasp of the number of visitors is necessary

HONDA, Yoshiaki

KATO, Tetsuo

University of Fukui Repository

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A Study on Route Choice Model 
in the Case of Recreational Trip 
Tetsuo KATO* and Yoshiaki HONDA** 
(Received Aug. 29, 1997) 
This study aims to suggest an appropriate road improvement planning for 
regional exchange, with a view to regard recreational trip as main behavior of 
regional exchange. We have clarifyied how the facilities which will contribute to 
regional development influence route choice. 
This paper reported the results of the evaluation concerning the attractiveness of 
recreational facilities which influence route choice in case of a recreational trip, by 
quantification theory I, using the questionnaire data carried out in Fukui Prefectural 
TAN - NAN region. These results of analysis of attractive factors suggest that the 
model using the staying time has most applicable interpretation. However, further 
investigation on the grasp of the number of visitors is necessary. 
Key Worrls: Route Choice Model. Recreational Trip. Regional Exchange, Attractiveness 
Quantification Theory I 
1. I ntraduction 
311 
Many conceptions to formulate diverse regional connection are suggested, and regional activity 
is groped by setting new exchange area. Under the situation that regional development goes on by 
using regional resources as environmental history and culture at many districts, road network is a 
matter of great importance, in order to connect these developments organically. However, although 
highway network is concerned with regional connection, route choice of inner region is not consid-
ered enough. This study aims to suggest an appropriate road improvement planning for regional 
exchange, with a view to regard recreational trip as main behavior of regional exchange, by clari-
fying how the facilities which will contribute to regional development influence route choice. 
In this Papers, firstly significance of this study and relations to previous studies are de-
scribed by reviewing existing studies. Secondly the frame of this study is shown. And as a premise 
of this frame, we make the assumption that driver's route choice are not based on the shortest 
route or time but based on the attractiveness of recreational facilities. Then, the result of the 
Questionnaire, which was carried out for the citizens in TAN-NAN region of FUKUI prefecture in 
• 
•• 
Dept. of Public Works, Fukui Prefectural Government 
Dept. of Architectural and Civil Engineering 
312 
order to survey the number and the staying time of visitors at recreational facilities and to 
verify the assumption, is reported. Lastly we will propose the structure of attractiveness of re-
creational facilities by the analysis of attractive factors with quantification theory I. 
2. Existing studies 
In the previous studies concerning this study, main theme are demand estimation and behavior 
analysis for the recreational trip and holiday traffic. Hanaoka et al. 1)2) attended to service for 
recreational arterials as evaluation factors of recreational road and proposed that improvement 
menu. Morichi et al. 3 )4) and Morikawa et al. 5 ) tried to express recreational trip models by one-
day trip or infrequent trip, and Tamura et al. 6) analyzed recreational trip by the staying time as 
attractiveness. Shimizu et al. 7) tried to make clear attractive functions of river parks from the 
analysis of the staying time. Isobe et al. 8 ) showed that travel mode and duration of activities on 
non-work days are related with those in weekdays. Yoshida9 ) make clear the characteristics of re-
cognition and reaction in sightseeing information, and Wang et al. 1 0) analyzed the relation between 
tourist movement and tourist resources. As the route choice models, models with endogenous ratio-
nal expectations formation by Kobayashi et al. 11), dynamic traffic simulation model by Iida et al. 
1 2) 13) and mapping out method by Takayama 1") are known. 
The frames of the previous studies on traffic behavior analysis of recreational area and road 
might be applied to this study, because this study intend to analyze the recreational trip too. 
However, as the structure of attractiveness was not clarified in previous studies. the significance 
of this study is notable. And, route choice models were mainly dealt in urban area, and applying 
this model in recreational area is useful to an appropriate road improvement planning. 
3. Concept i on of route cho i ce model 
When persons start recreational trip, they will chose a certain destination. Then, in choosing 
the route to destination, many attractive facilities and scenic spots along the route may affect 
the route choice. Assuming that these regional resources are reasons of route choice, we can pre-
sume that persons will choose the most attractive route with much resources'~ in case of going to 
the same destination. Following model shows the details. 
