Amodu, L. O.

Oyero, Olusola

Usaini, S.

Covenant University Repository

S u r l m g - 1  I o r d e n  P u b l i s h e r s  L t d .  G a a f  B u d d i n g .  I I  0 - 1 1 2  O y o  R o a d .  O r o g u n .  O f f  U n i v e r s i t y  o f  l b a d a n .  S e c o n d  G a t e ,  I b a d a n ,  O y o  S t a t e ,  N i g e r i a .  P h o n e :  0 8 0 2 3 5 1 9 1 5 4  s t i r l i n g h o r d e n @ y m a i l . c o m ,  i n f o : · a  s t i r l i n g h o r d e n . c o m  w w w . s t i r l i n g h o r d e n . c o m  U n i v e r s i t y  P o s t  O f f i c e  B o x  2 0 9 8 4  l b a d a n  O y o  S t a t e ,  N i g e r i a .  e :  O l u s o l a  O y e r o  L a m e  A m o d u  S u l e i m a n u  U s a i n i  P u b l i s h e d  2 0 1 5  I S B N  9 7 8 - 9 7 8 - 0 3 2 - 4 8 4 - 1  A l l  R i g h t s  R e s e n · e d  7  l k 1 0 d a  S t r e e t  J a t t u - L z a u 1 1 e  ! : . d o  S t a t e ,  N i g e r i a .  < . .  A p a r t  f r o m  a n y  f a i r  d e a l i n g  f o r  t h e  p u r p o s e  o f  r e s e a r c h  o r  p r i v a t e  s t u d y ,  c r i t i c i s m  o r  r e v i e w ,  a s  p e r m i t t e d  u n d e r  t h e  C o p y r i g h t ,  D e s i g n s  a n d  P a t e n t s  A c t  o f  N i g e r i a ,  t h i s  p u b l i c a t i o n  m a y  n o t  b e  r e p r o d u c e d ,  s t o r e d  o r  t r a n s m i t t e d  i n  a n y  f o r m ,  o r  b y  a n y  m e a n s ,  e x c e p t  w i t h  t h e  p r i o r  p e r m i s s i o n  i n  w r i t i n g  o f  t h e  p u b l t s h e r s ,  o r  i n  t h e  c a s e  o f  r e p r o g r a p h i c  r e p r o d u c t i o n ,  1 1 1  a c c o r d a n c e  w i t h  t h e  t e r m s  o f  l i c e n c e s  i s s u e d  b y  t h e  C o p y r i g h t  L i c e n s m g  A g e n c y .  E n q u i r i e s  c o n c e r n i n g  r e p r o d u c t i o n  o u t s i d e  t h o s e  t e r m s  s h o u l d  b e  s e n t  t o  t h e  p u b l i s h e r s .  S t i r l i n g - B o r d e n  P u b l i s h e r s  L t d .  L a g o s ,  l b a d a n ,  B e n i n  C i t y ,  J a t t u - U z a 1 r u e .  t  : - .i f F ·  P r e f a c e  F i l m  H i s t o r y  a l l d  P r o d u c t i o l l  T e c h l l i q u e s  i s  b o r n e  o u t  o f  a s p i r a t i o n  t o  m e e t  s t u d e n t s '  n e e d s  f o r  l e a r n i n g  m a t e r i a l s  i n  t h e  a r e a  o f  f i l m  s t u d i e s .  T h e  s t r e s s  o f  g l e a n i n g  a p p r o p r i a t e  t o p i c s  f r o m  d i f f e r e n t  s o u r c e s  a s  t u t o r s  t o  m a k e  a  m e a n i n g f u l  m a t e r i a l  s u i t a b l e  f o r  t e a c h i n g  f i l m  c l a s s e s  a n d  r e c o g n i s i n g  t h a t  m o s t  b o o k s  a v a i l a b l e  o n  f i l m  h i s t o r y  a n d  p r o d u c t i o n  i n  N i g e r i a n  l i b r a r i e s  a r e  f o r e i g n  b a s e d ,  w i t h  i l l u s t r a t i o n s  f r o m  W e s t e r n  c o n t e x t s  w h i c h  o f t e n  p o s e  s o m e  c h a l l e n g e s  t o  s t u d e n t s '  c o m p r e h e n s i o n  a b i l i t y  c o m p e l l e d  t h e  a u t h o r s h i p  o f  t h i s  b o o k .  