Centella asiatica or locally known as ‘Pegaga’ is one of the most common
medicinal plants used by diverse ancient cultures and tribal groups. Its medicinal
values are mainly attributed to the presence of the triterpene constituents. As
there is still no information available on the triterpene production in cultured
tissues, studies were carried out in determining the triterpene distribution
particularly asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside in intact
plants of the twelve accessions of C. asiatica collected throughout Malaysia as
well as in the callus and cell suspension cultures.
Results obtained from the studies revealed that twelve accessions of C. asiatica
differed both in their morphologies and their triterpene contents. The triterpenes
constituents were detected at a range of 0.134 to 1.655 mg/g dry weight in the
whole plant intact tissues. Triterpenes were also successfully detected in the callus
(0.014 to 0.773 mg/g dry weight) and cell suspension cultures (0.005 to 0.084
mg/g dry weight), the amount that were lower than that produced in the intact tissues. However, manipulating the physical culture conditions, feeding of
precursor, elicitation as well as amino acid addition managed to increase the
triterpenes content in cultured tissues. Studies on the effects of the medium
composition show that full strength of the basal Murashige and Skoog medium
supplemented with B5 vitamins and sucrose (3-4%) increased the triterpenes
content in both callus and cell suspension cultures. An interaction of auxincytokinin
has observed being important for both callus and cell suspension
cultures in enhancing triterpenes production. Higher triterpenes content was
obtained in callus treated with 2,4-D and kinetin while the combination of kinetin
and dicamba enhanced the triterpenes production in cell suspension cultures. The
precursor-feeding studies revealed that lower concentrations of squalene (0.16
mg/L in callus and 0.8 mg/L in cells) were preferred for triterpenes production.
Squalene at 0.16 mg/L had successfully triggered the production of
madecassoside, asiaticoside and madecassic acid in callus cultures while asiatic
acid and madecassic acid content was increased in cells treated with 0.8 mg/L
squalene. The elicitor studies exhibited that the different elicitors showed
distinctive effects on triterpenes production. Nevertheless, supplementation of
succinic acid at 3 and 4 mg/L was found the best in increasing the triterpenes
production in callus and cell suspension cultures, respectively. Addition of amino
acid into the culture media was also found to promote the triterpenes production in
in vitro cultures. The study further concluded that the combinations of the
optimized factors namely medium composition, precursor feeding, elicitation and
amino acid addition is a very useful strategy in enhancing the triterpenes production particularly the asiatic acid and madecassic acid in in vitro cultures of
C. asiatica