1) Attractive resources have independent attractiveness XI regardless of location. As the factors 
affecting attractiveness are following things. 
XI : Attractiveness of regional resources i 
X I = f (Scale of facilities, Admission fee, Scale of parking space, etc. ) 
2) Considering that attractiveness of regional resources i relate with accessibility from route j, 
accessibility from route j to regional resources i is assumed as L I. As the factors affecting 
accessibility are following things. 
LI : Accessibility from route j to regional resources i 
L I = f (Distance, Structure of road, Configuration, Information service, etc. 
3) We make the assumption that both Attractiveness X I and Accessibility L I affect the route 
choice j because of gravitation Y I J • Generally it is considered that gravitation Y I J is as 
lower as Attractiveness X I, and Y I J is as higher as X I. And gravitation Y I J is as lower as 
accessibility L I according to long distance and bad pavement, and Y I J is as higher as L I 
according to short distance and well pavement. 
Y I I : gravitation of regional resources i in case of route choice j 
Y IJ = f (XI, L,) 
313 
4) Based on these process, the sunmation of gravitation Y. J by each regional resources i through 
route j is defined as valuation of route j. 
Y I : valuation of route j 
Y 1=.11 Y. J 
The route j to some destination is not restricted only one. Therefore, in this study, in com-
parison with valuation of another route j , most high valuation route j is considered to choose. 
The relationships among these are depicted in Figure 1 • 
... ~ e,. 
4-$2f-" '\ 
. 
(2) 
. 
~ Accesibi I it~.>~/ 
... Gr~vitation Y/i l Route j 
"'-e-, ... 
· 
· 
· 
Fig. 1 Conceptual chart of route choice model 
4. ~ttractiveness model 
Considering the attractiveness model of recreational facilities, it seems to be Quite all 
right to consider that attractive facilities are used by many persons and stayed for a long time. 
Therefore, in this study, the number of visitors, the staying time and the total staying time of 
visitors are defined as the attractiveness X. of recreational facilities. 
1) The number of visitors ( persons ) 
1 1 n 
Average numbers of visitors: X. =- ~ N k 
n k.:T 
Nk : Number of visitors at facilities i by examinee k 
n : Number of examinee who answered to visit facilities i 
Though it is possible to grasp the actual number of visitors by records of management at fa-
cilities, because of unknown number of visitors at objective facilities of this study, we tried to 
grasp by Questionnaire. 
2) The staying time ( minutes ) 
2 1 ~ Average staying time of visitor: X. =- T k 
n k-
Tk : Staying time at facilities i by examinee k 
We tried to grasp staying time at objective facilities of this study by Questionnaire. 
3) The total staying time of visitors ( J).ersons • minutes 
:s 1 n 
X • =- ~ (N k • T k) 
n k.:T 
314 
Tab. 1 Result of actual survey 
attractiveness Xl 
Ave. numbers Ave. staying Ave. total Best 
Name of recreational facilities 
of visitors time staying time 1 0 
r--
-
.---(person) order (minute) order (porn) order order 
1 ECHIZEN Cape Polyanthus Land 3.53 28 49.6 27 183 27 11 
2 YUKYU ROMAN Forest 6.65 1 127. 7 5 938 3 6 
3 Botanical Garden PLANTOPIA 4. 00 24 84.1 20 380 21 10 
4 ECHIZEN Ceramics Park 4.74 13 101. 6 14 562 12 15 
5 MURASAKI-SHIKIBU Park 3.49 30 43. 7 29 168 28 21 
6 ECHIZEN Village Park 3.51 29 54.4 26 228 26 23 
7 NISHIYAMA Park 4.35 15 92.3 19 498 14 5 
8 HANAHASU Park 4.03 23 59.6 25 258 25 18 