T h e  u n i q u e n e s s  o f  t h i s  b o o k  l i e s  i n  t h e  s y n e r g y  o f  t h e  a u t h o r s  t h a t  b r o u g h t  f o r t h  t h e  b o o k .  I t  i s  t h u s  a  p r o d u c t  o f  c o m b i n e d  e x p e r i e n c e  o f  o v e r  a  d e c a d e  o f  t e a c h i n g  f i l m  t e c h n i q u e s  b y  t h e  t h r e e  a u t h o r s .  T h e  c o l l a b o r a t i o n  e n s u r e s  i t s  r i c h n e s s  a n d  r e l e v a n c e  f o r  p e d a g o g i c a l  t r a i n i n g  i n  t h e  b a s i c s  o f  f i l m  p r o d u c t i o n .  T h i s  b o o k  d o e s  n o t  o n l y  d e t a i l  t h e  o r i g i n  o f  f i l m  f r o m  i t s  i n c e p t i o n ,  b u t  i t  a l s o  t r a c e s  h o w  t h e  m e d i u m  d e v e l o p e d  a t  t h e  l o c a l  N i g e r i a n  s p a c e  a n d  t h e  b i r t h  o f  t h e  v i d e o  f i l m  i n d u s t r y  c a l l e d  N o l l y w o o d .  I t  f u r t h e r  d w e l l s  o n  t o p i c s  s u c h  a s  g e n r e s  a n d  f u n c t i o n s  o f  f i l m ,  c l a s s i f i c a t i o n / r a t i n g s  o f  f i l m ,  e l e m e n t s  o f  f i l m  p r o d u c t i o n ,  k e y  p l a y e r s  i n  f i l m  p r o d u c t i o n ,  b a s i c  e q u i p m e n t  f o r  f i l m  p r o d u c t i o n  a n d  o t h e r  a s p e c t s  o f  f i l m  p r o d u c t i o n .  T h e  b o o k  h a s  b e e n  org~ised t o  m a k e  l e a r n i n g  e a s y .  E a c h  c h a p t e r  b e g i n s  w i t h  t h e  l e a r n i n g  o b j e c t i v e s  w h i c h  c u e  t h e  l e a r n e r s  t o  w h a t  t o  e x p e c t  i n  t h e  c h a p t e r .  T h i s  i s  f o l l o w e d  b y  t h e  i n t r o d u c t i o n  o f t h e  s u b j e c t .  T h e n  t h e  r e m a i n i n g  c o n t e n t  d i s c u s s e s  t h e  t o p i c  i n  d e t a i l  a n d  g i v e s  t h e  s u m m a r y  o f  t h e  c h a p t e r .  W e  h a v e  a l s o  i n c l u d e d  r e v i e w  q u e s t i o n s  t o  h e l p  s t u d e n t s  e v a l u a t e  w h a t  t h e y  h a v e  l e a r n t  i n  e a c h  c h a p t e r .  T h i s  b o o k  i s  a  r e a d y - m a d e  m a t e r i a l  f o r  t e a c h e r s  o f  f i l m  s t u d i e s ,  a  v e r i t a b l e  r e s o u r c e  f o r  f i l m  s t u d e n t s  a n d  i n f o r m a t i o n  c r a f t - t e x t  t o  a s p i r i n g  a n d  p r a c t i s i n g  f i l m - m a k e r s .  W h i l e  a l l  c r e d i t s  d u e  t o  t h i s  b o o k  b e l o n g  t o  t h e  v a r i o u s  p e r s o n s  t h a t  W y  a l r e a d y  m e n t i o n e d  i n  t h e  a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s ,  w e  t a k e  a \ }  t h e  b l a r r i e s  f o r  w h a t e v e r  e r r o r s  a n d  m i s t a k e s  t h a t  m a y  b e  o b s e r v e d  t h e r e i n .  .  .  \  v  t t  ation 1dies. es as asses 'and ,tions Ients' .thors 1ence ;.The 1gical m its local :ailed ~tions 1,key nand 1apter hat to 1bject. esthe )OS to udies, ext to ~rsons aU the 1erem. XI We do not claim that the content of this book is perfect and as such would like to have your feedback towards improving and making the text richer and more impact. Olusola Oyero LanreAmo~u Suleimanu Usaini Department of Mass Communication Covenant University, Ota Ogun State, Nigeria Dedication Acknowledgements· Foreword One Foreword Two Preface Contents 1. The Evolution of Film Objectives Introduction v vi vii ix X 1 1 1 The Beginning ofFilm 2 Significant Advancements in Film Development 4 Film Movements 5 The Digital Age 7 2. Development of Film in Nigeria 11 Objectives 11 Introduction 11 Early Structures 11 The Yoruba Travelling Theatre 14 The Video Explosion 17 3. Genres and Functions of Film 23 Objectives 23 Introduction 23 Genres ofFilm 24 Functions ofFilm 33 Comparison ofFilni and Television 35 X I V  4 .  C l a s s i f i c a t i o n / R a t i n g s  o f  F i l m  3 7  8 .  O b j e c t i v e s  3 7  I n t r o d u c t i o n  3 7  T h e  P u r p o s e  o f  F i l m  R a t i n g  3 8  R a t i n g  H i s t o r y  3 8  F i l m  R a t i n g  D e v e l o p m e n t  i n  N i g e r i a  4 0  T h e  N a t i o n a l  F i l m  a n d  V i d e o  C e n s o r s  B o a r d  9 .  ( N F V C B )  4 6  5 .  E l e m e n t s  o f  F i l m  P r o d u c t i o n  5 1  O b j e c t i v e s  5 1  I n t r o d u c t i o n  5 1  V i s u a l  I m a g e  5 1  C a m e r a  S h o t s  5 2  C a m e r a  P l a c e m e n t s  o r  A n g l e s  5 7  1 0 .  C a m e r a  M o v e m e n t  5 9  C a m e r a  S p e e d  6 3  T r a n s i t i o n s  6 6  6 .  K e y  P l a y e r s  i n  F i l m  P r o d u c t i o n  7 1  O b j e c t i v e s  < .  7 1  I n t r o d u c t i o n  7 1  T h e  F i l m  T e a m  7 1  7 .  B a s i c  E q u i p m e n t  f o r  F i l m  P r o d u c t i o n  8 5  I  B i b  O b j e c t i v e s  8 5  I  I n d o  I n t r o d u c t i o n  8 5  I  E n d  F o u r  M a j o r  C a t e g o r i e s  o f  E q u i p m e n t  u s e d  i n  F i l m  P r o d u c t i o n  8 6  C a m e r a  E q u i p m e n t  8 6  L i g h t i n g  E q u i p m e n t  8 7  G r i p  E q u i p m e n t  8 8  P o s t - P r o d u c t i o n  E q u i p m e n t  8 9  M i c r o p h o n e s  9 4  X\ 8. Pr9duction Stages in Film Objectives Introduction Pre-Production Stage Production Stage Post-Production Stage 9. Screenwriting for Film Objectives Introduction Fully Scripted Format (Complct~ Script) What Makes a Good Screenplay? Characterisation The Scriptwriter's Toolkit 10. Film Directing Objectives Introduction '> General Perspectives of Directing Directing a Film The Axis of Action! 180-Degree Ru le Screen Direction Bibliography Index Endorsements from Professional Film-makers 103 103 103 104 Ill 112 117 117 117 119 122 123 124 129 129 129 129 133 146 150 154 159 162 

Film History and Production Techniques

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Film History and Production Techniques

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