9 HIRmO Dam Park 3.63 26 70.6 22 308 24 19 
10 KOHNO River Park 4.88 10 66.8 23 444 15 27 
11 OO'AIKO Hills 4.35 16 94.6 18 424 17 20 
12 FUKUI Ceramics Hall 5.32 6 107. 7 10 578 10 12 
13 Nife ViI lege Workshop 4.22 20 61. 9 24 314 23 16 
14 Eye-glass Hall 3.64 25 36.4 30 144 30 28 
15 Papyrus Hall 4.23 19 71. 2 21 335 22 14 
16 FURUSATO Workshop 5. 73 4 113.5 8 819 5 7 
17 SOBA Workshop 5.15 7 109.2 9 586 8 9 
18 KITAMAEBUNE Hall 3.56 27 45.1 28 155 29 22 
19 La Pose KAWADA 6.62 2 155.1 2 1,090 2 1 
20 OO'OTO Vi 11 age 4. 75 12 119.0 6 603 7 17 
21 ECHIZEN Spa [SUISEN NO YU] 4.24 18 102.3 13 429 16 24 
22 TAMAGAWA Spa 5.00 9 107.1 11 568 11 26 
23 KURIYA Spa 4.66 14 105.2 12 503 13 25 
24 ISARIBI Spa 4.05 22 96.8 17 391 20 8 
25 AMADANI Spa 4.33 17 96.8 16 409 19 29 
26 KAMIKOUTI Spa 4.20 21 99.1 15 419 18 30 
27 Stream Spa [KANMURISOU] 6.49 3 155.4 1 1, 144 1 3 
28 lMAJYO Spa [YASURAGI] 5.01 8 130.4 4 664 6 2 
29 KOUNO Spa [YUUBAE] 4.76 11 115.8 7 580 9 13 
30 NANJYO Spa [S<l.tAYAMA] 5. 73 5 133.8 3 827 4 4 
Average of total facilities 4.63 93.6 498 
Standard deviation 0.91 32.06 260. 76 
Tab. 2 Correlation coefficient table 
Type of facility Theme park Cultural institution Spa Total 
Correlation coefficient O. 258 O. 516 O. 332 O. 276 
315 
5. A ctua I survey 
TAN-NAN region which became the object of this study is one-day car trip area. Then, famous 
and usable 30 recreational facilities with much local colour in TAN-NAN region were chosen as 
regional resources i. These are each 10 theme parks, cultural institutions and spas. 
As an information of facilities, name, abstract, charge, parking, distance from main road(pre-
fectural road) and map plotting the location of facilities were shown to examinee. 
Examinees were required to answer the number of visitors and the staying time under the as-
sumptions that they visit these facilities, and to fix the best 10 rank of facilities in useful 
order. And, if examinee didn't think to visit some facility, he was required to write zero minute 
as the staying time. Examinees were chosen from public ( prefecture ,city and town) officials, 
members of consultant and students, because objective facilities were faliliar to them. 101 per-
sons answered effectively, age rank being as follows ; 41 persons were aged under 30, 31 persons 
were aged 30-39, 21 persons were aged 40-49, 5 persons were aged over 50. 72 persons were male 
and 26 persons were female, and 3 persons' age and sex were unknown. 
The results of the survey are displayed in Table 1. The number of visitors, the staying time 
and the total staying time shown at previous chapter were compared with the best 10 ranking, and 6 
higher ranking facilities were nearly same. The facilities from first to 6th ranking such as KAN-
Vital Statistics (1000 persons/year) MURI-SOU spa, La pose KAWADA, FURUSATO work-
ECH I ZEN Cape 
YUKYU ROMAN 
PLANTOPIA 
SHIKIBU Park 
o 30 60 90 120 150 
...... > ....... :; .. 
---,//"'/ 
ECHIZEN Vi I I age" •• 
HANAHASU Park 
HIROO Dam 
OTAIKO Hi lis 
Eye-g I ass Ha II 
Papyrus Ha II 
• :Vital 
:Statistics 
FlRJSATO W. shop __ ._. 
SOBA I. shop 
KIT~E 
ISARISI 
KAtfUISOO 
YAsmAGl 
Yll&E 
SOMAYAMA 
o 100 200 300 400 500 600 
Numbers of Oestionnaire (persons) 
Fig. 2 Comparison of visitors between the numbers 
of questionnaire and annual vital statistics 
shop, YUKYU ROMAN forest, SOMAYAMA spa and 
YASURAGI spa are located in forest area far 
away from urban area, and these suggest they 
be a good one-day car trip recreational zone. 
Comparing with three types of facilities, 
such as theme park. cultural institution and 
spa, though an average error of the number 
of visitors was relatively small, an average 
of the staying time of theme parks was 
shorter and that of spas was longer than 
that of total facilities. 
We adopted the number of visitors by 
questionnaire as one of the measures to 
estimate attractiveness. In order to deter-
mine whether the results of the survey was 
applicable or not, we tried to compare the 
number of visitors by Questionnaire with 
annual vital statistics of tourist at same 
facilities, which was published by FUKUI 
prefectural government. Comparison between 
the number of questionnaire and vital stat-
istics except ECHIZEN ceramics park and NI-
SHIYAMA park, which had over 300 thousands 
annual visitors, are displayed in Figure 2. 
316 
A correlation coefficient table between the number of questionnaire and vital statistics by three 
types of fa1ilities is displayed inTable 2. In case of cultural institutions it might reveal a 
positive correlation, but in case of other two types the correlation was not found. The reasons of 
non-correlation were the gap between the number of questionnaire and vital statistics concerning 
YUKYU ROMAN forest,MURASAKISIKIBU park, KANMURISOU spa and SOMAYAMA spa. 
Though it is considered that many skiers from other prefectures are included in annual vital 
statistics of tourist, comparing that examinee live in Fukui prefecture, it is the subject for a 
future study. 
6. A na I ys i s of attract i va factors by Quant i f i cat i on theory I 
We tried to make up the estimation model of attractiveness of recreational facilities by use 
of Quantification theory I. The outline of the method is to define the type, admission fee, the 
scale of the parking and the distance from main road as nine predictor variable, which were clas-
sified by two or three categories, and to define the previous three attractiveness ( The number of 
visitors, The staying time, The total staying time) as criterion variable, and to calculate the 
structure of attractiveness by Quantification theory I. 
Comparing multiple correlation coefficient of three trials, it is clarified that the model 
using the staying time have most applicable interpretation. The results of the analysis are dis-
played in Table 3. Trough the considerations of Table 3 , following ideas are obtained. The items 
which influenced the staying time were orderly as follows; the type of facility, admission fee and 
the scale of parking. By the view point of type of facility, spas had the longest staying time. By 
the view point of admission fee and the scale of parking, the staying time was increasing at faci-
lities with toll and large parking space, in other words, at improved facilities. In case of dis-
tance from main road, range and partial correlation coefficient were so lower that it was thought 
proper to have no interpretation. 
Multiple correlation coefficient of model using the staying time is not so high that the grasp 
of the number of visitors by this questionnaire may be inadequate, but, further investigation is 
necessary. 
Tab. 3 Result of analysis of attractive factors 
Numbers 
partial 
Item Category Value range correlation 
of sample 
order coefficient order 
1 Park 10 -11. 642 
Type of 
2 Culture 0.359 10 -4.654 27.937 1 1 facility 
3 Spa 10 16.295 
Admission 1 Free 9 -14.305 
19.507 2 0.270 2 
fee 2 Pay 21 5.202 
Scale of 1 Under 50 13 -6.691 
11. 808 3 0.218 3 
parking 2 Over 50 17 5.117 
Distance 1 face 21 0.525 
from Rd. Over lOOn 
O. 701 4 0.031 4 
2 9 1. 226 
317 
7. Conclusion 
This paper reported the results of the evaluation concerning the attractiveness of recreation-
al facilities which influence route choice in case of a recreational trip. The subjects for a 
future study are as follows. 
1) Whether the verification with trip generation and attraction standard unit of recreational trip 
using the estimation model of the attractiveness of recreational facilities is possible or not. 
2) How the distribution of recreational facilities influence the cognition of the attractiveness. 
3) Are there any other factors influencing to the cognition of the attractiveness? 
THe authors express sincere appreciation to public officials of Fukui prefecture, Takefu city, 
Sabae city, Nanjyo town and Ikeda town who cooperated with them in this questionnaire. 
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318 


A Study on Route Choice Model in the Case of Recreational Trip

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